X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/LiCO.git/blobdiff_plain/64b7f630f91f3e30575c2313f41cc9a400295640..32b3267d56158c2c6b227fe08ec1b280fdde3606:/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex?ds=sidebyside diff --git a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex index 1236ff0..5ba7f55 100644 --- a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex +++ b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex @@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ %\usepackage[linesnumbered,ruled,vlined,commentsnumbered]{algorithm2e} %\renewcommand{\algorithmcfname}{ALGORITHM} \usepackage{indentfirst} +\usepackage{color} \usepackage[algo2e,ruled,vlined]{algorithm2e} \begin{document} @@ -506,6 +507,7 @@ in the current period. Each sensor node determines its position and its subregion using an embedded GPS or a location discovery algorithm. After that, all the sensors collect position coordinates, remaining energy, sensor node ID, and the number of their one-hop live neighbors during the information exchange. +\textcolor{blue}{Both INFO packet and ActiveSleep packet contain two parts: header and data payload. The sensor ID is included in the header, where the header size is 8 bits. The data part includes position coordinates (64 bits), remaining energy (32 bits), and the number of one-hop live neighbors (8 bits). Therefore the size of the INFO packet is 112 bits. The ActiveSleep packet is 16 bits size, 8 bits for the header and 8 bits for data part that includes only sensor status (0 or 1).} The sensors inside a same region cooperate to elect a leader. The selection criteria for the leader are (in order of priority): \begin{enumerate} @@ -716,6 +718,15 @@ approach. where $|A_r^p|$ is the number of active sensors in the subregion $r$ in the sensing period~$p$, $R$ is the number of subregions, and $|J|$ is the number of sensors in the network. + +\item {\bf \textcolor{blue}{Energy Saving Ratio (ESR)}}: +\textcolor{blue}{this metric, which shows the ability of a protocol to save energy, is defined by: +\begin{equation*} +\scriptsize +\mbox{ESR}(\%) = \frac{\mbox{Number of alive sensors during this round}} +{\mbox{Total number of sensors in the network}} \times 100. +\end{equation*} + } \item {\bf Energy Consumption (EC)}: energy consumption can be seen as the total energy consumed by the sensors during $Lifetime_{95}$ or $Lifetime_{50}$, divided by the number of periods. The value of EC is computed according to @@ -842,6 +853,38 @@ keeping a greater coverage ratio as shown in Figure \ref{figure5}. \label{figure6} \end{figure} +\subsubsection{\textcolor{blue}{Energy Saving Ratio (ESR)}} + +%\textcolor{blue}{In this experiment, we study the energy saving ratio, see Figure~\ref{fig5}, for 200 deployed nodes. +%The larger the ratio is, the more redundant sensor nodes are switched off, and consequently the longer the network may liv%e. } + +\textcolor{blue}{The simulation results show that our protocol PeCO allows to + efficiently save energy by turning off some sensors during the sensing phase. + As shown in Figure~\ref{fig5}, GAF provides better energy saving than PeCO for + the first fifty rounds, because GAF balances the energy consumption among + sensor nodes inside each small fixed grid and thus permits to extend the life of + sensors in each grid fairly but in the same time turn on large number of + sensors during sensing that lead later to quickly deplete sensor's batteries + together. After that GAF provide less energy saving compared with other + approaches because of the large number of dead nodes. DESK algorithm shows less + energy saving compared with other approaches due to activate a large number of + sensors during the sensing. DiLCO protocol provides less energy saving ratio + compared with PeCO because it generally activate a larger number of sensor + nodes during sensing. Note that again as the number of rounds increases PeCO + becomes the most performing one, since it consumes less energy compared with + other approaches.} + +\begin{figure}[h!] +%\centering +% \begin{multicols}{6} +\centering +\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{ESR.eps} %\\~ ~ ~(a) +\caption{Energy Saving Ratio for 200 deployed nodes} +\label{fig5} +\end{figure} + + + \subsubsection{Energy Consumption} The effect of the energy consumed by the WSN during the communication, @@ -893,17 +936,18 @@ time, and the lifetime with a coverage over 50\% is far longer than with 95\%. \end{figure} Figure~\ref{figure9} compares the lifetime coverage of the DiLCO and PeCO protocols -for different coverage ratios. We denote by Protocol/50, Protocol/80, +for different coverage ratios. We denote by Protocol/70, Protocol/80, Protocol/85, Protocol/90, and Protocol/95 the amount of time during which the -network can satisfy an area coverage greater than $50\%$, $80\%$, $85\%$, +network can satisfy an area coverage greater than $70\%$, $80\%$, $85\%$, $90\%$, and $95\%$ respectively, where the term Protocol refers to DiLCO or -PeCO. Indeed there are applications that do not require a 100\% coverage of the -area to be monitored. PeCO might be an interesting method since it achieves a -good balance between a high level coverage ratio and network lifetime. PeCO -always outperforms DiLCO for the three lower coverage ratios, moreover the -improvements grow with the network size. DiLCO is better for coverage ratios -near 100\%, but in that case PeCO is not ineffective for the smallest network -sizes. +PeCO. \textcolor{blue}{Indeed there are applications that do not require a 100\% coverage of the +area to be monitored. For example, forest +fire application might require complete coverage +in summer seasons while only require 80$\%$ of the area to be covered in rainy seasons~\citep{li2011transforming}. As another example, birds habit study requires only 70$\%$-coverage at nighttime when the birds are sleeping while requires 100$\%$-coverage at daytime when the birds are active~\citep{1279193}. +%Mudflows monitoring applications may require part of the area to be covered in sunny days. Thus, to extend network lifetime, the coverage quality can be decreased if it is acceptable~\citep{wang2014keeping}}. + PeCO always outperforms DiLCO for the three lower coverage ratios, moreover the +improvements grow with the network size. DiLCO outperforms PeCO when the coverage ratio is required to be $>90\%$, but PeCo extends the network lifetime significantly when coverage ratio can be relaxed.} +%DiLCO is better for coverage ratios near 100\%, but in that case PeCO is not ineffective for the smallest network sizes. \begin{figure}[h!] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.55]{figure9.eps}