From: Michel Salomon Date: Thu, 25 Jun 2015 20:44:02 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Michel - Article is OK, still working on the response X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/LiCO.git/commitdiff_plain/00eccf4c375faace404369698b8488f4cab301d4 Michel - Article is OK, still working on the response --- diff --git a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.aux b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.aux index 0d52726..9a891ae 100644 --- a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.aux +++ b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.aux @@ -58,6 +58,7 @@ \citation{ChinhVu} \citation{AMPL} \citation{glpk} +\citation{iamigo:cplex} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2}Simulation Results}{12}} \newlabel{tab:EC}{{3}{12}} \citation{ChinhVu} @@ -87,41 +88,42 @@ \newlabel{my-labelx}{{4}{17}} \@writefile{toc}{\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.1}Acknowledgements}{17}} \bibcite{castano2013column}{{6}{2014}{{Casta{\~n}o et~al.}}{{Casta{\~n}o, Rossi, Sevaux, and Velasco}}} -\bibcite{Deng2012}{{7}{2012}{{Deng, Jiguo~Yu, and Chen}}{{}}} -\bibcite{deschinkel2012column}{{8}{2012}{{Deschinkel}}{{}}} -\bibcite{AMPL}{{9}{November 12, 2002}{{Fourer, Gay, and Kernighan}}{{}}} -\bibcite{HeShibo}{{10}{2014}{{He et~al.}}{{He, Gong, Zhang, Chen, and Sun}}} -\bibcite{Huang:2003:CPW:941350.941367}{{11}{2005{a}}{{Huang and Tseng}}{{}}} -\bibcite{huang2005coverage}{{12}{2005{b}}{{Huang and Tseng}}{{}}} -\bibcite{doi:10.1155/2010/926075}{{13}{2010}{{Hung and Lui}}{{}}} -\bibcite{idrees2014coverage}{{14}{2014}{{Idrees et~al.}}{{Idrees, Deschinkel, Salomon, and Couturier}}} -\bibcite{Idrees2}{{15}{2015}{{Idrees et~al.}}{{Idrees, Deschinkel, Salomon, and Couturier}}} -\bibcite{jaggi2006}{{16}{2006}{{Jaggi and Abouzeid}}{{}}} -\bibcite{kim2013maximum}{{17}{2013}{{Kim and Cobb}}{{}}} -\bibcite{0031-9155-44-1-012}{{18}{1999}{{Lee et~al.}}{{Lee, Gallagher, Silvern, Wuu, and Zaider}}} -\bibcite{li2013survey}{{19}{2013}{{Li and Vasilakos}}{{}}} -\bibcite{ling2009energy}{{20}{2009}{{Ling and Znati}}{{}}} -\bibcite{glpk}{{21}{2012}{{Makhorin}}{{}}} -\bibcite{Misra}{{22}{2011}{{Misra, Kumar, and Obaidat}}{{}}} -\bibcite{pc10}{{23}{2010}{{Padmavathy and Chitra}}{{}}} -\bibcite{puccinelli2005wireless}{{24}{2005}{{Puccinelli and Haenggi}}{{}}} -\bibcite{pujari2011high}{{25}{2011}{{Pujari}}{{}}} -\bibcite{qu2013distributed}{{26}{2013}{{Qu and Georgakopoulos}}{{}}} -\bibcite{rault2014energy}{{27}{2014}{{Rault, Bouabdallah, and Challal}}{{}}} -\bibcite{doi:10.1080/0305215X.2012.687732}{{28}{2013}{{Singh, Rossi, and Sevaux}}{{}}} -\bibcite{varga}{{29}{2003}{{Varga}}{{}}} -\bibcite{ChinhVu}{{30}{2006}{{Vu et~al.}}{{Vu, Gao, Deshmukh, and Li}}} -\bibcite{chin2007}{{31}{2009}{{Vu}}{{}}} -\bibcite{wang2011coverage}{{32}{2011}{{Wang}}{{}}} -\bibcite{5714480}{{33}{2010}{{Xing, Li, and Wang}}{{}}} -\bibcite{xu2001geography}{{34}{2001}{{Xu, Heidemann, and Estrin}}{{}}} -\bibcite{yan2008design}{{35}{2008}{{Yan et~al.}}{{Yan, Gu, He, and Stankovic}}} -\bibcite{yang2014novel}{{36}{2014{a}}{{Yang and Chin}}{{}}} -\bibcite{yangnovel}{{37}{2014{b}}{{Yang and Chin}}{{}}} -\bibcite{Yang2014}{{38}{2014}{{Yang and Liu}}{{}}} -\bibcite{yick2008wireless}{{39}{2008}{{Yick, Mukherjee, and Ghosal}}{{}}} -\bibcite{Zhang05}{{40}{2005}{{Zhang and Hou}}{{}}} -\bibcite{zhou2009variable}{{41}{2009}{{Zhou, Das, and Gupta}}{{}}} -\bibcite{zorbas2010solving}{{42}{2010}{{Zorbas et~al.}}{{Zorbas, Glynos, Kotzanikolaou, and Douligeris}}} +\bibcite{iamigo:cplex}{{7}{2010}{{CPLEX}}{{}}} +\bibcite{Deng2012}{{8}{2012}{{Deng, Jiguo~Yu, and Chen}}{{}}} +\bibcite{deschinkel2012column}{{9}{2012}{{Deschinkel}}{{}}} +\bibcite{AMPL}{{10}{November 12, 2002}{{Fourer, Gay, and Kernighan}}{{}}} +\bibcite{HeShibo}{{11}{2014}{{He et~al.}}{{He, Gong, Zhang, Chen, and Sun}}} +\bibcite{Huang:2003:CPW:941350.941367}{{12}{2005{a}}{{Huang and Tseng}}{{}}} +\bibcite{huang2005coverage}{{13}{2005{b}}{{Huang and Tseng}}{{}}} +\bibcite{doi:10.1155/2010/926075}{{14}{2010}{{Hung and Lui}}{{}}} +\bibcite{idrees2014coverage}{{15}{2014}{{Idrees et~al.}}{{Idrees, Deschinkel, Salomon, and Couturier}}} +\bibcite{Idrees2}{{16}{2015}{{Idrees et~al.}}{{Idrees, Deschinkel, Salomon, and Couturier}}} +\bibcite{jaggi2006}{{17}{2006}{{Jaggi and Abouzeid}}{{}}} +\bibcite{kim2013maximum}{{18}{2013}{{Kim and Cobb}}{{}}} +\bibcite{0031-9155-44-1-012}{{19}{1999}{{Lee et~al.}}{{Lee, Gallagher, Silvern, Wuu, and Zaider}}} +\bibcite{li2013survey}{{20}{2013}{{Li and Vasilakos}}{{}}} +\bibcite{ling2009energy}{{21}{2009}{{Ling and Znati}}{{}}} +\bibcite{glpk}{{22}{2012}{{Makhorin}}{{}}} +\bibcite{Misra}{{23}{2011}{{Misra, Kumar, and Obaidat}}{{}}} +\bibcite{pc10}{{24}{2010}{{Padmavathy and Chitra}}{{}}} +\bibcite{puccinelli2005wireless}{{25}{2005}{{Puccinelli and Haenggi}}{{}}} +\bibcite{pujari2011high}{{26}{2011}{{Pujari}}{{}}} +\bibcite{qu2013distributed}{{27}{2013}{{Qu and Georgakopoulos}}{{}}} +\bibcite{rault2014energy}{{28}{2014}{{Rault, Bouabdallah, and Challal}}{{}}} +\bibcite{doi:10.1080/0305215X.2012.687732}{{29}{2013}{{Singh, Rossi, and Sevaux}}{{}}} +\bibcite{varga}{{30}{2003}{{Varga}}{{}}} +\bibcite{ChinhVu}{{31}{2006}{{Vu et~al.}}{{Vu, Gao, Deshmukh, and Li}}} +\bibcite{chin2007}{{32}{2009}{{Vu}}{{}}} +\bibcite{wang2011coverage}{{33}{2011}{{Wang}}{{}}} +\bibcite{5714480}{{34}{2010}{{Xing, Li, and Wang}}{{}}} +\bibcite{xu2001geography}{{35}{2001}{{Xu, Heidemann, and Estrin}}{{}}} +\bibcite{yan2008design}{{36}{2008}{{Yan et~al.}}{{Yan, Gu, He, and Stankovic}}} +\bibcite{yang2014novel}{{37}{2014{a}}{{Yang and Chin}}{{}}} +\bibcite{yangnovel}{{38}{2014{b}}{{Yang and Chin}}{{}}} +\bibcite{Yang2014}{{39}{2014}{{Yang and Liu}}{{}}} +\bibcite{yick2008wireless}{{40}{2008}{{Yick, Mukherjee, and Ghosal}}{{}}} +\bibcite{Zhang05}{{41}{2005}{{Zhang and Hou}}{{}}} +\bibcite{zhou2009variable}{{42}{2009}{{Zhou, Das, and Gupta}}{{}}} +\bibcite{zorbas2010solving}{{43}{2010}{{Zorbas et~al.}}{{Zorbas, Glynos, Kotzanikolaou, and Douligeris}}} \endpage{19} \questionmark{} diff --git a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.bbl b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.bbl index c88ac87..c1025cc 100644 --- a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.bbl +++ b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.bbl @@ -1,4 +1,4 @@ -\begin{thebibliography}{42} +\begin{thebibliography}{43} \newcommand{\enquote}[1]{``#1''} \providecommand{\natexlab}[1]{#1} \providecommand{\url}[1]{\normalfont{#1}} @@ -44,6 +44,10 @@ Casta{\~n}o, Fabian, Andr{\'e} Rossi, Marc Sevaux, and Nubia Velasco. 2014. ``A with coverage and connectivity constraints.'' \emph{Computers \& Operations Research} 52 (B): 220--230. +\bibitem[CPLEX(2010)]{iamigo:cplex} +CPLEX, Optimizer. 2010. ``{IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimizer}.'' \\url + {http://www-01.ibm.com/software/integration/optimization/cplex-optimizer/}. + \bibitem[Deng, Jiguo~Yu, and Chen(2012)]{Deng2012} Deng, Xiu, Dongxiao~Yu Jiguo~Yu, and Congcong Chen. 2012. ``Transforming Area Coverage to Target Coverage to Maintain Coverage and Connectivity for diff --git a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.blg b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.blg index eadf49d..5632d0c 100644 --- a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.blg +++ b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.blg @@ -4,44 +4,44 @@ The top-level auxiliary file: articleeo.aux The style file: gENO.bst Database file #1: biblio.bib Reallocated wiz_functions (elt_size=4) to 6000 items from 3000. -You've used 42 entries, +You've used 43 entries, 3679 wiz_defined-function locations, - 964 strings with 13449 characters, -and the built_in function-call counts, 29939 in all, are: -= -- 2453 -> -- 1552 + 968 strings with 13582 characters, +and the built_in function-call counts, 30343 in all, are: += -- 2486 +> -- 1565 < -- 4 -+ -- 758 -- -- 421 -* -- 2090 -:= -- 4356 -add.period$ -- 95 -call.type$ -- 42 -change.case$ -- 281 -chr.to.int$ -- 49 -cite$ -- 42 -duplicate$ -- 2260 -empty$ -- 2234 -format.name$ -- 528 -if$ -- 6141 ++ -- 763 +- -- 425 +* -- 2109 +:= -- 4427 +add.period$ -- 97 +call.type$ -- 43 +change.case$ -- 286 +chr.to.int$ -- 50 +cite$ -- 43 +duplicate$ -- 2296 +empty$ -- 2268 +format.name$ -- 532 +if$ -- 6219 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(pdftex.def) Requested size: 266.647pt x 192.6704pt. @@ -1156,7 +1145,7 @@ Overfull \vbox (29.0pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] Overfull \vbox (701.0pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] [17] -Underfull \hbox (badness 4024) in paragraph at lines 126--128 +Underfull \hbox (badness 4024) in paragraph at lines 130--132 []\OT1/cmr/m/n/10 Makhorin, An-drew. 2012. ``The GLPK (GNU Lin-ear Pro-gram-min g Kit).'' \OT1/cmr/m/it/10 Avail-able: [] @@ -1192,7 +1181,7 @@ Overfull \vbox (701.0pt too high) has occurred while \output is active [] Missing character: There is no à in font cmr10! Missing character: There is no © in font cmr10! -Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 167--169 +Underfull \hbox (badness 10000) in paragraph at lines 171--173 []\OT1/cmr/m/n/10 Varga, A. 2003. ``OM-NeT++ Dis-crete Event Sim-u-la-tion Sys- tem.'' \OT1/cmr/m/it/10 Avail-able: [] @@ -1230,18 +1219,15 @@ LaTeX Font Warning: Size substitutions with differences LaTeX Font Warning: Some font shapes were not available, defaults substituted. - -LaTeX Warning: Label(s) may have changed. Rerun to get cross-references right. - ) Here is how much of TeX's memory you used: - 4815 strings out of 495059 - 62702 string characters out of 3182031 - 149096 words of memory out of 3000000 - 7914 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+200000 - 14560 words of font info for 56 fonts, out of 3000000 for 9000 - 14 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 - 41i,18n,27p,464b,369s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,50000s + 4825 strings out of 493221 + 62834 string characters out of 6141266 + 154149 words of memory out of 5000000 + 8175 multiletter control sequences out of 15000+600000 + 14560 words of font info for 56 fonts, out of 8000000 for 9000 + 1119 hyphenation exceptions out of 8191 + 41i,18n,27p,464b,369s stack positions out of 5000i,500n,10000p,200000b,80000s -Output written on articleeo.pdf (19 pages, 746264 bytes). +Output written on articleeo.pdf (19 pages, 746258 bytes). PDF statistics: 213 PDF objects out of 1000 (max. 8388607) 145 compressed objects within 2 object streams diff --git a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.pdf b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.pdf index e0323e7..5e5e642 100644 Binary files a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.pdf and b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.pdf differ diff --git a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex index 82007ff..5f74aa3 100644 --- a/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex +++ b/PeCO-EO/articleeo.tex @@ -12,8 +12,8 @@ %\articletype{GUIDE} -\title{{\itshape Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime \\ - in Wireless Sensor Networks}} +\title{{\itshape Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization \\ + to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}} \author{Ali Kadhum Idrees$^{a,b}$, Karine Deschinkel$^{a}$$^{\ast}$\thanks{$^\ast$Corresponding author. Email: karine.deschinkel@univ-fcomte.fr}, Michel Salomon$^{a}$ and Rapha\"el Couturier $^{a}$ $^{a}${\em{FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174 CNRS, \\ @@ -308,7 +308,7 @@ above is thus given by the sixth line of the table. \begin{figure*}[t!] \centering -\includegraphics[width=0.9\linewidth]{figure2.eps} +\includegraphics[width=0.95\linewidth]{figure2.eps} \caption{Maximum coverage levels for perimeter of sensor node $0$.} \label{figure2} \end{figure*} @@ -353,7 +353,7 @@ optimization algorithm. %\newpage \begin{figure}[h!] \centering -\includegraphics[width=62.5mm]{figure3.eps} +\includegraphics[width=57.5mm]{figure3.eps} \caption{Sensing range outside the WSN's area of interest.} \label{figure3} \end{figure} @@ -365,7 +365,7 @@ optimization algorithm. The WSN area of interest is, in a first step, divided into regular homogeneous subregions using a divide-and-conquer algorithm. In a second step our protocol will be executed in a distributed way in each subregion simultaneously to -schedule nodes' activities for one sensing period. Node Sensors are assumed to +schedule nodes' activities for one sensing period. Sensor nodes are assumed to be deployed almost uniformly over the region. The regular subdivision is made such that the number of hops between any pairs of sensors inside a subregion is less than or equal to 3. @@ -667,7 +667,12 @@ coverage task. This value corresponds to the energy needed by the sensing phase, obtained by multiplying the energy consumed in the active state (9.72 mW) with the time in seconds for one period (3600 seconds), and adding the energy for the pre-sensing phases. According to the interval of initial energy, a sensor may -be active during at most 20 periods. Here information exchange is executed every hour but the length of the sensing period could be reduced and adapted dynamically. On the one hand a small sensing period would allow to be more reliable but would have higher communication costs. On the other hand the choice of a long duration may cause problems in case of nodes failure during the sensing period. +be active during at most 20 periods. Information exchange to update the coverage +is executed every hour, but the length of the sensing period could be reduced +and adapted dynamically. On the one hand a small sensing period would allow to +be more reliable but would have result in higher communication costs. On the +other hand the choice of a long duration may cause problems in case of nodes +failure during the sensing period. The values of $\alpha^j_i$ and $\beta^j_i$ have been chosen to ensure a good network coverage and a longer WSN lifetime. Higher priority is given to the @@ -746,16 +751,9 @@ time on the laptop is multiplied by 2944.2 $\left(\frac{35330}{2} \times consumption values, in milliWatt per second, given in Table~\ref{tab:EC} based on the energy model proposed in \citep{ChinhVu}. -% Questions on energy consumption calculation -% 1 - How did you compute the value for COMPUTATION status ? -% 2 - I have checked the paper of Chinh T. Vu (2006) and I wonder -% why you completely deleted the energy due to the sensing range ? -% => You should have use a fixed value for the sensing rangge Rs (5 meter) -% => for all the nodes to compute f(Ri), which would have lead to energy values - \begin{table}[h] \centering -\caption{Energy consumption} +\caption{Power consumption values} \label{tab:EC} \begin{tabular}{|l||cccc|} \hline @@ -774,15 +772,15 @@ based on the energy model proposed in \citep{ChinhVu}. The modeling language for Mathematical Programming (AMPL)~\citep{AMPL} is used to generate the integer program instance in a standard format, which is then read and solved by the optimization solver GLPK (GNU linear Programming Kit -available in the public domain) \citep{glpk} through a Branch-and-Bound method. -Obviously executing GLPK in practice on a sensor node is usually untractable due to -the huge memory use. Fortunately, to solve the optimization problem we could use -commercial solvers like CPLEX which are less memory consuming and more efficient, or -implement a lightweight heuristic. For example, for a WSN of 200 sensor nodes, a leader -node has to deal with constraints induced by about 12 sensor nodes. In that case, to solve the optimization problem a -memory consumption of more than 1 MB can be observed with GLPK, whereas with CPLEX less than 300 kB would be needed. - -% No discussion about the execution of GLPK on a sensor ? +available in the public domain) \citep{glpk} through a Branch-and-Bound method. +In practice, executing GLPK on a sensor node is obviously intractable due to the +huge memory use. Fortunately, to solve the optimization problem we could use +commercial solvers like CPLEX \citep{iamigo:cplex} which are less memory +consuming and more efficient, or implement a lightweight heuristic. For example, +for a WSN of 200 sensor nodes, a leader node has to deal with constraints +induced by about 12 sensor nodes. In that case, to solve the optimization +problem a memory consumption of more than 1~MB can be observed with GLPK, +whereas less than 300~kB would be needed with CPLEX. Besides PeCO, three other protocols will be evaluated for comparison purposes. The first one, called DESK, is a fully distributed coverage algorithm @@ -794,15 +792,14 @@ protocol~\citep{Idrees2}, is an improved version of a research work we presented in~\citep{idrees2014coverage}. Let us notice that PeCO and DiLCO protocols are based on the same framework. In particular, the choice for the simulations of a partitioning in 16~subregions was made because it corresponds to the -configuration producing the best results for DiLCO. Of course, this number of subregions sould be adapted according to the size of the area of interest and the number of sensors. - - The protocols are -distinguished from one another by the formulation of the integer program -providing the set of sensors which have to be activated in each sensing -phase. DiLCO protocol tries to satisfy the coverage of a set of primary points, -whereas PeCO protocol objective is to reach a desired level of coverage for each -sensor perimeter. In our experimentations, we chose a level of coverage equal to -one ($l=1$). +configuration producing the best results for DiLCO. Of course, this number of +subregions should be adapted according to the size of the area of interest and +the number of sensors. The protocols are distinguished from one another by the +formulation of the integer program providing the set of sensors which have to be +activated in each sensing phase. DiLCO protocol tries to satisfy the coverage of +a set of primary points, whereas PeCO protocol objective is to reach a desired +level of coverage for each sensor perimeter. In our experimentations, we chose a +level of coverage equal to one ($l=1$). \subsubsection{Coverage Ratio} @@ -810,11 +807,11 @@ Figure~\ref{figure5} shows the average coverage ratio for 200 deployed nodes obtained with the four protocols. DESK, GAF, and DiLCO provide a slightly better coverage ratio with respectively 99.99\%, 99.91\%, and 99.02\%, compared to the 98.76\% produced by PeCO for the first periods. This is due to the fact that at -the beginning PeCO protocol puts to sleep status more redundant sensors (which -slightly decreases the coverage ratio), while the three other protocols activate -more sensor nodes. Later, when the number of periods is beyond~70, it clearly -appears that PeCO provides a better coverage ratio and keeps a coverage ratio -greater than 50\% for longer periods (15 more compared to DiLCO, 40 more +the beginning LiCO and PeCO protocols put to sleep status more redundant sensors +(which slightly decreases the coverage ratio), while the three other protocols +activate more sensor nodes. Later, when the number of periods is beyond~70, it +clearly appears that PeCO provides a better coverage ratio and keeps a coverage +ratio greater than 50\% for longer periods (15 more compared to DiLCO, 40 more compared to DESK). The energy saved by PeCO in the early periods allows later a substantial increase of the coverage performance. @@ -981,7 +978,12 @@ sensor-testbed to evaluate it in real world applications. \subsection{Acknowledgements} -The authors are deeply grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their constructive advice, which improved the technical quality of the paper. As a Ph.D. student, Ali Kadhum IDREES would like to gratefully acknowledge the University of Babylon - Iraq for financial support and Campus France for the received support. This work is also partially funded by the Labex ACTION program (contract ANR-11-LABX-01-01). +The authors are deeply grateful to the anonymous reviewers for their +constructive advice, which improved the technical quality of the paper. As a +Ph.D. student, Ali Kadhum IDREES would like to gratefully acknowledge the +University of Babylon - Iraq for financial support and Campus France for the +received support. This work is also partially funded by the Labex ACTION program +(contract ANR-11-LABX-01-01). \bibliographystyle{gENO} \bibliography{biblio} %articleeo diff --git a/PeCO-EO/biblio.bib b/PeCO-EO/biblio.bib index 5c93e97..1b5b487 100644 --- a/PeCO-EO/biblio.bib +++ b/PeCO-EO/biblio.bib @@ -1,4 +1,11 @@ +@misc{iamigo:cplex, + author = {Optimizer CPLEX}, + howpublished = {\\url {http://www-01.ibm.com/software/integration/optimization/cplex-optimizer/}}, + title = {{IBM ILOG CPLEX Optimizer}}, + year = {2010} +} + @INPROCEEDINGS{Moore99, AUTHOR = "R. Moore and J. Lopes",