27-04-2014

[Krylov_multi.git] / krylov_multi.tex

diff --git a/krylov_multi.tex b/krylov_multi.tex
index 1affc17cfc6d8dd6d3a3c3552109c1a4c7a2ebcd..d296dcf35b8ffd43b590059731674e38adedecc7 100644 (file)
--- a/krylov_multi.tex
+++ b/krylov_multi.tex
@@ -169,7 +169,7 @@ Y_l = B_l - \displaystyle\sum_{\substack{m=1\\m\neq l}}^{L}A_{lm}X_m,
 \right.
 \label{sec03:eq03}
 \end{equation}
 \right.
 \label{sec03:eq03}
 \end{equation}

-is solved independently by a {\it cluster of processors} and communication are required to update the right-hand side vectors $Y_l$, such that the vectors $X_m$ represent the data dependencies between the clusters. In this work, we use the parallel GMRES method~\cite{ref34} as an inner iteration method to solve sub-systems~(\ref{sec03:eq03}). GMRES is one of the most used Krylov iterative methods to solve sparse linear systems in parallel on clusters of processors. In practice, GMRES is used with a preconditioner to improve its convergence. In this work, we used a preconditioning matrix equivalent to the main diagonal of sparse sub-matrix $A_{ll}$. This preconditioner is straightforward to implement in parallel and gives good performances in many situations.  
+is solved independently by a {\it cluster of processors} and communication are required to update the right-hand side vectors $Y_l$, such that the vectors $X_m$ represent the data dependencies between the clusters. In this work, we use the parallel restarted GMRES method~\cite{ref34} as an inner iteration method to solve sub-systems~(\ref{sec03:eq03}). GMRES is one of the most used Krylov iterative methods to solve sparse linear systems in parallel on clusters of processors. %In practice, GMRES is used with a preconditioner to improve its convergence. In this work, we used a preconditioning matrix equivalent to the main diagonal of sparse sub-matrix $A_{ll}$. This preconditioner is straightforward to implement in parallel and gives good performances in many situations.  

 
 It should be noted that the convergence of the inner iterative solver for the different sub-systems~(\ref{sec03:eq03}) does not necessarily involve the convergence of the multisplitting method. It strongly depends on the properties of the global sparse linear system to be solved and the computing environment~\cite{o1985multi,ref18}. Furthermore, the multisplitting
 of the linear system among several clusters of processors increases the spectral radius of the iteration matrix, thereby slowing the convergence. In this work, we based on the work presented in~\cite{huang1993krylov} to increase the convergence and improve the scalability of the multisplitting methods.
 
 It should be noted that the convergence of the inner iterative solver for the different sub-systems~(\ref{sec03:eq03}) does not necessarily involve the convergence of the multisplitting method. It strongly depends on the properties of the global sparse linear system to be solved and the computing environment~\cite{o1985multi,ref18}. Furthermore, the multisplitting
 of the linear system among several clusters of processors increases the spectral radius of the iteration matrix, thereby slowing the convergence. In this work, we based on the work presented in~\cite{huang1993krylov} to increase the convergence and improve the scalability of the multisplitting methods.


@@ -238,7 +238,7 @@ where $R^T$ denotes the transpose of the matrix $R$. Since $R$ (i.e. $AS$) and $
 \label{algo:01}
 \end{algorithm}
 
 \label{algo:01}
 \end{algorithm}
 

-The main key points of our multisplitting method to solve a large sparse linear system are given in Algorithm~\ref{algo:01}. This algorithm is based on a two-stage method with a minimization using GMRES iterative method as an inner solver. It is executed in parallel by each cluster of processors. Matrices and vectors with the subscript $l$ represent the local data for cluster  $l$, where $l\in\{1,\ldots,L\}$. The two-stage solver uses two different parallel iterative algorithms: GMRES method to solve each splitting~(\ref{sec03:eq03}) on a cluster of processors, and CGNR method executed in parallel by all clusters to minimize the function error~(\ref{sec03:eq07}) over the Krylov subspace spanned by $S$. The algorithm requires two global synchronizations between $L$ clusters. The first one is performed at line~$12$ in Algorithm~\ref{algo:01} to exchange local values of vector solution $x$ (i.e. the minimizer $\tilde{x}$) required to restart the multisplitting solver. The second one is needed to construct the matrix $R$ of the Krylov subspace. We chose to perform this latter synchronization $s$ times in every outer iteration $k$ (line~$7$ in Algorithm~\ref{algo:01}). This is a straightforward way to compute the sparse matrix-dense matrix multiplication $R=AS$. We implemented all synchronizations by using message passing collective communications of MPI library.
+The main key points of our multisplitting method to solve a large sparse linear system are given in Algorithm~\ref{algo:01}. This algorithm is based on a two-stage method with a minimization using restarted GMRES iterative method as an inner solver. It is executed in parallel by each cluster of processors. Matrices and vectors with the subscript $l$ represent the local data for cluster  $l$, where $l\in\{1,\ldots,L\}$. The two-stage solver uses two different parallel iterative algorithms: GMRES method to solve each splitting~(\ref{sec03:eq03}) on a cluster of processors, and CGNR method executed in parallel by all clusters to minimize the function error~(\ref{sec03:eq07}) over the Krylov subspace spanned by $S$. The algorithm requires two global synchronizations between $L$ clusters. The first one is performed at line~$12$ in Algorithm~\ref{algo:01} to exchange local values of vector solution $x$ (i.e. the minimizer $\tilde{x}$) required to restart the multisplitting solver. The second one is needed to construct the matrix $R$ of the Krylov subspace. We chose to perform this latter synchronization $s$ times in every outer iteration $k$ (line~$7$ in Algorithm~\ref{algo:01}). This is a straightforward way to compute the sparse matrix-dense matrix multiplication $R=AS$. We implemented all synchronizations by using message passing collective communications of MPI library.

 
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@@ -272,21 +272,28 @@ it. In the following we presented  some experiments we could achieved out on the
 Hector architecture,  the previous UK's  high-end computing resource,  funded by
 the UK Research Councils, which has been stopped in the early 2014.
 
 Hector architecture,  the previous UK's  high-end computing resource,  funded by
 the UK Research Councils, which has been stopped in the early 2014.
 

-In the experiments  we report the size of the 3D  poisson considered\LZK[]{Suite\dots ?}
-
-
-The first column  shows the size of the  problem The size is chosen  in order to
-have approximately 50,000 components per core.  The second column represents the
+Table~\ref{tab1} shows  the result of  the experiments.  The first  column shows
+the  size of  the  3D Poisson  problem.  The size  is chosen  in  order to  have
+approximately  50,000 components  per core.   The second  column  represents the

 number of  cores used. In parenthesis,  there is the decomposition  used for the
 Krylov multisplitting. The  third column and the sixth  column respectively show
 number of  cores used. In parenthesis,  there is the decomposition  used for the
 Krylov multisplitting. The  third column and the sixth  column respectively show

-the execution time for the GMRES  and the Kyrlow multisplitting code. The fourth
-and  the   seventh  column   describes  the  number   of  iterations.   For  the
+the execution time for the GMRES  and the Kyrlov multisplitting codes. The fourth
+and  the   seventh  column  describes   the  number  of  iterations.    For  the

 multisplitting  code, the  total number  of inner  iterations is  represented in
 multisplitting  code, the  total number  of inner  iterations is  represented in

-parenthesis.
+parenthesis. For  the GMRES code (alone  and in the  multisplitting version) the
+restart parameter is fixed to 16. The precision of the GMRES version is fixed to
+1e-6. For  the multisplitting,  there are two  precisions, one for  the external
+solver which is fixed to 1e-6 and another one for the inner solver (GMRES) which
+is fixed to 1e-10. It should be noted  that a high precision is used but we also
+fixed a  maximum number of  iterations for each  internal step. In  practise, we
+limit the  number of internal step to  10. So an internal  iteration is finished
+when the precision is reached or  when the maximum internal number of iterations
+is reached. The precision and the maximum number of iterations of CGNR method are fixed to 1e-25 and 20, respectively. The size of the Krylov subspace basis $S$ is fixed to 10 vectors.
+\LZK{J'ai ajouté les paramètres concernant la résolution du problème de moindres carrés. Confirmer leur valeurs.}
+

 
 

- We  also give  the other parameters:  the restart  for the GRMES method....

 
 

-\begin{table}[p]
+\begin{table}[htbp]

 \begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c||c|c|c||c|c|c||c|} 
 \hline
 \begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{|c|c||c|c|c||c|c|c||c|} 
 \hline


@@ -294,7 +301,8 @@ parenthesis.
  \cline{3-8}
            &                   &  Time (s) & nb Iter. & $\Delta$  &   Time (s)& nb Iter. & $\Delta$ & \\
 \hline
  \cline{3-8}
            &                   &  Time (s) & nb Iter. & $\Delta$  &   Time (s)& nb Iter. & $\Delta$ & \\
 \hline

-
+$468^3$ & 2048 (2x1024)        &  299.7    & 41,028    & 5.02e-8  &  48.4    & 691(6,146) & 8.24e-08  & 6.19   \\
+\hline

 $590^3$ & 4096 (2x2048)        &  433.1    & 55,494    & 4.92e-7  &  74.1    & 1,101(8,211) & 6.62e-08  & 5.84   \\
 \hline
 $743^3$ & 8192 (2x4096)        & 704.4     & 87,822    & 4.80e-07 &  151.2   & 3,061(14,914) & 5.87e-08 & 4.65    \\
 $590^3$ & 4096 (2x2048)        &  433.1    & 55,494    & 4.92e-7  &  74.1    & 1,101(8,211) & 6.62e-08  & 5.84   \\
 \hline
 $743^3$ & 8192 (2x4096)        & 704.4     & 87,822    & 4.80e-07 &  151.2   & 3,061(14,914) & 5.87e-08 & 4.65    \\


@@ -303,40 +311,31 @@ $743^3$ & 8192 (4x2048)        & 704.4     & 87,822    & 4.80e-07 &  110.3   & 1
 \hline
 
 \end{tabular}
 \hline
 
 \end{tabular}

-\caption{Results without preconditioner}
+\caption{Results}

 \label{tab1}
 \end{center}
 \end{table}
 
 
 \label{tab1}
 \end{center}
 \end{table}
 
 

-\begin{table}[p]
-\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{|c|c||c|c|c||c|c|c||c|} 
-\hline
-\multirow{2}{*}{Pb size}&\multirow{2}{*}{Nb. cores} &  \multicolumn{3}{c||}{GMRES} &  \multicolumn{3}{c||}{Krylov Multisplitting} & \multirow{2}{*}{Ratio}\\
- \cline{3-8}
-           &                   &  Time (s) & nb Iter. & $\Delta$  &   Time (s)& nb Iter. & $\Delta$ & \\
-\hline
+From these  experiments, it can be  observed that the  multisplitting version is
+always  faster   than  the  GMRES   version.   The  acceleration  gain   of  the
+multisplitting version is between 4 and 6.  It can be noticed that the number of
+iterations is drastically reduced with  the multisplitting version even it is not
+neglectable.

 
 

-$590^3$ & 4096 (2x2048)        &  433.0    & 55,494    & 4.92e-7  &  80.4    & 1,091(9,545) & 7.64e-08  & 5.39   \\
-\hline
-$743^3$ & 8192 (2x4096)        & 704.4     & 87,822    & 4.80e-07 &  110.2   & 1,401(12,379) & 1.11e-07 & 6.39    \\
-\hline
-$743^3$ & 8192 (4x2048)        & 704.4     & 87,822    & 4.80e-07 &  139.8   & 1,891(15,960) & 1.60e-07& 5.03  \\
-\hline
+\section{Conclusion and perspectives}
+We have implemented a Krylov multisplitting method to solve sparse linear systems on large-scale computing platforms. We have developed a synchronous two-stage method based on the block Jacobi multisplitting and uses GMRES iterative method as an inner iteration. Our contribution in this paper is twofold. First we have constituted a multi-cluster environment based on processors of the large-scale computing platform on which each linear sub-system issued from the splitting is solved in parallel by a cluster of processors. Second, we have implemented the outer iteration of the multisplitting method as a Krylov subspace method which minimizes some error function. This increases the convergence and improves the scalability of the multisplitting method.

 
 

-\end{tabular}
-\caption{Results with preconditioner}
-\label{tab2}
-\end{center}
-\end{table}
+We have tested our multisplitting method for solving the sparse linear system issued from the discretization of the 3D Poisson problem. We have compared its performances to GMRES method on a supercomputer composed of 2048 to 8192 cores. The experimental results showed that the multisplitting method is about 4 to 6 times faster than the GMRES method for different sizes of the problem split into 2 or 4 blocks when using the multisplitting method. Indeed, the GMRES method has difficulties to scale with many cores while the Krylov multisplitting method allows to hide latency and reduce the inter-cluster communications.
+
+In future works, we plan to conduct experiments on larger number of cores and test the scalability of our Krylov multisplitting method. It would be interesting to validate its performances for solving other linear/nonlinear and symmetric/nonsymmetric problems. Moreover, we intend to develop multisplitting methods based on asynchronous iteration in which communications are overlapped by computations. These methods would be interesting for platforms composed of distant clusters interconnected by a high-latency network. In addition, we intend to investigate the convergence improvements by using preconditioning techniques and multisplitting methods with overlapping blocks.    

 
 

-\section{Conclusion and perspectives}

 
 

-Other applications (=> other matrices)\\
-Larger experiments\\
-Async\\
-Overlapping
+%Other applications (=> other matrices)\\
+%Larger experiments\\
+%Async\\
+%Overlapping\\
+%preconditioning

 
 
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