-The work in ~\cite{vu2009delaunay} considered the area coverage problem for variable sensing radii in WSNs by improving the energy balancing heuristic proposed in ~\cite{wang2007energy} so that the area of interest can be full covered using Delaunay triangulation structure.
-
-Diongue and Thiare~\cite{diongue2013alarm} proposed an energy aware sleep scheduling algorithm for lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks (ALARM). The proposed approach permits to schedule redundant nodes according to the weibull distribution. This work did not analyze the ALARM scheme under the coverage problem.
-
-
-In~\cite{xin2009area}, the authors proposed a circle intersection localized coverage algorithm
-to maintain connectivity based on loose connectivity critical condition
-. By using the connected coverage node set, it can maintain network
-connection in the case which loose condition is not meet.
-The authors in ~\cite{vashistha2007energy} addressed the full area coverage problem using information
-coverage. They are proposed a low-complexity heuristic algorithm to obtain full area information covers (FAIC), which they refer to as Grid Based FAIC (GB-FAIC) algorithm. Using these FAICs, they are obtained the optimal schedule for applying the sensing activity of sensor nodes in order to
-achieve increased sensing lifetime of the network.
-
-
-\fi
-
-
-
-In \cite{xu2001geography}, Xu et al. proposed a Geographical Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) algorithm, which uses geographic location information to divide the area of interest into fixed square grids. Within each grid, it keeps only one node staying awake to take the responsibility of sensing and communication.
-
-The main contributions of our DiLCO Protocol can be summarized as follows:
-(1) The distributed optimization over the subregions in the area of interest,
-(2) The distributed dynamic leader election at each round by each sensor node in the subregion,
-(3) The primary point coverage model to represent each sensor node in the network,
-(4) The activity scheduling based optimization on the subregion, which are based on the primary point coverage model to activate as less number as possible of sensor nodes to take the mission of the coverage in each subregion, and (5) The improved energy consumption model.
-
-\iffalse
-The work presented in~\cite{luo2014parameterized,tian2014distributed} tries to solve the target coverage problem so as to extend the network lifetime since it is easy to verify the coverage status of discreet target.
-%Je ne comprends pas la phrase ci-dessus
-The work proposed in~\cite{kim2013maximum} considers the barrier-coverage problem in WSNs. The final goal is to maximize the network lifetime such that any penetration of the intruder is detected.
-%inutile de parler de ce papier car il concerne barrier coverage
-In \cite{ChinhVu}, the authors propose a localized and distributed greedy algorithm named DESK for generating non-disjoint cover sets which provide the k-coverage for the whole network.
-Our Work in~\cite{idrees2014coverage} proposes a coverage optimization protocol to improve the lifetime in heterogeneous energy wireless sensor networks. In this work, the coverage protocol distributed in each sensor node in the subregion but the optimization take place over the the whole subregion. We are considered only distributing the coverage protocol over two subregions.
-
-The work presented in ~\cite{Zhang} focuses on a distributed clustering method, which aims to extend the network lifetime, while the coverage is ensured.
-
-The work proposed by \cite{qu2013distributed} considers the coverage problem in WSNs where each sensor has variable sensing radius. The final objective is to maximize the network coverage lifetime in WSNs.
-\fi
-
-\iffalse
-Casta{\~n}o et al.~\cite{castano2013column} proposed a multilevel approach based on column generation (CG) to extend the network lifetime with connectivity and coverage constraints. They are included two heuristic methods within the CG framework so as to accelerate the solution process.
-In \cite{diongue2013alarm}, diongue is proposed an energy Aware sLeep scheduling AlgoRithm for lifetime maximization in WSNs (ALARM) algorithm for coverage lifetime maximization in wireless sensor networks. ALARM is sensor node scheduling approach for lifetime maximization in WSNs in which it schedule redundant nodes according to the weibull distribution taking into consideration frequent nodes failure.
-Yu et al.~\cite{yu2013cwsc} presented a connected k-coverage working sets construction
-approach (CWSC) to maintain k-coverage and connectivity. This approach try to select the minimum number of connected sensor nodes that can provide k-coverage ($k \geq 1$).
-In~\cite{cheng2014achieving}, the authors are presented a unified sensing architecture for duty cycled sensor networks, called uSense, which comprises three ideas: Asymmetric Architecture, Generic Switching and Global Scheduling. The objective is to provide a flexible and efficient coverage in sensor networks.
-
-In~\cite{yang2013energy}, the authors are investigated full area coverage problem
-under the probabilistic sensing model in the sensor networks. %They are designed $\varepsilon-$full area coverage optimization (FCO) algorithm to select a subset of sensors to provide probabilistic area coverage dynamically so as to extend the network lifetime.
-In \cite{xu2001geography}, Xu et al. proposed a Geographical Adaptive Fidelity (GAF) algorithm, which uses geographic location information to divide the area of interest into fixed square grids. Within each grid, it keeps only one node staying awake to take the responsibility of sensing and communication.
-
-The main contributions of our DiLCO Protocol can be summarized as follows:
-(1) The distributed optimization over the subregions in the area of interest,
-(2) The distributed dynamic leader election at each round by each sensor node in the subregion,
-(3) The primary point coverage model to represent each sensor node in the network,
-(4) The activity scheduling based optimization on the subregion, which are based on the primary point coverage model to activate as less number as possible of sensor nodes to take the mission of the coverage in each subregion,
-(5) The improved energy consumption model.
-
-\fi
-
-\section{ The DiLCO Protocol Description}
+\noindent In this section, we summarize some related works regarding the
+coverage problem and distinguish our DiLCO protocol from the works presented in
+the literature.
+
+The most discussed coverage problems in literature can be classified into three
+types \cite{li2013survey}: area coverage \cite{Misra} where every point inside
+an area is to be monitored, target coverage \cite{yang2014novel} where the main
+objective is to cover only a finite number of discrete points called targets,
+and barrier coverage \cite{Kumar:2005}\cite{kim2013maximum} to prevent intruders
+from entering into the region of interest. In \cite{Deng2012} authors transform
+the area coverage problem to the target coverage problem taking into account the
+intersection points among disks of sensors nodes or between disk of sensor nodes
+and boundaries. {\it In DiLCO protocol, the area coverage, i.e. the coverage of
+ every point in the sensing region, is transformed to the coverage of a
+ fraction of points called primary points. }
+
+The major approach to extend network lifetime while preserving coverage is to
+divide/organize the sensors into a suitable number of set covers (disjoint or
+non-disjoint), where each set completely covers a region of interest, and to
+activate these set covers successively. The network activity can be planned in
+advance and scheduled for the entire network lifetime or organized in periods,
+and the set of active sensor nodes is decided at the beginning of each period
+\cite{ling2009energy}. Active node selection is determined based on the problem
+requirements (e.g. area monitoring, connectivity, power efficiency). For
+instance, Jaggi et al. \cite{jaggi2006} address the problem of maximizing
+network lifetime by dividing sensors into the maximum number of disjoint subsets
+such that each subset can ensure both coverage and connectivity. A greedy
+algorithm is applied once to solve this problem and the computed sets are
+activated in succession to achieve the desired network lifetime. Vu
+\cite{chin2007}, Padmatvathy et al. \cite{pc10}, propose algorithms working in a
+periodic fashion where a cover set is computed at the beginning of each period.
+{\it Motivated by these works, DiLCO protocol works in periods, where each
+ period contains a preliminary phase for information exchange and decisions,
+ followed by a sensing phase where one cover set is in charge of the sensing
+ task.}
+
+Various approaches, including centralized, or distributed algorithms, have been
+proposed to extend the network lifetime. In distributed
+algorithms~\cite{yangnovel,ChinhVu,qu2013distributed}, information is
+disseminated throughout the network and sensors decide cooperatively by
+communicating with their neighbors which of them will remain in sleep mode for a
+certain period of time. The centralized
+algorithms~\cite{cardei2005improving,zorbas2010solving,pujari2011high} always
+provide nearly or close to optimal solution since the algorithm has global view
+of the whole network. But such a method has the disadvantage of requiring high
+communication costs, since the node (located at the base station) making the
+decision needs information from all the sensor nodes in the area and the amount
+of information can be huge. {\it In order to be suitable for large-scale
+ network, in the DiLCO protocol, the area coverage is divided into several
+ smaller subregions, and in each one, a node called the leader is in charge for
+ selecting the active sensors for the current period.}
+
+A large variety of coverage scheduling algorithms has been developed. Many of
+the existing algorithms, dealing with the maximization of the number of cover
+sets, are heuristics. These heuristics involve the construction of a cover set
+by including in priority the sensor nodes which cover critical targets, that is
+to say targets that are covered by the smallest number of sensors
+\cite{berman04,zorbas2010solving}. Other approaches are based on mathematical
+programming formulations~\cite{cardei2005energy,5714480,pujari2011high,Yang2014}
+and dedicated techniques (solving with a branch-and-bound algorithms available
+in optimization solver). The problem is formulated as an optimization problem
+(maximization of the lifetime or number of cover sets) under target coverage and
+energy constraints. Column generation techniques, well-known and widely
+practiced techniques for solving linear programs with too many variables, have
+also been
+used~\cite{castano2013column,rossi2012exact,deschinkel2012column}. {\it In DiLCO
+ protocol, each leader, in each subregion, solves an integer program with a
+ double objective consisting in minimizing the overcoverage and limiting the
+ undercoverage. This program is inspired from the work of \cite{pedraza2006}
+ where the objective is to maximize the number of cover sets.}
+
+\section{\uppercase{Description of the DiLCO protocol}}
