From 547cc481606d38a866237d45c9dc258c073b0af8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: lilia Date: Tue, 14 Oct 2014 11:31:09 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] 13-10-2014 01 --- paper.tex | 49 ++++++++++++++++++++++++------------------------- 1 file changed, 24 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/paper.tex b/paper.tex index 3d4826c..9c13d40 100644 --- a/paper.tex +++ b/paper.tex @@ -548,7 +548,7 @@ Iterative Krylov methods; sparse linear systems; two stage iteration; least-squa % (should never be an issue) Iterative methods have recently become more attractive than direct ones to solve -very large sparse linear systems\cite{Saad2003}. They are more efficient in a +very large sparse linear systems~\cite{Saad2003}. They are more efficient in a parallel context, supporting thousands of cores, and they require less memory and arithmetic operations than direct methods~\cite{bahicontascoutu}. This is why new iterative methods are frequently proposed or adapted by researchers, and @@ -623,7 +623,7 @@ cases depends quite critically on the $m$ value~\cite{Huang89}. Therefore in most cases, a preconditioning technique is applied to the restarted GMRES method in order to improve its convergence. -To enhance the robustness of Krylov iterative solvers, some techniques have been proposed allowing the use of different preconditioners, if necessary, within the iteration instead of restarting. Those techniques may lead to considerable savings in CPU time and memory requirements. Van der Vorst in~\cite{Vorst94} has for instance proposed variants of the GMRES algorithm in which a different preconditioner is applied in each iteration, leading to the so-called GMRESR family of nested methods. In fact, the GMRES method is effectively preconditioned with other iterative schemes (or GMRES itself), where the iterations of the GMRES method are called outer iterations while the iterations of the preconditioning process is referred to as inner iterations. Saad in~\cite{Saad:1993} has proposed FGMRES which is another variant of the GMRES algorithm using a variable preconditioner. In FGMRES the search directions are preconditioned whereas in GMRESR the residuals are preconditioned. However, in practice, good preconditioners are those based on direct methods, as ILU preconditioners, which are not easy to parallelize and suffer from the scalability problems on large clusters of thousands of cores. +To enhance the robustness of Krylov iterative solvers, some techniques have been proposed allowing the use of different preconditioners, if necessary, within the iteration instead of restarting. Those techniques may lead to considerable savings in CPU time and memory requirements. Van der Vorst in~\cite{Vorst94} has for instance proposed variants of the GMRES algorithm in which a different preconditioner is applied in each iteration, leading to the so-called GMRESR family of nested methods. In fact, the GMRES method is effectively preconditioned with other iterative schemes (or GMRES itself), where the iterations of the GMRES method are called outer iterations while the iterations of the preconditioning process is referred to as inner iterations. Saad in~\cite{Saad:1993} has proposed Flexible GMRES (FGMRES) which is another variant of the GMRES algorithm using a variable preconditioner. In FGMRES the search directions are preconditioned whereas in GMRESR the residuals are preconditioned. However, in practice, good preconditioners are those based on direct methods, as ILU preconditioners, which are not easy to parallelize and suffer from the scalability problems on large clusters of thousands of cores. Recently, communication-avoiding methods have been developed to reduce the communication overheads in Krylov subspace iterative solvers. On modern computer architectures, communications between processors are much slower than floating-point arithmetic operations on a given processor. Communication-avoiding techniques reduce either communications between processors or data movements between levels of the memory hierarchy, by reformulating the communication-bound kernels (more frequently SpMV kernels) and the orthogonalization operations within the Krylov iterative solver. Different works have studied the communication-avoiding techniques for the GMRES method, so-called CA-GMRES, on multicore processors and multi-GPU machines~\cite{Mohiyuddin2009,Hoemmen2010,Yamazaki2014}. @@ -887,7 +887,7 @@ torso3 & 2D/3D problem & 259,156 & 4,429,042 \\ Chosen parameters are detailed below. We have stopped the GMRES every 30 iterations (\emph{i.e.}, $max\_iter_{kryl}=30$), which is the default -setting of GMRES. $s$, for its part, has been set to 8. CGLS +setting of GMRES restarts. $s$, for its part, has been set to 8. CGLS minimizes the least-squares problem with parameters $\epsilon_{ls}=1e-40$ and $max\_iter_{ls}=20$. The external precision is set to $\epsilon_{tsirm}=1e-10$. These experiments have been performed on an Intel(R) @@ -896,10 +896,9 @@ Core(TM) i7-3630QM CPU @ 2.40GHz with the 3.5.1 version of PETSc. Experiments comparing a GMRES variant with TSIRM in the resolution of linear systems are given in Table~\ref{tab:02}. -The second column describes whether GMRES or FGMRES -(Flexible GMRES~\cite{Saad:1993}) has been used for linear systems solving. +The second column describes whether GMRES or FGMRES has been used for linear systems solving. Different preconditioners have been used according to the matrices. With TSIRM, the same -solver and the same preconditionner are used. This table shows that TSIRM can +solver and the same preconditioner are used. This table shows that TSIRM can drastically reduce the number of iterations needed to reach the convergence, when the number of iterations for the normal GMRES is more or less greater than 500. In fact this also depends on two parameters: the number of iterations before stopping GMRES @@ -954,14 +953,14 @@ In the following larger experiments are described on two large scale architectures: Curie and Juqueen. Both these architectures are supercomputers respectively composed of 80,640 cores for Curie and 458,752 cores for Juqueen. Those machines are respectively hosted by GENCI in France and Jülich -Supercomputing Centre in Germany. They belong with other similar architectures +Supercomputing Center in Germany. They belong with other similar architectures of the PRACE initiative (Partnership for Advanced Computing in Europe), which aims at proposing high performance supercomputing architecture to enhance research in Europe. The Curie architecture is composed of Intel E5-2680 processors at 2.7 GHz with 2Gb memory by core. The Juqueen architecture, for its part, is composed by IBM PowerPC A2 at 1.6 GHz with 1Gb memory per core. Both those -architecture are equiped with a dedicated high speed network. +architectures are equipped with a dedicated high speed network. In many situations, using preconditioners is essential in order to find the @@ -971,7 +970,7 @@ are not available. In our experiments, we have tested different kinds of preconditioners, but as it is not the subject of this paper, we will not present results with many preconditioners. In practice, we have chosen to use a multigrid (mg) and successive over-relaxation (sor). For further details on the -preconditioner in PETSc, reader is referred to~\cite{petsc-web-page}. +preconditioners in PETSc, reader is referred to~\cite{petsc-web-page}. @@ -1007,7 +1006,7 @@ unknowns of the problems) per core is fixed to 25,000, also called weak scaling. This number can seem relatively small. In fact, for some applications that need a lot of memory, the number of components per processor requires sometimes to be small. Other parameters for this application are described in -the legend of this Table. +the legend of this table. @@ -1073,7 +1072,7 @@ the number of iterations. So, the overall benefit of using TSIRM is interesting. In Table~\ref{tab:04}, some experiments with example ex54 on the Curie architecture are reported. For this application, we fixed $\alpha=0.6$. As it -can be seen in that Table, the size of the problem has a strong influence on the +can be seen in that table, the size of the problem has a strong influence on the number of iterations to reach the convergence. That is why we have preferred to change the threshold. If we set it to $1e-3$ as with the previous application, only one iteration is necessary to reach the convergence. So Table~\ref{tab:04} @@ -1087,14 +1086,14 @@ core. It can also be observed that the difference between CGLS and LSQR is not significant. Both can be good but it seems not possible to know in advance which one will be the best. -Table~\ref{tab:05} show a strong scaling experiment with the exemple ex54 on the -Curie architecture. So in this case, the number of unknownws is fixed to +Table~\ref{tab:05} shows a strong scaling experiment with the exemple ex54 on the +Curie architecture. So in this case, the number of unknowns is fixed to $204,919,225$ and the number of cores ranges from $512$ to $8192$ with the power of two. The threshold is fixed to $5e-5$ and only the $mg$ preconditioner has -been tested. Here again we can see that TSIRM is faster that FGMRES. Efficiency +been tested. Here again we can see that TSIRM is faster than FGMRES. Efficiency of each algorithm is reported. It can be noticed that the efficiency of FGMRES is better than the TSIRM one except with $8,192$ cores and that its efficiency -is greater that one whereas the efficiency of TSIRM is lower than +is greater than one whereas the efficiency of TSIRM is lower than one. Nevertheless, the ratio of TSIRM with any version of the least-squares method is always faster. With $8,192$ cores when the number of iterations is far more important for FGMRES, we can see that it is only slightly more @@ -1102,7 +1101,7 @@ important for TSIRM. In Figure~\ref{fig:02} we report the number of iterations per second for experiments reported in Table~\ref{tab:05}. This Figure highlights that the -number of iterations per second is more of less the same for FGMRES and TSIRM +number of iterations per second is more or less the same for FGMRES and TSIRM with a little advantage for FGMRES. It can be explained by the fact that, as we have previously explained, that the iterations of the least-squares steps are not taken into account with TSIRM. @@ -1140,20 +1139,20 @@ taken into account with TSIRM. Concerning the experiments some other remarks are interesting. \begin{itemize} \item We have tested other examples of PETSc (ex29, ex45, ex49). For all these - examples, we also obtained similar gain between GMRES and TSIRM but those + examples, we also obtained similar gains between GMRES and TSIRM but those examples are not scalable with many cores. In general, we had some problems with more than $4,096$ cores. \item We have tested many iterative solvers available in PETSc. In fact, it is possible to use most of them with TSIRM. From our point of view, the condition to use a solver inside TSIRM is that the solver must have a restart feature. More precisely, the solver must support to be stopped and restarted - without decrease its converge. That is why with GMRES we stop it when it is - naturally restarted (i.e. with $m$ the restart parameter). The Conjugate + without decrease its convergence. That is why with GMRES we stop it when it is + naturally restarted (\emph{i.e.} with $m$ the restart parameter). The Conjugate Gradient (CG) and all its variants do not have ``restarted'' version in PETSc, so they are not efficient. They will converge with TSIRM but not quickly because if we compare a normal CG with a CG for which we stop it each 16 - iterations for example, the normal CG will be for more efficient. Some - restarted CG or CG variant versions exist and may be interested to study in + iterations for example, the normal CG will be far more efficient. Some + restarted CG or CG variant versions exist and may be interesting to study in future works. \end{itemize} %%%********************************************************* @@ -1169,8 +1168,8 @@ Concerning the experiments some other remarks are interesting. %%%********************************************************* %%%********************************************************* -A novel two-stage iterative algorithm has been proposed in this article, -in order to accelerate the convergence Krylov iterative methods. +A novel two-stage iterative algorithm TSIRM has been proposed in this article, +in order to accelerate the convergence of Krylov iterative methods. Our TSIRM proposal acts as a merger between Krylov based solvers and a least-squares minimization step. The convergence of the method has been proven in some situations, while @@ -1183,9 +1182,9 @@ matrices, problems, and inner solvers. In particular, the possibility to obtain a convergence of TSIRM in situations where the GMRES is divergent will be investigated. The influence of all parameters must be tested too, while other methods to minimize the residuals must be regarded. The -number of outer iterations to minimize should become adaptative to improve the +number of outer iterations to minimize should become adaptive to improve the overall performances of the proposal. Finally, this solver will be implemented -inside PETSc, which would be of interest as it would allow us to test +inside PETSc, which would be of interest as it would allows us to test all the non-linear examples and compare our algorithm with the other algorithm implemented in PETSc. -- 2.39.5