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-\usepackage{apalike}
-\usepackage{SCITEPRESS}
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+
-\begin{document}
%\title{Authors' Instructions \subtitle{Preparation of Camera-Ready Contributions to SCITEPRESS Proceedings} }
-\title{Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol \\in Wireless Sensor Networks}
+\title{Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}
-\author{\authorname{Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier}
-\affiliation{FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174 CNRS, University of Franche-Comt\'e, Belfort, France}
+\author{Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel,\\ Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier\\
+%\affiliation{
+FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174 CNRS, University of Franche-Comt\'e,\\
+ Belfort, France\\
+%}
%\affiliation{\sup{2}Department of Computing, Main University, MySecondTown, MyCountry}
-\email{ali.idness@edu.univ-fcomte.fr, $\lbrace$karine.deschinkel, michel.salomon, raphael.couturier$\rbrace$@univ-fcomte.fr}
+email: ali.idness@edu.univ-fcomte.fr,\\ $\lbrace$karine.deschinkel, michel.salomon, raphael.couturier$\rbrace$@univ-fcomte.fr}
%\email{\{f\_author, s\_author\}@ips.xyz.edu, t\_author@dc.mu.edu}
-}
-\keywords{Wireless Sensor Networks, Area Coverage, Network lifetime,
-Optimization, Scheduling.}
+\begin{document}
+ \maketitle
+%\keywords{Wireless Sensor Networks, Area Coverage, Network lifetime,Optimization, Scheduling.}
\abstract{ One of the main research challenges faced in Wireless Sensor Networks
(WSNs) is to preserve continuously and effectively the coverage of an area (or
region) of interest to be monitored, while simultaneously preventing as much
as possible a network failure due to battery-depleted nodes. In this paper we
propose a protocol, called Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization protocol
- (DiLCO), which maintains the coverage and improves the lifetime of a wireless
+ (DiLCO), which maintains the coverage and improves the lifetime of a wireless
sensor network. First, we partition the area of interest into subregions using
a classical divide-and-conquer method. Our DiLCO protocol is then distributed
- on the sensor nodes in each subregion in a second step. To fulfill our
- objective, the proposed protocol combines two effective techniques: a leader
+ on the sensor nodes in each subregion in a second step. To fulfill our
+ objective, the proposed protocol combines two effective techniques: a leader
election in each subregion, followed by an optimization-based node activity
- scheduling performed by each elected leader. This two-step process takes
+ scheduling performed by each elected leader. This two-step process takes
place periodically, in order to choose a small set of nodes remaining active
for sensing during a time slot. Each set is built to ensure coverage at a low
- energy cost, allowing to optimize the network lifetime. More precisely, a
- period consists of four phases: (i)~Information Exchange, (ii)~Leader
- Election, (iii)~Decision, and (iv)~Sensing. The decision process, which
+ energy cost, allowing to optimize the network lifetime. %More precisely, a
+ %period consists of four phases: (i)~Information Exchange, (ii)~Leader
+ %Election, (iii)~Decision, and (iv)~Sensing. The decision process, which
results in an activity scheduling vector, is carried out by a leader node
- through the solving of an integer program. In comparison with some other
- protocols, the simulations done using the discrete event simulator OMNeT++
- show that our approach is able to increase the WSN lifetime and provides
- improved coverage performance. }
+ through the solving of an integer program.
+% MODIF - BEGIN
+ Simulations are conducted using the discret event simulator
+ OMNET++. We refer to the characterictics of a Medusa II sensor for
+ the energy consumption and the computation time. In comparison with
+ two other existing methods, our approach is able to increase the WSN
+ lifetime and provides improved coverage performance. }
+% MODIF - END
+
+%\onecolumn
-\onecolumn \maketitle \normalsize \vfill
+
+%\normalsize \vfill
\section{\uppercase{Introduction}}
\label{sec:introduction}
leader) to carry out the coverage strategy. In each subregion the activation of
the sensors for the sensing phase of the current period is obtained by solving
an integer program. The resulting activation vector is broadcast by a leader
-to every node of its subregion.
+to every node of its subregion.
+
+% MODIF - BEGIN
+Our previous paper ~\cite{idrees2014coverage} relies almost exclusively on the
+framework of the DiLCO approach and the coverage problem formulation. In this
+paper we made more realistic simulations by taking into account the
+characteristics of a Medusa II sensor ~\cite{raghunathan2002energy} to measure
+the energy consumption and the computation time. We have implemented two other
+existing approaches (a distributed one, DESK ~\cite{ChinhVu}, and a centralized
+one called GAF ~\cite{xu2001geography}) in order to compare their performances
+with our approach. We also focus on performance analysis based on the number of
+subregions.
+% MODIF - END
The remainder of the paper continues with Section~\ref{sec:Literature Review}
where a review of some related works is presented. The next section describes
\section{\uppercase{Coverage problem formulation}}
\label{cp}
+% MODIF - BEGIN
+We formulate the coverage optimization problem with an integer program.
+The objective function consists in minimizing the undercoverage and the overcoverage of the area as suggested in \cite{pedraza2006}.
+The area coverage problem is expressed as the coverage of a fraction of points called primary points.
+Details on the choice and the number of primary points can be found in \cite{idrees2014coverage}. The set of primary points is denoted by $P$
+and the set of sensors by $J$. As we consider a boolean disk coverage model, we use the boolean indicator $\alpha_{jp}$ which is equal to 1 if the primary point $p$ is in the sensing range of the sensor $j$. The binary variable $X_j$ represents the activation or not of the sensor $j$. So we can express the number of active sensors that cover the primary point $p$ by $\sum_{j \in J} \alpha_{jp} * X_{j}$. We deduce the overcoverage denoted by $\Theta_p$ of the primary point $p$ :
+\begin{equation}
+ \Theta_{p} = \left \{
+\begin{array}{l l}
+ 0 & \mbox{if the primary point}\\
+ & \mbox{$p$ is not covered,}\\
+ \left( \sum_{j \in J} \alpha_{jp} * X_{j} \right)- 1 & \mbox{otherwise.}\\
+\end{array} \right.
+\label{eq13}
+\end{equation}
+More precisely, $\Theta_{p}$ represents the number of active sensor
+nodes minus one that cover the primary point~$p$.
+In the same way, we define the undercoverage variable
+$U_{p}$ of the primary point $p$ as:
+\begin{equation}
+U_{p} = \left \{
+\begin{array}{l l}
+ 1 &\mbox{if the primary point $p$ is not covered,} \\
+ 0 & \mbox{otherwise.}\\
+\end{array} \right.
+\label{eq14}
+\end{equation}
+There is, of course, a relationship between the three variables $X_j$, $\Theta_p$, and $U_p$ which can be formulated as follows :
+\begin{equation}
+\sum_{j \in J} \alpha_{jp} X_{j} - \Theta_{p}+ U_{p} =1, \forall p \in P
+\end{equation}
+If the point $p$ is not covered, $U_p=1$, $\sum_{j \in J} \alpha_{jp} X_{j}=0$ and $\Theta_{p}=0$ by definition, so the equality is satisfied.
+On the contrary, if the point $p$ is covered, $U_p=0$, and $\Theta_{p}=\left( \sum_{j \in J} \alpha_{jp} X_{j} \right)- 1$.
+\noindent Our coverage optimization problem can then be formulated as follows:
+\begin{equation} \label{eq:ip2r}
+\left \{
+\begin{array}{ll}
+\min \sum_{p \in P} (w_{\theta} \Theta_{p} + w_{U} U_{p})&\\
+\textrm{subject to :}&\\
+\sum_{j \in J} \alpha_{jp} X_{j} - \Theta_{p}+ U_{p} =1, &\forall p \in P\\
+%\label{c1}
+%\sum_{t \in T} X_{j,t} \leq \frac{RE_j}{e_t} &\forall j \in J \\
+%\label{c2}
+\Theta_{p}\in \mathbb{N}, &\forall p \in P\\
+U_{p} \in \{0,1\}, &\forall p \in P \\
+X_{j} \in \{0,1\}, &\forall j \in J
+\end{array}
+\right.
+\end{equation}
+The objective function is a weighted sum of overcoverage and undercoverage. The goal is to limit the overcoverage in order to activate a minimal number of sensors while simultaneously preventing undercoverage. Both weights $w_\theta$ and $w_U$ must be carefully chosen in
+order to guarantee that the maximum number of points are covered during each
+period.
+% MODIF - END
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\iffalse
+
\indent Our model is based on the model proposed by \cite{pedraza2006} where the
objective is to find a maximum number of disjoint cover sets. To accomplish
this goal, the authors proposed an integer program which forces undercoverage
order to guarantee that the maximum number of points are covered during each
period.
+\fi
+
\section{\uppercase{Protocol evaluation}}
\label{sec:Simulation Results and Analysis}
\noindent \subsection{Simulation framework}
protocol. Indeed, the protocols DiLCO-16/50, DiLCO-32/50, DiLCO-16/95, and
DiLCO-32/95 consume less energy than their DESK and GAF counterparts for a
similar level of area coverage. This observation reflects the larger number of
-nodes set active by DESK and GAF. Now, if we consider a same protocol, we can
-notice that the average consumption per period increases slightly for our
-protocol when increasing the level of coverage, whereas it increases more
-largely for DESK and GAF. In case of DiLCO It means that even if a larger
-network allows to improve the number of periods with a minimum coverage level
-value, this improvement has a higher energy cost per period due to
-communications and a more difficult optimization. However, in comparison with
-DSK and GAF, our approach has a reasonable energy overhead.
+nodes set active by DESK and GAF.
+
+Now, if we consider a same protocol, we can notice that the average consumption
+per period increases slightly for our protocol when increasing the level of
+coverage and the number of node, whereas it increases more largely for DESK and
+GAF. In case of DiLCO, it means that even if a larger network allows to improve
+the number of periods with a minimum coverage level value, this improvement has
+a higher energy cost per period due to communication overhead and a more
+difficult optimization problem. However, in comparison with DESK and GAF, our
+approach has a reasonable energy overcost.
\subsubsection{Execution time}
the Labex ACTION program (contract ANR-11-LABX-01-01).
%\vfill
-\bibliographystyle{apalike}
+\bibliographystyle{plain}
{\small
\bibliography{Example}}
