11-12-2014 v02

[Krylov_multi.git] / krylov_multi.tex

diff --git a/krylov_multi.tex b/krylov_multi.tex
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+++ b/krylov_multi.tex
@@ -3,13 +3,38 @@
 \usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb}
 \usepackage{amsmath}
 \usepackage{graphicx}
 \usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb}
 \usepackage{amsmath}
 \usepackage{graphicx}

-
-\title{A scalable multisplitting algorithm for solving large sparse linear systems} 
-
-
-
+\usepackage{algorithm}
+\usepackage{algpseudocode}
+\usepackage{multirow}
+\usepackage{authblk}
+
+\algnewcommand\algorithmicinput{\textbf{Input:}}
+\algnewcommand\Input{\item[\algorithmicinput]}
+
+\algnewcommand\algorithmicoutput{\textbf{Output:}}
+\algnewcommand\Output{\item[\algorithmicoutput]}
+
+\newcommand{\Time}[1]{\mathit{Time}_\mathit{#1}}
+\newcommand{\Prec}{\mathit{prec}}
+\newcommand{\Ratio}{\mathit{Ratio}}
+
+\def\changemargin#1#2{\list{}{\rightmargin#2\leftmargin#1}\item[]}
+\let\endchangemargin=\endlist
+
+\title{A scalable multisplitting algorithm to solve large sparse linear systems} 
+\date{}
+
+\author[1]{Raphaël Couturier}
+\author[2]{ Lilia Ziane Khodja}
+\affil[1]{ Femto-ST Institute\\
+    University of Franche Comte\\
+    France\\
+    email: raphael.couturier@univ-fcomte.fr}
+\affil[2]{Inria Bordeaux Sud-Ouest\\
+    France\\
+    email: lilia.ziane@inria.fr}

 \begin{document}
 \begin{document}

-\author{Raphaël Couturier \and Lilia Ziane Khodja}
+

 
 \maketitle
 
 
 \maketitle
 


@@ -17,78 +42,136 @@
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 

-

 \begin{abstract}
 \begin{abstract}

-In  this  paper we  revist  the  krylov  multisplitting algorithm  presented  in
-\cite{huang1993krylov}  which  uses  a  scalar  method to  minimize  the  krylov
+In  this paper  we  revisit  the Krylov  multisplitting  algorithm presented  in
+\cite{huang1993krylov}  which  uses  a  sequential  method to  minimize  the  Krylov

 iterations computed by a multisplitting algorithm. Our new algorithm is based on
 a  parallel multisplitting  algorithm  with few  blocks  of large  size using  a
 iterations computed by a multisplitting algorithm. Our new algorithm is based on
 a  parallel multisplitting  algorithm  with few  blocks  of large  size using  a

-parallel GMRES method inside each block and on a parallel krylov minimization in
+parallel GMRES method inside each block and on a parallel Krylov minimization in

 order to improve the convergence. Some large scale experiments with a 3D Poisson
 order to improve the convergence. Some large scale experiments with a 3D Poisson

-problem  are presented.   They  show  the obtained  improvements  compared to  a
-classical GMRES both in terms of number of iterations and execution times.
+problem  are  presented  with  up   to  8,192  cores.   They  show  the  obtained
+improvements compared to a classical GMRES both in terms of number of iterations
+and in terms of execution times.

 \end{abstract}
 
 \end{abstract}
 

-

 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 

-

 \section{Introduction}
 \section{Introduction}

-

 Iterative methods are used to solve  large sparse linear systems of equations of
 the form  $Ax=b$ because they are  easier to parallelize than  direct ones. Many
 Iterative methods are used to solve  large sparse linear systems of equations of
 the form  $Ax=b$ because they are  easier to parallelize than  direct ones. Many

-iterative  methods have  been proposed  and  adapted by  many researchers.  When
-solving large  linear systems  with many cores,  iterative methods  often suffer
-from  scalability  problems.    This  is  due  to  their   need  for  collective
+iterative  methods have  been proposed  and  adapted by  different researchers.   For
+example, the GMRES method and the  Conjugate Gradient method are very well known
+and  used~\cite{S96}. Both methods  are based  on the
+Krylov subspace which consists in forming  a basis of a sequence of successive
+matrix powers times the initial residual.
+
+When  solving large  linear systems  with  many cores,  iterative methods  often
+suffer  from scalability problems.   This is  due to  their need  for collective

 communications  to  perform  matrix-vector  products and  reduction  operations.
 communications  to  perform  matrix-vector  products and  reduction  operations.

-Preconditionners can be  used in order to increase  the convergence of iterative
-solvers.   However, most  of the  good preconditionners  are not  sclalable when
+Preconditioners can be  used in order to increase  the convergence of iterative
+solvers.   However, most  of the  good preconditioners  are not  scalable when

 thousands of cores are used.
 
 thousands of cores are used.
 

+%Traditional iterative  solvers have  global synchronizations that  penalize the
+%scalability.   Two  possible solutions  consists  either  in using  asynchronous
+%iterative  methods~\cite{ref18} or  to  use multisplitting  algorithms. In  this
+%paper, we will  reconsider the use of a multisplitting  method. In opposition to
+%traditional  multisplitting  method  that  suffer  from  slow  convergence,  as
+%proposed  in~\cite{huang1993krylov},  the  use  of a  minimization  process  can
+%drastically improve the convergence.
+
+Traditional parallel iterative solvers are based on fine-grain computations that
+frequently  require  data exchanges  between  computing  nodes  and have  global
+synchronizations  that penalize  the  scalability. Particularly,  they are  more
+penalized on large  scale architectures or on distributed  platforms composed of
+distant  clusters interconnected  by  a high-latency  network.  It is  therefore
+imperative to develop coarse-grain based algorithms to reduce the communications
+in the  parallel iterative  solvers. Two possible  solutions consists  either in
+using  asynchronous  iterative  methods~\cite{ref18}  or in  using  multisplitting
+algorithmss.  In this  paper,  we will  reconsider  the use  of a  multisplitting
+method. In opposition to traditional multisplitting method that suffer from slow
+convergence, as  proposed in~\cite{huang1993krylov},  the use of  a minimization
+process can drastically improve the convergence.
+
+The present paper is  organized as follows. First, Section~\ref{sec:02} presents
+some  related  works and  the  principle  of  multisplitting methods.  Then,  in
+Section~\ref{sec:03}  the algorithm  of our  Krylov multisplitting
+method, based  on inner-outer  iterations, is presented. Finally, in  Section~\ref{sec:04}, the
+parallel experiments on Hector architecture  show the performances of the Krylov
+multisplitting algorithm compared to the classical GMRES algorithm to solve a 3D
+Poisson problem.

 
 

-A completer...
-On ne peut pas parler de tout...
-
-\section{Related works}

 
 

+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

 
 

-A general framework  for studying parallel multisplitting has  been presented in
-\cite{o1985multi} by O'Leary and White. Convergence conditions are given for the
-most general case.  Many authors improved multisplitting algorithms by proposing
-for  example  a  asynchronous  version  \cite{bru1995parallel}  and  convergence
-condition  \cite{bai1999block,bahi2000asynchronous}   in  this  case   or  other
-two-stage algorithms~\cite{frommer1992h,bru1995parallel}
+\section{Related works and presentation of the multisplitting method}
+\label{sec:02}
+A general framework  to study parallel multisplitting methods has  been presented in~\cite{o1985multi}
+by O'Leary and White. Convergence conditions are given for the
+most general cases.  Many authors have improved multisplitting algorithms by proposing,
+for  example,  an  asynchronous  version~\cite{bru1995parallel} or  convergence
+conditions~\cite{bai1999block,bahi2000asynchronous}     or  other
+two-stage algorithms~\cite{frommer1992h,bru1995parallel}.

 
 

-In  \cite{huang1993krylov},  the  authors  proposed  a  parallel  multisplitting
+In~\cite{huang1993krylov},  the  authors  have proposed  a  parallel  multisplitting

 algorithm in which all the tasks except  one are devoted to solve a sub-block of
 algorithm in which all the tasks except  one are devoted to solve a sub-block of

-the splitting  and to send their  local solution to  the first task which  is in
-charge to  combine the vectors at  each iteration.  These vectors  form a Krylov
-basis for  which the first tasks minimize  the error function over  the basis to
-increase the convergence, then the other tasks receive the update solution until
+the splitting  and to send their  local solutions to  the first task which  is in
+charge of  combining the vectors at  each iteration.  These vectors  form a Krylov
+basis for  which the first task minimizes  the error function over  the basis to
+increase the convergence, then the other tasks receive the updated solution until the

 convergence of the global system. 
 
 convergence of the global system. 
 

+In~\cite{couturier2008gremlins}, the  authors have developed practical implementations
+of multisplitting algorithms to solve  large scale linear systems. Inner solvers
+could be  based on sequential direct method  with the LU method  or sequential iterative
+one with GMRES.

 
 

+In~\cite{prace-multi},  the  authors have  designed a  parallel  multisplitting
+algorithm in which large blocks are solved using a GMRES solver. The authors have
+performed large scale experiments up-to  32,768 cores and they conclude that
+an asynchronous  multisplitting algorithm  could be more  efficient  than traditional
+solvers on an exascale architecture with hundreds of thousands of cores.

 
 

-In \cite{couturier2008gremlins}, the  authors proposed practical implementations
-of multisplitting algorithms that take benefit from multisplitting algorithms to
-solve large scale linear systems. Inner  solvers could be based on scalar direct
-method with the LU method or scalar iterative one with GMRES.
-
+So, compared to these works, we propose in this paper a practical multisplitting method based on parallel iterative blocks which gives better results than classical GMRES method for the 3D Poisson problem we considered.
+\\

 
 

+The key idea of a multisplitting method to solve a large system of linear equations $Ax=b$ is defined as follows. The first step consists in partitioning the matrix $A$ in $L$ several ways 
+\begin{equation}
+A = M_\ell - N_\ell,
+\label{eq01}
+\end{equation}
+where for all $\ell\in\{1,\ldots,L\}$ $M_\ell$ are non-singular matrices. Then the linear system is solved by an iteration based on the obtained splittings as follows
+\begin{equation}
+x^{k+1}=\displaystyle\sum^L_{\ell=1} E_\ell M^{-1}_\ell (N_\ell x^k + b),~k=1,2,3,\ldots
+\label{eq02}
+\end{equation}
+where $E_\ell$ are non-negative and diagonal weighting matrices and their sum is an identity matrix $I$. The convergence of such a method is dependent on the condition
+\begin{equation}
+\rho(\displaystyle\sum^L_{\ell=1}E_\ell M^{-1}_\ell N_\ell)<1.
+\label{eq03}
+\end{equation}
+where $\rho$ is the spectral radius of the square matrix.

 
 

+The advantage of the multisplitting method is that at each iteration $k$ there are $L$ different linear sub-systems
+\begin{equation}
+v_\ell^k=M^{-1}_\ell N_\ell x_\ell^{k-1} + M^{-1}_\ell b,~\ell\in\{1,\ldots,L\},
+\label{eq04}
+\end{equation}
+to be solved independently by a direct or an iterative method, where $v_\ell$ is the solution of the local sub-system. Thus the computations of $\{v_\ell\}_{1\leq \ell\leq L}$ may be performed in parallel by a set of processors. A multisplitting method using an iterative method as an inner solver is called an inner-outer iterative method or a two-stage method. The results $v_\ell$ obtained from the different splittings~(\ref{eq04}) are combined to compute solution $x$ of the linear system by using the diagonal weighting matrices
+\begin{equation}
+x^k = \displaystyle\sum^L_{\ell=1} E_\ell v_\ell^k,
+\label{eq05}
+\end{equation}    
+In the case where the diagonal weighting matrices $E_\ell$ have only zero and one factors (i.e. $v_\ell$ are disjoint vectors), the multisplitting method is non-overlapping and corresponds to the block Jacobi method.

 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 

-

 \section{A two-stage method with a minimization}
 \section{A two-stage method with a minimization}

-Let $Ax=b$ be a given sparse and large linear system of $n$ equations
-to solve in parallel on $L$ clusters, physically adjacent or geographically
-distant, where $A\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}$ is a square and nonsingular
-matrix, $x\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$ is the solution vector and $b\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$
-is the right-hand side vector. The multisplitting of this linear system 
-is defined as follows:
+\label{sec:03}
+Let $Ax=b$ be a given large and sparse linear system of $n$ equations to solve in parallel on $L$ clusters of processors, physically adjacent or geographically distant, where $A\in\mathbb{R}^{n\times n}$ is a square and non-singular matrix, $x\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$ is the solution vector and $b\in\mathbb{R}^{n}$ is the right-hand side vector. The multisplitting of this linear system is defined as follows

 \begin{equation}
 \left\{
 \begin{array}{lll}
 \begin{equation}
 \left\{
 \begin{array}{lll}


@@ -99,30 +182,232 @@ b & = & [B_{1}, \ldots, B_{L}]
 \right.
 \label{sec03:eq01}
 \end{equation}  
 \right.
 \label{sec03:eq01}
 \end{equation}  

-where for all $l\in\{1,\ldots,L\}$ $A_l$ is a rectangular block of size $n_l\times n$
-and $X_l$ and $B_l$ are sub-vectors of size $n_l$, such that $\sum_ln_l=n$. In this
-case, we use a row-by-row splitting without overlapping in such a way that successive
-rows of the sparse matrix $A$ and both vectors $x$ and $b$ are assigned to a cluster.
-So, the multisplitting format of the linear system is defined as follows:
+where for $\ell\in\{1,\ldots,L\}$, $A_\ell$ is a rectangular block of size $n_\ell\times n$ and $X_\ell$ and $B_\ell$ are sub-vectors of size $n_\ell$ each, such that $\sum_\ell n_\ell=n$. In this work, we use a row-by-row splitting without overlapping in such a way that successive rows of sparse matrix $A$ and both vectors $x$ and $b$ are assigned to one cluster. So, the multisplitting format of the linear system is defined as follows

 \begin{equation}
 \begin{equation}

-\forall l\in\{1,\ldots,L\} \mbox{,~} \displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^{l-1}A_{li}X_i + A_{ll}X_l + \displaystyle\sum_{i=l+1}^{L}A_{li}X_i = B_l, 
+\forall \ell\in\{1,\ldots,L\} \mbox{,~} A_{\ell \ell}X_\ell + \displaystyle\sum_{\substack{m=1\\m\neq\ell}}^L A_{\ell m}X_m = B_\ell, 

 \label{sec03:eq02}
 \end{equation} 
 \label{sec03:eq02}
 \end{equation} 

-where $A_{li}$ is a block of size $n_l\times n_i$ of the rectangular matrix $A_l$, $X_i\neq X_l$
-is a sub-vector of size $n_i$ of the solution vector $x$ and $\sum_{i<l}n_i+\sum_{i>l}n_i+n_l=n$,
-for all $i\in\{1,\ldots,l-1,l+1,\ldots,L\}$. Therefore, each cluster $l$ is in charge of solving
-the following spare sub-linear system: 
+where $A_{\ell m}$ is a sub-block of size $n_\ell\times  n_m$ of the rectangular matrix $A_\ell$, $X_m\neq  X_\ell$ is a sub-vector of size $n_m$ of the solution vector $x$ and $\sum_{m\neq \ell}n_m+n_\ell=n$, for all $m\in\{1,\ldots,L\}$.
+
+Our multisplitting method proceeds by iteration to solve the linear system in such a way that each sub-system

 \begin{equation}
 \left\{
 \begin{array}{l}
 \begin{equation}
 \left\{
 \begin{array}{l}

-A_{ll}X_l = Y_l \mbox{,~such that}\\
-Y_l = B_l - \displaystyle\sum_{i=1,i\neq l}^{L}A_{li}X_i,
+A_{\ell \ell}X_\ell = Y_\ell \mbox{,~such that}\\
+Y_\ell = B_\ell - \displaystyle\sum_{\substack{m=1\\m\neq \ell}}^{L}A_{\ell m}X_m,

 \end{array}
 \right.
 \label{sec03:eq03}
 \end{equation}
 \end{array}
 \right.
 \label{sec03:eq03}
 \end{equation}

-where the sub-vectors $X_i$ define the data dependencies between the cluster $l$ and other clusters.
+is solved independently by a {\it cluster of processors} and communications are required to update the right-hand side vectors $Y_\ell$, such that the vectors $X_m$ represent the data dependencies between the clusters. In this work, we use the parallel restarted GMRES method~\cite{ref34} as an inner iteration method to solve sub-systems~(\ref{sec03:eq03}). GMRES is one of the most used Krylov iterative methods to solve sparse linear systems. %In practice, GMRES is used with a preconditioner to improve its convergence. In this work, we used a preconditioning matrix equivalent to the main diagonal of sparse sub-matrix $A_{ll}$. This preconditioner is straightforward to implement in parallel and gives good performances in many situations.  
+
+It should  be noted that the convergence  of the inner iterative  solver for the
+different  sub-systems~(\ref{sec03:eq03})  does   not  necessarily  involve  the
+convergence of the multisplitting method.  It strongly depends on the properties
+of       the       global      sparse       linear       system      to       be
+solved~\cite{o1985multi,ref18}. Furthermore, the  splitting of the linear system
+among  several clusters  of  processors  increases the  spectral  radius of  the
+iteration  matrix, thereby  slowing the  convergence.  In  fact, the  larger the
+number of  splitting is, the larger the  spectral radius is.  In  this paper, our
+work is based  on   the  work   presented  in~\cite{huang1993krylov}  to   increase  the
+convergence and improve the scalability of the multisplitting methods.
+
+In order to accelerate the convergence, we implemented the outer iteration of the multisplitting solver as a Krylov iterative method which minimizes some error function over a Krylov subspace~\cite{S96}. The Krylov subspace that we used is spanned by a basis composed of successive solutions issued from solving the $L$ splittings~(\ref{sec03:eq03})
+\begin{equation}
+S=\{x^1,x^2,\ldots,x^s\},~s\leq n,
+\label{sec03:eq04}
+\end{equation}
+where for $j\in\{1,\ldots,s\}$, $x^j=[X_1^j,\ldots,X_L^j]$ is a solution of the global linear system. The advantage of such a Krylov subspace is that we neither need an orthogonal basis nor any synchronization between clusters to generate this basis.
+
+The multisplitting method is periodically restarted every $s$ iterations with a new initial guess $\tilde{x}=S\alpha$ which minimizes the error function $\|b-Ax\|_2$ over the Krylov subspace spanned by vectors of $S$. So $\alpha$ is defined as the solution of the large overdetermined linear system
+\begin{equation}
+R\alpha=b,
+\label{sec03:eq05}
+\end{equation}
+where $R=AS$ is a dense rectangular matrix of size $n\times s$ and $s\ll n$. This leads us to solve a system of normal equations
+\begin{equation}
+R^TR\alpha=R^Tb,
+\label{sec03:eq06}
+\end{equation}
+which is associated with the least squares problem
+\begin{equation}
+\text{minimize}~\|b-R\alpha\|_2,
+\label{sec03:eq07}
+\end{equation}  
+where $R^T$ denotes the transpose of matrix $R$. Since $R$ (i.e. $AS$) and $b$ are split among $L$ clusters, the symmetric positive definite system~(\ref{sec03:eq06}) is solved in parallel. Thus an iterative method would be more appropriate than a direct one to solve this system. We use the parallel Conjugate Gradient method for the normal equations CGNR~\cite{S96,refCGNR}.
+
+\begin{algorithm}[!t]
+\caption{A two-stage linear solver with inner iteration GMRES method}
+\begin{algorithmic}[1]
+\Input $A_\ell$ (sparse sub-matrix), $B_\ell$ (right-hand side sub-vector)
+\Output $X_\ell$ (solution sub-vector)\vspace{0.2cm}
+\State Load $A_\ell$, $B_\ell$
+\State Set the initial guess $x^0$
+\State Set the minimizer $\tilde{x}^0=x^0$
+\For {$k=1,2,3,\ldots$ until the global convergence}
+\State Restart with $x^0=\tilde{x}^{k-1}$:
+\For {$j=1,2,\ldots,s$}
+\State \label{line7}Inner iteration solver: \Call{InnerSolver}{$x^0$, $j$}
+\State Construct basis $S$: add column vector $X_\ell^j$ to the matrix $S_\ell^k$
+\State Exchange local values of $X_\ell^j$ with the neighboring clusters
+\State Compute dense matrix $R$: $R_\ell^{k,j}=\sum^L_{i=1}A_{\ell i}X_i^j$ 
+\EndFor 
+\State \label{line12}Minimization $\|b-R\alpha\|_2$: \Call{UpdateMinimizer}{$S_\ell$, $R$, $b$, $k$}
+\State Local solution of linear system $Ax=b$: $X_\ell^k=\tilde{X}_\ell^k$
+\State Exchange the local minimizer $\tilde{X}_\ell^k$ with the neighboring clusters
+\EndFor
+
+\Statex
+
+\Function {InnerSolver}{$x^0$, $j$}
+\State Compute local right-hand side $Y_\ell = B_\ell - \sum^L_{\substack{m=1\\m\neq \ell}}A_{\ell m}X_m^0$
+\State Solving local splitting $A_{\ell \ell}X_\ell^j=Y_\ell$ using parallel GMRES method, such that $X_\ell^0$ is the initial guess
+\State \Return $X_\ell^j$
+\EndFunction
+
+\Statex
+
+\Function {UpdateMinimizer}{$S_\ell$, $R$, $b$, $k$}
+\State Solving normal equations $(R^k)^TR^k\alpha^k=(R^k)^Tb$ in parallel by $L$ clusters using parallel CGNR method
+\State Compute local minimizer $\tilde{X}_\ell^k=S_\ell^k\alpha^k$
+\State \Return $\tilde{X}_\ell^k$
+\EndFunction
+\end{algorithmic}
+\label{algo:01}
+\end{algorithm}
+
+The main key points of our Krylov multisplitting method to solve a large sparse linear system are given in Algorithm~\ref{algo:01}. This algorithm is based on a two-stage method with a minimization using restarted GMRES iterative method as an inner solver. It is executed in parallel by each cluster of processors. Matrices and vectors with the subscript $\ell$ represent the local data for cluster $\ell$, where $\ell\in\{1,\ldots,L\}$. The two-stage solver uses two different parallel iterative algorithms: the GMRES method to solve each splitting~(\ref{sec03:eq03}) on a cluster of processors, and the CGNR method, executed in parallel by all clusters, to minimize the function error~(\ref{sec03:eq07}) over the Krylov subspace spanned by $S$. The algorithm requires two global synchronizations between $L$ clusters. The first one is performed  line~\ref{line12} in Algorithm~\ref{algo:01} to exchange local values of vector solution $x$ (i.e. the minimizer $\tilde{x}$) required to restart the multisplitting solver. The second one is needed to construct the matrix $R$. We chose to perform this latter synchronization $s$ times in every outer iteration $k$ (line~\ref{line7} in Algorithm~\ref{algo:01}). This is a straightforward way to compute the sparse matrix-dense matrix multiplication $R=AS$. We implemented all synchronizations by using message passing collective communications of MPI library.
+
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+
+\section{Experiments}
+\label{sec:04}
+In order to illustrate  the interest  of our algorithm, we have  compared our
+algorithm  with  the  GMRES  method  which  is a commonly  used  method  in  many
+situations.  We have chosen to focus on only one problem which is very simple to
+implement: a 3 dimension Poisson problem.
+
+\begin{equation}
+\left\{
+                \begin{array}{ll}
+                  \nabla u&=f \mbox{~in~} \omega\\
+                  u &=0 \mbox{~on~}  \Gamma=\partial \omega
+                \end{array}
+              \right.
+\end{equation}

 
 

+After discretization, with a finite  difference scheme, a seven point stencil is
+used. It  is well-known that the  spectral radius of  matrices representing such
+problems are very close to 1.  Moreover, the larger the number of discretization
+points is,  the closer to 1  the spectral radius  is.  Hence, to solve  a matrix
+obtained for  a 3D Poisson  problem, the number  of iterations is high.  Using a
+preconditioner  it  is   possible  to  reduce  the  number   of  iterations  but
+preconditioners are not scalable when using many cores.
+
+%Doing many experiments  with many cores is  not easy and requires to  access to a supercomputer  with several  hours for  developing  a code  and then  improving it. 
+In the following we present some experiments we could achieve out on the Hector
+architecture,  a UK's  high-end computing  resource, funded  by the  UK Research
+Councils~\cite{hector}.  This is  a Cray  XE6 supercomputer,  equipped  with two
+16-core AMD  Opteron 2.3 Ghz  and 32 GB  of memory. Machines  are interconnected
+with a 3D torus.
+
+Table~\ref{tab1} shows  the result of  the experiments.  The first  column shows
+the  size of  the  3D Poisson  problem.  The size  is chosen  in  order to  have
+approximately  50,000 components  per core.   The second  column  represents the
+number of  cores used. In brackets,  one can find the decomposition  used for the
+Krylov multisplitting. The  third column and the sixth  column respectively show
+the execution time for the GMRES  and the Krylov multisplitting codes. The fourth
+and  the   seventh  column  describe   the  number  of  iterations.    For  the
+multisplitting  code, the  total number  of inner  iterations is  represented in
+brackets. For  the GMRES code (alone  and in the  multisplitting version) the
+restart parameter is fixed to 16. The precision of the GMRES version is fixed to
+1e-6. For  the multisplitting,  there are two  precisions, one for  the external
+solver which is fixed to 1e-6 and another one for the inner solver (GMRES) which
+is fixed to 1e-10. It should be noted  that a high precision is used but we also
+fixed  a maximum number of  iterations for each  internal step. In  practice, we
+limit the  number of iterations in the internal step to  10. So an internal  iteration is finished
+when the precision is reached or  when the maximum internal number of iterations
+is reached. The precision and the maximum number of iterations of CGNR method are fixed to 1e-25 and 20 respectively. The size of the Krylov subspace basis $S$ is fixed to 10 vectors.
+
+\begin{table}[htbp]
+\begin{center}
+\begin{changemargin}{-1.8cm}{0cm}
+\begin{small}
+\begin{tabular}{|c|c||c|c|c||c|c|c||c|} 
+\hline
+\multirow{2}{*}{Pb size}&\multirow{2}{*}{Nb. cores} &  \multicolumn{3}{c||}{GMRES} &  \multicolumn{3}{c||}{Krylov Multisplitting} & \multirow{2}{*}{Ratio}\\
+ \cline{3-8}
+           &                   &  Time (s) & nb Iter. & $\Delta$  &   Time (s)& nb Iter. & $\Delta$ & \\
+\hline
+$468^3$ & 2,048 (2x1,024)        &  299.7    & 41,028    & 5.02e-8  &  48.4    & 691(6,146) & 8.24e-08  & 6.19   \\
+\hline
+$590^3$ & 4,096 (2x2,048)        &  433.1    & 55,494    & 4.92e-7  &  74.1    & 1,101(8,211) & 6.62e-08  & 5.84   \\
+\hline
+$743^3$ & 8,192 (2x4,096)        & 704.4     & 87,822    & 4.80e-07 &  151.2   & 3,061(14,914) & 5.87e-08 & 4.65    \\
+\hline
+$743^3$ & 8,192 (4x2,048)        & 704.4     & 87,822    & 4.80e-07 &  110.3   & 1,531(12,721) & 1.47e-07& 6.39  \\
+\hline
+
+\end{tabular}
+\caption{Results}
+\label{tab1}
+\end{small}
+\end{changemargin}
+\end{center}
+\end{table}
+
+
+From these  experiments, it can be  observed that the  multisplitting version is
+always  faster   than  the  GMRES   version.   The  acceleration  gain   of  the
+multisplitting version ranges between 4 and 6.  It can be noticed that the number of
+iterations is drastically reduced with the multisplitting version even it is not
+negligible. Moreover, with 8,192 cores, we  can see that using 4 clusters gives a
+better performance than simply using 2 clusters. In fact, we can notice that the
+precision with 2 clusters is slightly  better but in both cases the precision is
+under the specified threshold.
+
+\section{Conclusion and perspectives}
+We  have implemented  a  Krylov  multisplitting method  to  solve sparse  linear
+systems  on large-scale computing  platforms.  We  have developed  a synchronous
+two-stage  method based  on the  block Jacobi  multisaplitting which  uses GMRES
+iterative  method as  an inner  iteration.  Our  contribution in  this  paper is
+twofold. First we provide a multi cluster decomposition that allows us to choose
+the  appropriate size  of  the clusters  according  to the  architecures of  the
+supercomputer.  Second,   we  have  implemented  the  outer   iteration  of  the
+multisplitting method  as a  Krylov subspace method  which minimizes  some error
+function.  This  increases the convergence  and improves the scalability  of the
+multisplitting method.
+
+We  have tested  our multisplitting  method to  solve the  sparse  linear system
+issued from  the discretization of  a 3D Poisson  problem. We have  compared its
+performances to the  classical GMRES method on a  supercomputer composed of 2,048
+to 8,192 cores. The experimental results showed that the multisplitting method is
+about 4  to 6  times faster  than the GMRES  method for  different sizes  of the
+problem split into  2 or 4 blocks when using the  multisplitting method. Indeed, the
+GMRES  method  has  difficulties to  scale  with  many  cores while  the  Krylov
+multisplitting  method  allows to  hide  latency  and  reduce the  inter-cluster
+communications.
+
+In future  works, we plan to conduct  experiments on larger numbers  of cores and
+test  the  scalability  of  our   Krylov  multisplitting  method.  It  would  be
+interesting  to validate its  performances to  solve other  linear/nonlinear and
+symmetric/nonsymmetric problems.  Moreover, we intend  to develop multisplitting
+methods based  on asynchronous iterations in which  communications are overlapped
+by computations.  These methods would  be interesting for platforms  composed of
+distant  clusters interconnected  by  a high-latency  network.  In addition,  we
+intend  to investigate  the  convergence  improvements of  our  method by  using
+preconditioning  techniques  for  Krylov  iterative methods  and  multisplitting
+methods with overlapping blocks.
+
+\section{Acknowledgement}
+The authors would like to thank Mark Bull of the EPCC his fruitful remarks and the facilities of HECToR.
+
+%Other applications (=> other matrices)\\
+%Larger experiments\\
+%Async\\
+%Overlapping\\
+%preconditioning

 
 
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