X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/GMRES2stage.git/blobdiff_plain/b0a581c5855a3dda28df994ccde7482913b7be1e..2e6154ec59cf3bf10609cc7de399aa809e9b44ea:/paper.tex

diff --git a/paper.tex b/paper.tex
index 374f147..8ffd387 100644
--- a/paper.tex
+++ b/paper.tex
@@ -367,31 +367,29 @@
 %
 % paper title
 % can use linebreaks \\ within to get better formatting as desired
-\title{A Krylov two-stage algorithm to solve large sparse linear systems}
+\title{TSARM: A Two-Stage Algorithm with least-square Residual Minimization to solve large sparse linear systems}
 %oÃ¹
 %\title{A two-stage algorithm with error minimization to solve large sparse linear systems}
 %oÃ¹
 %\title{???}
 
 
+
+
+
 % author names and affiliations
 % use a multiple column layout for up to two different
 % affiliations
 
-\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Rapha\"el Couturier}
-\IEEEauthorblockA{Femto-ST Institute - DISC Department\\
-Universit\'e de Franche-Comt\'e, IUT de Belfort-Montb\'eliard\\
-19 avenue de Mar\'echal Juin, BP 527 \\
-90016 Belfort Cedex, France\\
-Email: raphael.couturier@univ-fcomte.fr}
-\and
-\IEEEauthorblockN{Lilia Ziane Khodja}
-\IEEEauthorblockA{Centre de Recherche INRIA Bordeaux Sud-Ouest\\
-200 avenue de la Vieille Tour\\
-33405 Talence Cedex, France\\
+\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Rapha\"el Couturier\IEEEauthorrefmark{1}, Lilia Ziane Khodja \IEEEauthorrefmark{2} and Christophe Guyeux\IEEEauthorrefmark{1}}
+\IEEEauthorblockA{\IEEEauthorrefmark{1} Femto-ST Institute, University of Franche Comte, France\\
+Email: \{raphael.couturier,christophe.guyeux\}@univ-fcomte.fr}
+\IEEEauthorblockA{\IEEEauthorrefmark{2} INRIA Bordeaux Sud-Ouest, France\\
 Email: lilia.ziane@inria.fr}
 }
 
+
+
 % conference papers do not typically use \thanks and this command
 % is locked out in conference mode. If really needed, such as for
 % the acknowledgment of grants, issue a \IEEEoverridecommandlockouts
@@ -428,11 +426,20 @@ Email: lilia.ziane@inria.fr}
 
 
 \begin{abstract}
-%The abstract goes here. DO NOT USE SPECIAL CHARACTERS, SYMBOLS, OR MATH IN YOUR TITLE OR ABSTRACT.
+In  this paper  we propose  a  two stage  iterative method  which increases  the
+convergence of Krylov iterative methods,  typically those of GMRES variants. The
+principle of  our approach  is to  build an external  iteration over  the Krylov
+method  and to  save  the current  residual  frequently (for  example, for  each
+restart of GMRES). Then after a given number of outer iterations, a minimization
+step  is applied  on the  matrix composed  of the  saved residuals  in  order to
+compute a better solution and make  a new iteration if necessary.  We prove that
+our method has  the same convergence property than the  inner method used.  Some
+experiments using up  to 16,394 cores show that compared  to GMRES our algorithm
+can be around 7 times faster.
 \end{abstract}
 
 \begin{IEEEkeywords}
-Iterative Krylov methods; sparse linear systems; error minimization; PETSc; %Ã  voir... 
+Iterative Krylov methods; sparse linear systems; residual minimization; PETSc; %Ã  voir... 
 \end{IEEEkeywords}
 
 
@@ -539,12 +546,14 @@ Iterative Krylov methods; sparse linear systems; error minimization; PETSc; %Ã 
 % no \IEEEPARstart
 % You must have at least 2 lines in the paragraph with the drop letter
 % (should never be an issue)
-Iterative  methods are become  more attractive  than direct  ones to  solve very
-large sparse linear  systems. They are more effective in  a parallel context and
-require less memory  and arithmetic operations than direct  methods. A number of
-iterative methods are proposed and adapted by many researchers and the increased
-need for solving  very large sparse linear systems  triggered the development of
-efficient iterative techniques suitable for the parallel processing.
+
+Iterative methods  became more attractive than  direct ones to  solve very large
+sparse  linear systems.  Iterative  methods  are more  effecient  in a  parallel
+context,  with  thousands  of  cores,  and  require  less  memory  and  arithmetic
+operations than direct  methods. A number of iterative  methods are proposed and
+adapted by many researchers and the increased need for solving very large sparse
+linear  systems  triggered the  development  of  efficient iterative  techniques
+suitable for the parallel processing.
 
 Most of the successful iterative methods currently available are based on Krylov
 subspaces which  consist in forming a  basis of a sequence  of successive matrix
@@ -566,15 +575,18 @@ large clusters.
 In this  paper we propose a  two-stage algorithm based on  two nested iterations
 called inner-outer  iterations.  This algorithm  consists in solving  the sparse
 linear system iteratively  with a small number of  inner iterations and restarts
-the outer step with a new solution minimizing some error functions over a Krylov
-subspace. This algorithm is iterative  and easy to parallelize on large clusters
-and the minimization technique improves its convergence and performances.
+the outer  step with a  new solution minimizing  some error functions  over some
+previous residuals. This algorithm is iterative and easy to parallelize on large
+clusters   and  the   minimization  technique   improves  its   convergence  and
+performances.
 
 The present paper is organized  as follows. In Section~\ref{sec:02} some related
-works are presented. Section~\ref{sec:03} presents our two-stage algorithm based
-on   Krylov  subspace   iteration  methods.   Section~\ref{sec:04}   shows  some
-experimental results obtained on large  clusters of our algorithm using routines
-of PETSc toolkit.
+works are presented. Section~\ref{sec:03} presents our two-stage algorithm using
+a  least-square  residual  minimization.   Section~\ref{sec:04}  describes  some
+convergence  results  on this  method.   In Section~\ref{sec:05},  parallization
+details  of  TSARM  are  given.  Section~\ref{sec:06}  shows  some  experimental
+results  obtained on large  clusters of  our algorithm  using routines  of PETSc
+toolkit.  Finally Section~\ref{sec:06} concludes and gives some perspectives.
 %%%*********************************************************
 %%%*********************************************************
 
@@ -592,7 +604,7 @@ of PETSc toolkit.
 
 %%%*********************************************************
 %%%*********************************************************
-\section{A Krylov two-stage algorithm}
+\section{Two-stage algorithm with least-square residuals minimization}
 \label{sec:03}
 A two-stage algorithm is proposed  to solve large  sparse linear systems  of the
 form  $Ax=b$,  where  $A\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times   n}$  is  a  sparse  and  square
@@ -601,68 +613,130 @@ $b\in\mathbb{R}^n$ is  the right-hand side.  The algorithm is implemented  as an
 inner-outer iteration  solver based  on iterative Krylov  methods. The  main key
 points of our solver are given in Algorithm~\ref{algo:01}.
 
-In order to accelerate the convergence, the outer iteration is implemented as an
-iterative  Krylov method  which minimizes  some  error functions  over a  Krylov
-subspace~\cite{saad96}. At  each iteration, the  sparse linear system  $Ax=b$ is
-solved   iteratively    with   an   iterative   method,    for   example   GMRES
-method~\cite{saad86} or  some of its variants,  and the Krylov  subspace that we
-used is spanned by a basis  $S$ composed of successive solutions issued from the
-inner iteration
-\begin{equation}
-  S = \{x^1, x^2, \ldots, x^s\} \text{,~} s\leq n.
-\end{equation} 
-The advantage  of such a Krylov subspace  is that we neither  need an orthogonal
-basis nor  any synchronization  between processors to  generate this  basis. The
-algorithm  is periodically  restarted every  $s$ iterations  with a  new initial
-guess $x=S\alpha$ which minimizes the residual norm $\|b-Ax\|_2$ over the Krylov
-subspace spanned by  vectors of $S$, where $\alpha$ is a  solution of the normal
-equations
-\begin{equation}
-  R^TR\alpha = R^Tb,
-\end{equation}
-which is associated with the least-squares problem
+In order to accelerate the convergence, the outer iteration periodically applies
+a least-square minimization  on the residuals computed by  the inner solver. The
+inner solver is a Krylov based solver which does not required to be changed.
+
+At each outer iteration, the sparse linear system $Ax=b$ is solved, only for $m$
+iterations, using an iterative method restarting with the previous solution. For
+example, the GMRES method~\cite{Saad86} or some of its variants can be used as a
+inner solver. The current solution of the Krylov method is saved inside a matrix
+$S$ composed of successive solutions computed by the inner iteration.
+
+Periodically, every $s$ iterations, the minimization step is applied in order to
+compute a new  solution $x$. For that, the previous  residuals are computed with
+$(b-AS)$. The minimization of the residuals is obtained by 
 \begin{equation}
    \underset{\alpha\in\mathbb{R}^{s}}{min}\|b-R\alpha\|_2
 \label{eq:01}
 \end{equation}
-such  that $R=AS$  is a  dense rectangular  matrix in  $\mathbb{R}^{n\times s}$,
-$s\ll n$,  and $R^T$ denotes  the transpose of  matrix $R$. We use  an iterative
-method   to  solve   the  least-squares   problem~(\ref{eq:01})  such   as  CGLS
-~\cite{hestenes52}  or LSQR~\cite{paige82}  which  are more  appropriate than  a
-direct method in the parallel context.
+with $R=AS$. Then the new solution $x$ is computed with $x=S\alpha$.
+
+
+In  practice, $R$  is a  dense rectangular  matrix in  $\mathbb{R}^{n\times s}$,
+$s\ll n$.   In order  to minimize~(\ref{eq:01}), a  least-square method  such as
+CGLS ~\cite{Hestenes52}  or LSQR~\cite{Paige82} is used. Those  methods are more
+appropriate than a direct method in a parallel context.
 
 \begin{algorithm}[t]
-\caption{A Krylov two-stage algorithm}
+\caption{TSARM}
 \begin{algorithmic}[1]
   \Input $A$ (sparse matrix), $b$ (right-hand side)
   \Output $x$ (solution vector)\vspace{0.2cm}
   \State Set the initial guess $x^0$
-  \For {$k=1,2,3,\ldots$ until convergence} \label{algo:conv}
-    \State Solve iteratively $Ax^k=b$  \label{algo:solve}
-    \State $S_{k~mod~s}=x^k$ 
-    \If {$k$ mod $s=0$ {\bf and} not convergence}
-      \State Compute dense matrix $R=AS$
-      \State Solve least-squares problem $\underset{\alpha\in\mathbb{R}^{s}}{min}\|b-R\alpha\|_2$
-      \State Compute minimizer $x^k=S\alpha$
+  \For {$k=1,2,3,\ldots$ until convergence (error$<\epsilon_{kryl}$)} \label{algo:conv}
+    \State  $x^k=Solve(A,b,x^{k-1},max\_iter_{kryl})$   \label{algo:solve}
+    \State retrieve error
+    \State $S_{k~mod~s}=x^k$ \label{algo:store}
+    \If {$k$ mod $s=0$ {\bf and} error$>\epsilon_{kryl}$}
+      \State $R=AS$ \Comment{compute dense matrix} \label{algo:matrix_mul}
+      \State Solve least-squares problem $\underset{\alpha\in\mathbb{R}^{s}}{min}\|b-R\alpha\|_2$ \label{algo:}
+      \State $x^k=S\alpha$  \Comment{compute new solution}
     \EndIf
   \EndFor
 \end{algorithmic}
 \label{algo:01}
 \end{algorithm}
 
-Operation $S_{k~  mod~ s}=x^k$ consists in  copying the residual  $x_k$ into the
-column $k~ mod~Â s$ of the matrix  $S$. After the minimization, the matrix $S$ is
-reused with the new values of the residuals.
+Algorithm~\ref{algo:01}  summarizes  the principle  of  our  method.  The  outer
+iteration is  inside the for  loop. Line~\ref{algo:solve}, the Krylov  method is
+called for a  maximum of $max\_iter_{kryl}$ iterations.  In practice, we  suggest to set this parameter
+equals to  the restart  number of the  GMRES-like method. Moreover,  a tolerance
+threshold must be specified for the  solver. In practice, this threshold must be
+much  smaller  than the  convergence  threshold  of  the TSARM  algorithm  (i.e.
+$\epsilon$).  Line~\ref{algo:store}, $S_{k~ mod~ s}=x^k$ consists in copying the
+solution  $x_k$  into the  column  $k~  mod~Â s$ of  the  matrix  $S$. After  the
+minimization, the matrix $S$ is reused with the new values of the residuals.  To
+solve the minimization problem, an  iterative method is used. Two parameters are
+required for that: the maximum number of iteration and the threshold to stop the
+method.
+
+To summarize, the important parameters of TSARM are:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item $\epsilon_{kryl}$ the threshold to stop the method of the krylov method
+\item $max\_iter_{kryl}$ the maximum number of iterations for the krylov method
+\item $s$ the number of outer iterations before applying the minimization step
+\item $max\_iter_{ls}$ the maximum number of iterations for the iterative least-square method
+\item $\epsilon_{ls}$ the threshold to stop the least-square method
+\end{itemize}
+
+%%%*********************************************************
+%%%*********************************************************
+
+\section{Convergence results}
+\label{sec:04}
+
+
 
 %%%*********************************************************
 %%%*********************************************************
+\section{Parallelization}
+\label{sec:05}
+
+The  parallelisation  of  TSARM  relies   on  the  parallelization  of  all  its
+parts. More  precisely, except  the least-square step,  all the other  parts are
+obvious to  achieve out in parallel. In  order to develop a  parallel version of
+our   code,   we   have   chosen  to   use   PETSc~\cite{petsc-web-page}.    For
+line~\ref{algo:matrix_mul} the  matrix-matrix multiplication is  implemented and
+efficient since the  matrix $A$ is sparse and since the  matrix $S$ contains few
+colums in  practice. As explained  previously, at least  two methods seem  to be
+interesting to solve the least-square minimization, CGLS and LSQR.
+
+In the following  we remind the CGLS algorithm. The LSQR  method follows more or
+less the same principle but it take more place, so we briefly explain the parallelization of CGLS which is similar to LSQR.
+
+\begin{algorithm}[t]
+\caption{CGLS}
+\begin{algorithmic}[1]
+  \Input $A$ (matrix), $b$ (right-hand side)
+  \Output $x$ (solution vector)\vspace{0.2cm}
+  \State $r=b-Ax$
+  \State $p=A'r$
+  \State $s=p$
+  \State $g=||s||^2_2$
+  \For {$k=1,2,3,\ldots$ until convergence (g$<\epsilon_{ls}$)} \label{algo2:conv}
+    \State $q=Ap$
+    \State $\alpha=g/||q||^2_2$
+    \State $x=x+alpha*p$
+    \State $r=r-alpha*q$
+    \State $s=A'*r$
+    \State $g_{old}=g$
+    \State $g=||s||^2_2$
+    \State $\beta=g/g_{old}$
+  \EndFor
+\end{algorithmic}
+\label{algo:02}
+\end{algorithm}
 
 
+In each iteration  of CGLS, there is two  matrix-vector multiplications and some
+classical operations:  dots, norm, multiplication  and addition on  vectors. All
+these operations are easy to implement in PETSc or similar environment.
 
 %%%*********************************************************
 %%%*********************************************************
 \section{Experiments using petsc}
-\label{sec:04}
+\label{sec:06}
 
 
 In order to see the influence of our algorithm with only one processor, we first
@@ -671,7 +745,7 @@ table~\ref{tab:01},  we  show  the  matrices  we  have used  and  some  of  them
 characteristics. For all  the matrices, the name, the field,  the number of rows
 and the number of nonzero elements is given.
 
-\begin{table}
+\begin{table*}
 \begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|r|r|r|} 
 \hline
@@ -688,7 +762,7 @@ torso3             & 2D/3D problem & 259,156 & 4,429,042 \\
 \caption{Main characteristics of the sparse matrices chosen from the Davis collection}
 \label{tab:01}
 \end{center}
-\end{table}
+\end{table*}
 
 The following  parameters have been chosen  for our experiments.   As by default
 the restart  of GMRES is performed every  30 iterations, we have  chosen to stop
@@ -719,7 +793,7 @@ minimization.
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c|r|r|r|r|} 
 \hline
 
- \multirow{2}{*}{Matrix name}  & Solver /   & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{gmres variant} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{2 stage CGLS} \\ 
+ \multirow{2}{*}{Matrix name}  & Solver /   & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{GMRES} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{TSARM CGLS} \\ 
 \cline{3-6}
        &  precond             & Time  & \# Iter.  & Time  & \# Iter.  \\\hline \hline
 
@@ -740,23 +814,39 @@ torso3             & fgmres / sor  & 37.70 & 565 & 34.97 & 510 \\
 
 
 
-Larger experiments ....
+
+In the following we describe the applications of PETSc we have experimented. Those applications are available in the ksp part which is suited for  scalable linear equations solvers:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item ex15  is an example  which solves in  parallel an operator using  a  finite  difference  scheme.  The  diagonal is  equals  to  4  and  4
+  extra-diagonals  representing the  neighbors in  each directions  is  equal to
+  -1. This  example is used in many  physical phenomena , for  exemple, heat and
+  fluid flow, wave propagation...
+\item ex54 is another example based on 2D problem discretized  with quadrilateral finite elements. For this example, the user can define the scaling of material coefficient in embedded circle, it is called $\alpha$.
+\end{itemize}
+For more technical details on  these applications, interested reader are invited
+to  read the  codes available  in the  PETSc sources.   Those problem  have been
+chosen because they  are scalable with many cores. We  have tested other problem
+but they are not scalable with many cores.
+
+
+
 
 \begin{table*}
 \begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} 
 \hline
 
-   & nb. comp.   & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{gmres variant} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{2 stage CGLS} &  \multicolumn{2}{c|}{2 stage LSQR} & best gain \\ 
+  nb. cores & precond   & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{GMRES} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{TSARM CGLS} &  \multicolumn{2}{c|}{TSARM LSQR} & best gain \\ 
 \cline{3-8}
-  nb. cores&    precond             & Time  & \# Iter.  & Time  & \# Iter. & Time  & \# Iter. & \\\hline \hline
-
+             &                       & Time  & \# Iter.  & Time  & \# Iter. & Time  & \# Iter. & \\\hline \hline
+  2,048      & mg                    & 403.49   & 18,210    & 73.89  & 3,060   & 77.84  & 3,270  & 5.46 \\
+  2,048      & sor                   & 745.37   & 57,060    & 87.31  & 6,150   & 104.21 & 7,230  & 8.53 \\
   4,096      & mg                    & 562.25   & 25,170    & 97.23  & 3,990   & 89.71  & 3,630  & 6.27 \\
   4,096      & sor                   & 912.12   & 70,194    & 145.57 & 9,750   & 168.97 & 10,980 & 6.26 \\
   8,192      & mg                    & 917.02   & 40,290    & 148.81 & 5,730   & 143.03 & 5,280  & 6.41 \\
   8,192      & sor                   & 1,404.53 & 106,530   & 212.55 & 12,990  & 180.97 & 10,470 & 7.76 \\
   16,384     & mg                    & 1,430.56 & 63,930    & 237.17 & 8,310   & 244.26 & 7,950  & 6.03 \\
-
+  16,384     & sor                   & 2,852.14 & 216,240   & 418.46 & 21,690  & 505.26 & 23,970 & 6.82 \\
 \hline
 
 \end{tabular}
@@ -766,6 +856,54 @@ Larger experiments ....
 \end{table*}
 
 
+\begin{table*}
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} 
+\hline
+
+  nb. cores & threshold   & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{GMRES} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{TSARM CGLS} &  \multicolumn{2}{c|}{TSARM LSQR} & best gain \\ 
+\cline{3-8}
+             &                       & Time  & \# Iter.  & Time  & \# Iter. & Time  & \# Iter. & \\\hline \hline
+  2,048      & 8e-5                  & 108.88 & 16,560  & 23.06  &  3,630  & 22.79  & 3,630   & 4.77 \\
+  2,048      & 6e-5                  & 194.01 & 30,270  & 35.50  &  5,430  & 27.74  & 4,350   & 6.99 \\
+  4,096      & 7e-5                  & 160.59 & 22,530  & 35.15  &  5,130  & 29.21  & 4,350   & 5.49 \\
+  4,096      & 6e-5                  & 249.27 & 35,520  & 52.13  &  7,950  & 39.24  & 5,790   & 6.35 \\
+  8,192      & 6e-5                  & 149.54 & 17,280  & 28.68  &  3,810  & 29.05  & 3,990  & 5.21 \\
+  8,192      & 5e-5                  & 785.04 & 109,590 & 76.07  &  10,470  & 69.42 & 9,030  & 11.30 \\
+  16,384     & 4e-5                  & 718.61 & 86,400 & 98.98  &  10,830  & 131.86  & 14,790  & 7.26 \\
+\hline
+
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{Comparison of FGMRES  and 2 stage FGMRES algorithms for ex54 of Petsc (both with the MG preconditioner) with 25000 components per core on Curie (restart=30, s=12),  time is expressed in seconds.}
+\label{tab:04}
+\end{center}
+\end{table*}
+
+
+
+
+
+\begin{table*}
+\begin{center}
+\begin{tabular}{|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|r|} 
+\hline
+
+  nb. cores   & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{GMRES} & \multicolumn{2}{c|}{TSARM CGLS} &  \multicolumn{2}{c|}{TSARM LSQR} & best gain & \multicolumn{3}{c|}{efficiency} \\ 
+\cline{2-7} \cline{9-11}
+                    & Time  & \# Iter.  & Time  & \# Iter. & Time  & \# Iter. &   & GMRES & TS CGLS & TS LSQR\\\hline \hline
+   512              & 3,969.69 & 33,120 & 709.57 & 5,790  & 622.76 & 5,070  & 6.37  &   1    &    1    &     1     \\
+   1024             & 1,530.06  & 25,860 & 290.95 & 4,830  & 307.71 & 5,070 & 5.25  &  1.30  &    1.21  &   1.01     \\
+   2048             & 919.62    & 31,470 & 237.52 & 8,040  & 194.22 & 6,510 & 4.73  & 1.08   &    .75   &   .80\\
+   4096             & 405.60    & 28,380 & 111.67 & 7,590  & 91.72  & 6,510 & 4.42  & 1.22   &  .79     &   .84 \\
+   8192             & 785.04   & 109,590 & 76.07  & 10,470 & 69.42 & 9,030  & 11.30 &   .32  &   .58    &  .56 \\
+
+\hline
+
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{Comparison of FGMRES  and 2 stage FGMRES algorithms for ex54 of Petsc (both with the MG preconditioner) with 204,919,225 components on Curie with different number of cores (restart=30, s=12, threshol 5e-5),  time is expressed in seconds.}
+\label{tab:05}
+\end{center}
+\end{table*}
 
 %%%*********************************************************
 %%%*********************************************************
@@ -775,12 +913,19 @@ Larger experiments ....
 %%%*********************************************************
 %%%*********************************************************
 \section{Conclusion}
-\label{sec:05}
+\label{sec:07}
 %The conclusion goes here. this is more of the conclusion
 %%%*********************************************************
 %%%*********************************************************
 
 
+future plan : \\
+- study other kinds of matrices, problems, inner solvers\\
+- test the influence of all the parameters\\
+- adaptative number of outer iterations to minimize\\
+- other methods to minimize the residuals?\\
+- implement our solver inside PETSc
+
 
 % conference papers do not normally have an appendix
 
@@ -790,10 +935,10 @@ Larger experiments ....
 %%%*********************************************************
 %%%*********************************************************
 \section*{Acknowledgment}
-%The authors would like to thank...
-%more thanks here
-%%%*********************************************************
-%%%*********************************************************
+This  paper  is   partially  funded  by  the  Labex   ACTION  program  (contract
+ANR-11-LABX-01-01).   We acknowledge PRACE  for awarding  us access  to resource
+Curie and Juqueen respectively based in France and Germany.
+
 
 
 % trigger a \newpage just before the given reference
@@ -811,23 +956,23 @@ Larger experiments ....
 % http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/
 % The IEEEtran BibTeX style support page is at:
 % http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/bibtex/
-%\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
+\bibliographystyle{IEEEtran}
 % argument is your BibTeX string definitions and bibliography database(s)
-%\bibliography{IEEEabrv,../bib/paper}
+\bibliography{biblio}
 %
 % <OR> manually copy in the resultant .bbl file
 % set second argument of \begin to the number of references
 % (used to reserve space for the reference number labels box)
-\begin{thebibliography}{1}
+%% \begin{thebibliography}{1}
 
-\bibitem{saad86} Y.~Saad and M.~H.~Schultz, \emph{GMRES: A Generalized Minimal Residual Algorithm for Solving Nonsymmetric Linear Systems}, SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, 7(3):856--869, 1986.
+%% \bibitem{saad86} Y.~Saad and M.~H.~Schultz, \emph{GMRES: A Generalized Minimal Residual Algorithm for Solving Nonsymmetric Linear Systems}, SIAM Journal on Scientific and Statistical Computing, 7(3):856--869, 1986.
 
-\bibitem{saad96} Y.~Saad, \emph{Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems}, PWS Publishing, New York, 1996.
+%% \bibitem{saad96} Y.~Saad, \emph{Iterative Methods for Sparse Linear Systems}, PWS Publishing, New York, 1996.
 
-\bibitem{hestenes52} M.~R.~Hestenes and E.~Stiefel, \emph{Methods of conjugate gradients for solving linear system}, Journal of Research of National Bureau of Standards, B49:409--436, 1952.
+%% \bibitem{hestenes52} M.~R.~Hestenes and E.~Stiefel, \emph{Methods of conjugate gradients for solving linear system}, Journal of Research of National Bureau of Standards, B49:409--436, 1952.
 
-\bibitem{paige82} C.~C.~Paige and A.~M.~Saunders, \emph{LSQR: An Algorithm for Sparse Linear Equations and Sparse Least Squares}, ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 8(1):43--71, 1982.
-\end{thebibliography}
+%% \bibitem{paige82} C.~C.~Paige and A.~M.~Saunders, \emph{LSQR: An Algorithm for Sparse Linear Equations and Sparse Least Squares}, ACM Trans. Math. Softw. 8(1):43--71, 1982.
+%% \end{thebibliography}
 
 
 
