if its iteration graph $\Gamma(f)$ is strongly connected, then
the output of $\chi_{\textit{14Secrypt}}$ follows
a law that tends to the uniform distribution
-if and only if its Markov matrix is a doubly stochastic matrix.
-
-
+if and only if its Markov matrix is a doubly stochastic one.
In~\cite[Section 4]{DBLP:conf/secrypt/CouchotHGWB14},
we have presented a general scheme which generates
function with strongly connected iteration graph $\Gamma(f)$ and
For instance, the iteration graph $\Gamma(f^*)$
(given in Figure~\ref{fig:iteration:f*})
is the $3$-cube in which the Hamiltonian cycle
-$000,100,101,001,011,111,110,010,000$
+$000,100,101,001,011,111,$ $110,010,000$
has been removed.
\end{xpl}
\begin{thrm}
The iteration graph $\Gamma(f)$ issued from
the ${\mathsf{N}}$-cube where an Hamiltonian
-cycle is removed is strongly connected.
+cycle is removed, is strongly connected.
\end{thrm}
Moreover, if all the transitions have the same probability ($\frac{1}{n}$),
Let us consider now a ${\mathsf{N}}$-cube where an Hamiltonian
cycle is removed.
Let $f$ be the corresponding function.
-The question which remains to solve is
-can we always find $b$ such that $\Gamma_{\{b\}}(f)$ is strongly connected.
+The question which remains to solve is:
+\emph{can we always find $b$ such that $\Gamma_{\{b\}}(f)$ is strongly connected?}
-The answer is indeed positive. We furtheremore have the following strongest
+The answer is indeed positive. We furthermore have the following strongest
result.
\begin{thrm}
-There exist $b \in \Nats$ such that $\Gamma_{\{b\}}(f)$ is complete.
+There exists $b \in \Nats$ such that $\Gamma_{\{b\}}(f)$ is complete.
\end{thrm}
\begin{proof}
There is an arc $(x,y)$ in the
graph $\Gamma_{\{b\}}(f)$ if and only if $M^b_{xy}$ is positive
where $M$ is the Markov matrix of $\Gamma(f)$.
It has been shown in~\cite[Lemma 3]{bcgr11:ip} that $M$ is regular.
-There exists thus $b$ such there is an arc between any $x$ and $y$.
+Thus, there exists $b$ such that there is an arc between any $x$ and $y$.
\end{proof}
This section ends with the idea of removing a Hamiltonian cycle in the
$\mathsf{N}$-cube.
In such a context, the Hamiltonian cycle is equivalent to a Gray code.
-Many approaches have been proposed a way to build such codes, for instance
-the Reflected Binary Code. In this one, one of the bits is switched
-exactly $2^{\mathsf{N}-}$ for a $\mathsf{N}$-length cycle.
-
-%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
-
-The function that is built
-from the
+Many approaches have been proposed as a way to build such codes, for instance
+the Reflected Binary Code. In this one and
+for a $\mathsf{N}$-length cycle, one of the bits is exactly switched
+$2^{\mathsf{N}-1}$ times whereas the others bits are modified at most
+$\left\lfloor \dfrac{2^{\mathsf{N-1}}}{\mathsf{N}-1} \right\rfloor$ times.
+It is clear that the function that is built from such a code would
+not provide an uniform output.
The next section presents how to build balanced Hamiltonian cycles in the
$\mathsf{N}$-cube with the objective to embed them into the
pseudorandom number generator.
+
+%%% Local Variables:
+%%% mode: latex
+%%% TeX-master: "main"
+%%% ispell-dictionary: "american"
+%%% mode: flyspell
+%%% End:
