@@ -43,8+43,9 @@ iterations computed by a multisplitting algorithm. Our new algorithm is based on
a parallel multisplitting algorithm with few blocks of large size using a
parallel GMRES method inside each block and on a parallel Krylov minimization in
order to improve the convergence. Some large scale experiments with a 3D Poisson
a parallel multisplitting algorithm with few blocks of large size using a
parallel GMRES method inside each block and on a parallel Krylov minimization in
order to improve the convergence. Some large scale experiments with a 3D Poisson
-problem are presented. They show the obtained improvements compared to a
-classical GMRES both in terms of number of iterations and execution times.
+problem are presented with up to 8,192 cores. They show the obtained
+improvements compared to a classical GMRES both in terms of number of iterations
+and execution times.
\end{abstract}
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\end{abstract}
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@@ -78,7+79,7 @@ drastically improve the convergence.
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-\section{Related works}
+\section{Related works and presention of the multisplitting method}
A general framework for studying parallel multisplitting has been presented in~\cite{o1985multi}
by O'Leary and White. Convergence conditions are given for the
most general case. Many authors improved multisplitting algorithms by proposing
A general framework for studying parallel multisplitting has been presented in~\cite{o1985multi}
by O'Leary and White. Convergence conditions are given for the
most general case. Many authors improved multisplitting algorithms by proposing
@@ -95,9+96,9 @@ increase the convergence, then the other tasks receive the updated solution unti
convergence of the global system.
In~\cite{couturier2008gremlins}, the authors proposed practical implementations
convergence of the global system.
In~\cite{couturier2008gremlins}, the authors proposed practical implementations
-of multisplitting algorithms that take benefit from multisplitting algorithms {\bf ???} to
-solve large scale linear systems. Inner solvers could be based on scalar direct
-method with the LU method or scalar iterative one with GMRES.
+of multisplitting algorithms to solve large scale linear systems. Inner solvers
+could be based on scalar direct method with the LU method or scalar iterative
+one with GMRES.
In~\cite{prace-multi}, the authors have proposed a parallel multisplitting
algorithm in which large blocks are solved using a GMRES solver. The authors have
In~\cite{prace-multi}, the authors have proposed a parallel multisplitting
algorithm in which large blocks are solved using a GMRES solver. The authors have
@@ -105,6+106,12 @@ performed large scale experiments up-to 32,768 cores and they conclude that
asynchronous multisplitting algorithm could be more efficient than traditional
solvers on an exascale architecture with hundreds of thousands of cores.
asynchronous multisplitting algorithm could be more efficient than traditional
solvers on an exascale architecture with hundreds of thousands of cores.
+
+So compared to these works, we propose in this paper a practical multisplitting
+which is based on parallel iterative blocks and which give better result than
+GMRES for the 3D Poisson problem we considered.
+\\
+
The key idea of a multisplitting method to solve a large system of linear equations $Ax=b$ is defined as follows. The first step consists in partitioning the matrix $A$ in $L$ several ways
\begin{equation}
A = M_\ell - N_\ell,
The key idea of a multisplitting method to solve a large system of linear equations $Ax=b$ is defined as follows. The first step consists in partitioning the matrix $A$ in $L$ several ways
is solved independently by a {\it cluster of processors} and communications are required to update the right-hand side vectors $Y_\ell$, such that the vectors $X_m$ represent the data dependencies between the clusters. In this work, we use the parallel restarted GMRES method~\cite{ref34} as an inner iteration method to solve sub-systems~(\ref{sec03:eq03}). GMRES is one of the most used Krylov iterative methods to solve sparse linear systems. %In practice, GMRES is used with a preconditioner to improve its convergence. In this work, we used a preconditioning matrix equivalent to the main diagonal of sparse sub-matrix $A_{ll}$. This preconditioner is straightforward to implement in parallel and gives good performances in many situations.
\end{equation}
is solved independently by a {\it cluster of processors} and communications are required to update the right-hand side vectors $Y_\ell$, such that the vectors $X_m$ represent the data dependencies between the clusters. In this work, we use the parallel restarted GMRES method~\cite{ref34} as an inner iteration method to solve sub-systems~(\ref{sec03:eq03}). GMRES is one of the most used Krylov iterative methods to solve sparse linear systems. %In practice, GMRES is used with a preconditioner to improve its convergence. In this work, we used a preconditioning matrix equivalent to the main diagonal of sparse sub-matrix $A_{ll}$. This preconditioner is straightforward to implement in parallel and gives good performances in many situations.
-It should be noted that the convergence of the inner iterative solver for the different sub-systems~(\ref{sec03:eq03}) does not necessarily involve the convergence of the multisplitting method. It strongly depends on the properties of the global sparse linear system to be solved and the computing environment~\cite{o1985multi,ref18}. Furthermore, the multisplitting of the linear system among several clusters of processors increases the spectral radius of the iteration matrix, thereby slowing the convergence. In this paper, we based on the work presented in~\cite{huang1993krylov} to increase the convergence and improve the scalability of the multisplitting methods.
+It should be noted that the convergence of the inner iterative solver for the different sub-systems~(\ref{sec03:eq03}) does not necessarily involve the convergence of the multisplitting method. It strongly depends on the properties of the global sparse linear system to be solved~\cite{o1985multi,ref18}. Furthermore, the multisplitting of the linear system among several clusters of processors increases the spectral radius of the iteration matrix, thereby slowing the convergence. In this paper, we based on the work presented in~\cite{huang1993krylov} to increase the convergence and improve the scalability of the multisplitting methods.
In order to accelerate the convergence, we implemented the outer iteration of the multisplitting solver as a Krylov iterative method which minimizes some error function over a Krylov subspace~\cite{S96}. The Krylov subspace that we used is spanned by a basis composed of successive solutions issued from solving the $L$ splittings~(\ref{sec03:eq03})
\begin{equation}
In order to accelerate the convergence, we implemented the outer iteration of the multisplitting solver as a Krylov iterative method which minimizes some error function over a Krylov subspace~\cite{S96}. The Krylov subspace that we used is spanned by a basis composed of successive solutions issued from solving the $L$ splittings~(\ref{sec03:eq03})
\begin{equation}
@@ -317,9+324,9 @@ iterations is drastically reduced with the multisplitting version even it is no
neglectable.
\section{Conclusion and perspectives}
neglectable.
\section{Conclusion and perspectives}
-We have implemented a Krylov multisplitting method to solve sparse linear systems on large-scale computing platforms. We have developed a synchronous two-stage method based on the block Jacobi multisplitting and uses GMRES iterative method as an inner iteration. Our contribution in this paper is twofold. First we have constituted a multi-cluster environment based on processors of the computing platform on which each linear sub-system issued from the splitting is solved in parallel by a cluster of processors. Second, we have implemented the outer iteration of the multisplitting method using Krylov subspace method which minimizes some error function. This increases the convergence and improves the scalability of the multisplitting method.
+We have implemented a Krylov multisplitting method to solve sparse linear systems on large-scale computing platforms. We have developed a synchronous two-stage method based on the block Jacobi multisplitting and uses GMRES iterative method as an inner iteration. Our contribution in this paper is twofold. First we have constituted a virtual multi-cluster environment based on processors of the computing platform on which each linear sub-system issued from the splitting is solved in parallel by a cluster of processors. Second, we have implemented the outer iteration of the multisplitting method as a Krylov subspace method which minimizes some error function. This increases the convergence and improves the scalability of the multisplitting method.
-We have tested our multisplitting method for solving the sparse linear system issued from the discretization of a 3D Poisson problem. We have compared its performances to those of classical GMRES method on a supercomputer composed of 2048 to 8192 cores. The experimental results showed that the multisplitting method is about 4 to 6 times faster than the GMRES method for different sizes of the problem split into 2 or 4 blocks when using multisplitting method. Indeed, the GMRES method has difficulties to scale with many cores while the Krylov multisplitting method allows to hide latency and reduce the inter-cluster communications.
+We have tested our multisplitting method for solving the sparse linear system issued from the discretization of a 3D Poisson problem. We have compared its performances to the classical GMRES method on a supercomputer composed of 2048 to 8192 cores. The experimental results showed that the multisplitting method is about 4 to 6 times faster than the GMRES method for different sizes of the problem split into 2 or 4 blocks when using multisplitting method. Indeed, the GMRES method has difficulties to scale with many cores while the Krylov multisplitting method allows to hide latency and reduce the inter-cluster communications.
In future works, we plan to conduct experiments on larger number of cores and test the scalability of our Krylov multisplitting method. It would be interesting to validate its performances for solving other linear/nonlinear and symmetric/nonsymmetric problems. Moreover, we intend to develop multisplitting methods based on asynchronous iteration in which communications are overlapped by computations. These methods would be interesting for platforms composed of distant clusters interconnected by a high-latency network. In addition, we intend to investigate the convergence improvements of our method by using preconditioning techniques for Krylov iterative methods and multisplitting methods with overlapping blocks.
In future works, we plan to conduct experiments on larger number of cores and test the scalability of our Krylov multisplitting method. It would be interesting to validate its performances for solving other linear/nonlinear and symmetric/nonsymmetric problems. Moreover, we intend to develop multisplitting methods based on asynchronous iteration in which communications are overlapped by computations. These methods would be interesting for platforms composed of distant clusters interconnected by a high-latency network. In addition, we intend to investigate the convergence improvements of our method by using preconditioning techniques for Krylov iterative methods and multisplitting methods with overlapping blocks.
