X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/LiCO.git/blobdiff_plain/64b7f630f91f3e30575c2313f41cc9a400295640..2b6c12d5492c59a9d65c26a7aa6c1da2d0ddfb4e:/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex?ds=sidebyside diff --git a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex index 1236ff0..9968b77 100644 --- a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex +++ b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex @@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ %\usepackage[linesnumbered,ruled,vlined,commentsnumbered]{algorithm2e} %\renewcommand{\algorithmcfname}{ALGORITHM} \usepackage{indentfirst} +\usepackage{color} \usepackage[algo2e,ruled,vlined]{algorithm2e} \begin{document} @@ -505,7 +506,7 @@ $RE_k$, which must be greater than a threshold $E_{th}$ in order to participate in the current period. Each sensor node determines its position and its subregion using an embedded GPS or a location discovery algorithm. After that, all the sensors collect position coordinates, remaining energy, sensor node ID, -and the number of their one-hop live neighbors during the information exchange. +and the number of their one-hop live neighbors during the information exchange. \textcolor{blue}{We suppose that both INFO packet and ActiveSleep packet contain two parts: header and data payload. The sensor id is included in the header, where the header size is 8 bits. The data part includes position coordinates (64 bits), remaining energy (32 bits), and the number of their one-hop live neighbors (8 bits). Therefore the size of the INFO packet is 112 bits. The ActiveSleep packet is 16 bits size, 8 bits for the header and 8 bits for data part that includes only sensor status (0 or 1)} The sensors inside a same region cooperate to elect a leader. The selection criteria for the leader are (in order of priority): \begin{enumerate} @@ -716,6 +717,15 @@ approach. where $|A_r^p|$ is the number of active sensors in the subregion $r$ in the sensing period~$p$, $R$ is the number of subregions, and $|J|$ is the number of sensors in the network. + +\item {\bf \textcolor{blue}{Energy Saving Ratio (ESR)}}: +\textcolor{blue}{we consider a performance metric linked to energy. This metric, called Energy Saving Ratio (ESR), is defined by: +\begin{equation*} +\scriptsize +\mbox{ESR}(\%) = \frac{\mbox{Number of alive sensors during this round}} +{\mbox{Total number of sensors in the network}} \times 100. +\end{equation*} + } \item {\bf Energy Consumption (EC)}: energy consumption can be seen as the total energy consumed by the sensors during $Lifetime_{95}$ or $Lifetime_{50}$, divided by the number of periods. The value of EC is computed according to @@ -842,6 +852,24 @@ keeping a greater coverage ratio as shown in Figure \ref{figure5}. \label{figure6} \end{figure} +\subsubsection{\textcolor{blue}{Energy Saving Ratio (ESR)}} + +\textcolor{blue}{In this experiment, we consider an Energy Saving Ratio (see Figure~\ref{fig5}) for 200 deployed nodes. +The longer the ratio is, the more redundant sensor nodes are switched off, and consequently the longer the network may live. } + +\begin{figure}[h!] +%\centering +% \begin{multicols}{6} +\centering +\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{ESR.eps} %\\~ ~ ~(a) +\caption{Energy Saving Ratio for 200 deployed nodes} +\label{fig5} +\end{figure} + +\textcolor{blue}{The simulation results show that our protocol PeCO allows to efficiently save energy by turning off some sensors during the sensing phase. +As shown in Figure~\ref{fig5}, GAF provides better energy saving than PeCO for the first fifty rounds, because GAF balance the energy consumption among sensor nodes inside each small fixed grid that permits to extend the life of sensors in each grid fairly but in the same time turn on large number of sensors during sensing that lead later to quickly deplete sensor's batteries togehter. After that GAF provide less energy saving compared with other approches because of the large number of dead nodes. DESK algorithm shows less energy saving compared with other approaches due to activate a larg number of sensors during the sensing. DiLCO protocol provides less energy saving ratio commpared with PeCO because it generally activate a larger number of sensor nodes during sensing. Note that again as the number of rounds increases PeCO becomes the most performing one, since it consumes less energy compared with other approaches.} + + \subsubsection{Energy Consumption} The effect of the energy consumed by the WSN during the communication, @@ -897,13 +925,13 @@ for different coverage ratios. We denote by Protocol/50, Protocol/80, Protocol/85, Protocol/90, and Protocol/95 the amount of time during which the network can satisfy an area coverage greater than $50\%$, $80\%$, $85\%$, $90\%$, and $95\%$ respectively, where the term Protocol refers to DiLCO or -PeCO. Indeed there are applications that do not require a 100\% coverage of the -area to be monitored. PeCO might be an interesting method since it achieves a -good balance between a high level coverage ratio and network lifetime. PeCO +PeCO. \textcolor{blue}{Indeed there are applications that do not require a 100\% coverage of the +area to be monitored. For example, forest +fire application might require complete coverage +in summer seasons while only requires 80$\%$ of the area to be covered in rainy seasons \cite{li2011transforming}. As another example, birds habit study requires only 70$\%$-coverage at nighttime when the birds are sleeping while requires 100$\%$-coverage at daytime when the birds are active \cite{vu2009universal}. Mudflows monitoring applications may require part of the area to be covered in sunny days. Thus, to extend network lifetime, the coverage quality can be decreased if it is acceptable\cite{wang2014keeping}}. PeCO might be an interesting method since it achieves a good balance between a high level coverage ratio and network lifetime. PeCO always outperforms DiLCO for the three lower coverage ratios, moreover the -improvements grow with the network size. DiLCO is better for coverage ratios -near 100\%, but in that case PeCO is not ineffective for the smallest network -sizes. +improvements grow with the network size. \textcolor{blue}{DiLCO outperforms PeCO when the coverage ratio is required to be $>90\%$, but PeCo extends the network lifetime significantly when coverage ratio can be relaxed.} +%DiLCO is better for coverage ratios near 100\%, but in that case PeCO is not ineffective for the smallest network sizes. \begin{figure}[h!] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.55]{figure9.eps}