X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/Sensornets15.git/blobdiff_plain/c5d35ebf9a8ac33354f3f6514280bce5ec92a729..9bc38095022b21c8005ea6af50223a60ace36718:/Example.tex?ds=inline

diff --git a/Example.tex b/Example.tex
index c30cff5..06be273 100644
--- a/Example.tex
+++ b/Example.tex
@@ -26,7 +26,8 @@
 
 %\title{Authors' Instructions  \subtitle{Preparation of Camera-Ready Contributions to SCITEPRESS Proceedings} }
 
-\title{Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}
+\title{Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol \\
+  in Wireless Sensor Networks}
 
 \author{Ali Kadhum Idrees$^{a,b}$, Karine Deschinkel$^{a}$,\\ Michel Salomon$^{a}$, and Rapha\"el Couturier$^{a}$\\
 $^{a}$FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174 CNRS, \\ University  Bourgogne  Franche-Comt\'e, Belfort, France\\
@@ -78,20 +79,30 @@ email: ali.idness@edu.univ-fcomte.fr,\\ $\lbrace$karine.deschinkel, michel.salom
 \label{sec:introduction}
 
 \noindent 
-Energy efficiency is  a crucial issue in wireless  sensor networks since sensory
+Energy efficiency is  a crucial issue in wireless sensor  networks since sensory
 consumption, in  order to  maximize the network  lifetime, represents  the major
 difficulty when designing WSNs. As a consequence, one of the scientific research
 challenges in  WSNs, which has  been addressed by  a large amount  of literature
 during the  last few  years, is  the design of  energy efficient  approaches for
-coverage and connectivity~\cite{conti2014mobile}.   Coverage reflects how well a
+coverage and connectivity~\cite{conti2014mobile}.  Coverage  reflects how well a
 sensor  field is  monitored. On  the one  hand we  want to  monitor the  area of
-interest in the most efficient way~\cite{Nayak04}.  On the other hand we want to
-use  as little energy  as possible.   Sensor nodes  are battery-powered  with no
-means  of recharging  or replacing,  usually  due to  environmental (hostile  or
-unpractical environments)  or cost reasons.   Therefore, it is desired  that the
-WSNs are deployed  with high densities so as to  exploit the overlapping sensing
-regions of some sensor  nodes to save energy by turning off  some of them during
-the sensing phase to prolong the network lifetime. \textcolor{blue}{A WSN can use various types of sensors such as \cite{ref17,ref19}: thermal, seismic, magnetic, visual, infrared, acoustic, and radar. These sensors are capable of observing  different physical conditions such as: temperature, humidity, pressure, speed, direction, movement, light, soil makeup, noise levels, presence or absence of certain kinds of objects, and mechanical stress levels on attached objects. Consequently, there is a wide range of WSN applications such as~\cite{ref22}: health-care, environment, agriculture, public safety, military, transportation systems, and industry applications.}
+interest in the most  efficient way~\cite{Nayak04}, \textcolor{blue}{which means
+  that we want to maintain the best coverage as long as possible}.  On the other
+hand  we  want  to  use  as   little  energy  as  possible.   Sensor  nodes  are
+battery-powered  with  no means  of  recharging  or  replacing, usually  due  to
+environmental (hostile or unpractical environments) or cost reasons.  Therefore,
+it is desired  that the WSNs are  deployed with high densities so  as to exploit
+the overlapping sensing  regions of some sensor nodes to  save energy by turning
+off  some   of  them   during  the   sensing  phase   to  prolong   the  network
+lifetime.  \textcolor{blue}{A WSN  can  use  various types  of  sensors such  as
+  \cite{ref17,ref19}:  thermal, seismic,  magnetic, visual,  infrared, acoustic,
+  and  radar.  These  sensors  are   capable  of  observing  different  physical
+  conditions  such  as:  temperature,   humidity,  pressure,  speed,  direction,
+  movement, light,  soil makeup,  noise levels, presence  or absence  of certain
+  kinds  of  objects,   and  mechanical  stress  levels   on  attached  objects.
+  Consequently, there is a wide  range of WSN applications such as~\cite{ref22}:
+  health-care, environment, agriculture, public safety, military, transportation
+  systems, and industry applications.}
 
 In this  paper we design  a protocol that  focuses on the area  coverage problem
 with  the objective  of maximizing  the network  lifetime. Our  proposition, the
@@ -116,9 +127,10 @@ framework of the  DiLCO approach and the coverage problem  formulation.  In this
 paper  we   made  more  realistic   simulations  by  taking  into   account  the
 characteristics of  a Medusa II sensor  ~\cite{raghunathan2002energy} to measure
 the energy consumption and the computation  time.  We have implemented two other
-existing \textcolor{blue}{and distributed approaches}(DESK ~\cite{ChinhVu}, and GAF  ~\cite{xu2001geography}) in order to  compare their performances
-with our approach.  We also focus on performance analysis based on the number of
-subregions. 
+existing \textcolor{blue}{and distributed approaches} (DESK ~\cite{ChinhVu}, and
+GAF ~\cite{xu2001geography})  in order  to compare  their performances  with our
+approach.   We  also focus  on  performance  analysis  based  on the  number  of
+subregions.
 % MODIF - END
 
 The remainder  of the  paper continues with  Section~\ref{sec:Literature Review}
@@ -290,23 +302,37 @@ and each sensor node will have five possible status in the network:
 \end{itemize}
 %\end{enumerate}
 
-An outline of the  protocol implementation is given by Algorithm~\ref{alg:DiLCO}
+An outline of the protocol  implementation is given by Algorithm~\ref{alg:DiLCO}
 which describes  the execution of  a period  by a node  (denoted by $s_j$  for a
-sensor  node indexed by  $j$). At  the beginning  a node  checks whether  it has
-enough energy to stay active during the next sensing phase. If yes, it exchanges
-information  with  all the  other  nodes belonging  to  the  same subregion:  it
-collects from each node its position coordinates, remaining energy ($RE_j$), ID,
-and  the number  of  one-hop neighbors  still  alive. Once  the  first phase  is
-completed, the nodes  of a subregion choose a leader to  take the decision based
-on  the  following  criteria   with  decreasing  importance:  larger  number  of
-neighbors, larger remaining energy, and  then in case of equality, larger index.
-After that,  if the sensor node is  leader, it will execute  the integer program
-algorithm (see Section~\ref{cp})  which provides a set of  sensors planned to be
-active in the next sensing phase. As leader, it will send an Active-Sleep packet
-to each sensor  in the same subregion to  indicate it if it has to  be active or
-not.  Alternately, if  the  sensor  is not  the  leader, it  will  wait for  the
-Active-Sleep packet to know its state for the coming sensing phase.
-
+sensor node  indexed by  $j$). At  the beginning  a node  checks whether  it has
+enough  energy  \textcolor{blue}{(its energy  should  be  greater than  a  fixed
+  treshold $E_{th}$)} to  stay active during the next sensing  phase. If yes, it
+exchanges information with all the other  nodes belonging to the same subregion:
+it collects from each node  its position coordinates, remaining energy ($RE_j$),
+ID,  and the  number of  one-hop neighbors  still alive.   \textcolor{blue}{INFO
+  packet contains two parts: header and  data payload. The sensor ID is included
+  in  the header,  where the  header  size is  8  bits. The  data part  includes
+  position coordinates (64 bits), remaining energy  (32 bits), and the number of
+  one-hop live neighbors (8 bits). Therefore the  size of the INFO packet is 112
+  bits.} Once the  first phase is completed,  the nodes of a  subregion choose a
+leader to  take the  decision based  on the  following criteria  with decreasing
+importance: larger  number of  neighbors, larger remaining  energy, and  then in
+case of equality,  larger index.  After that,  if the sensor node  is leader, it
+will  solve an  integer program  (see Section~\ref{cp}).   \textcolor{blue}{This
+  integer program  contains boolean variables  $X_j$ where ($X_j=1$)  means that
+  sensor $j$ will be active in the  next sensing phase. Only sensors with enough
+  remaining energy are  involved in the integer  program ($J$ is the  set of all
+  sensors  involved).  As  the  leader consumes  energy  (computation energy  is
+  denoted by $E^{comp}$) to solve the  optimization problem, it will be included
+  in the integer program only if it has enough energy to achieve the computation
+  and to  stay alive during the  next sensing phase, that  is to say if  $RE_j >
+  E^{comp}+E_{th}$. Once  the optimization problem  is solved, each  leader will
+  send an ActiveSleep packet to each sensor in the same subregion to indicate it
+  if it has to be active or not.  Otherwise, if the sensor is not the leader, it
+  will wait for the ActiveSleep packet to  know its state for the coming sensing
+  phase.}
+%which provides a set of  sensors planned to be
+%active in the next sensing phase.
 
 \begin{algorithm}[h!]                
 
@@ -354,7 +380,7 @@ We formulate the coverage optimization problem with an integer program.
 The objective function consists in minimizing the undercoverage and the overcoverage of the area as suggested in \cite{pedraza2006}. 
 The area coverage problem is expressed as the coverage of a fraction of points called primary points. 
 Details on the choice and the number of primary points can be found in \cite{idrees2014coverage}. The set of primary points is denoted by $P$
-and the set of sensors by $J$. As we consider a boolean disk coverage model, we use the boolean indicator $\alpha_{jp}$ which is equal to 1 if the primary point $p$ is in the sensing range of the sensor $j$. The binary variable $X_j$ represents the activation or not of the sensor $j$. So we can express the number of  active sensors  that cover  the primary  point $p$ by $\sum_{j \in J} \alpha_{jp} * X_{j}$. We deduce the overcoverage denoted by $\Theta_p$ of the primary point $p$ :
+and the set of alive sensors by $J$. As we consider a boolean disk coverage model, we use the boolean indicator $\alpha_{jp}$ which is equal to 1 if the primary point $p$ is in the sensing range of the sensor $j$. The binary variable $X_j$ represents the activation or not of the sensor $j$. So we can express the number of  active sensors  that cover  the primary  point $p$ by $\sum_{j \in J} \alpha_{jp} * X_{j}$. We deduce the overcoverage denoted by $\Theta_p$ of the primary point $p$ :
 \begin{equation}
  \Theta_{p} = \left \{ 
 \begin{array}{l l}
@@ -398,9 +424,14 @@ X_{j} \in \{0,1\}, &\forall j \in J
 \end{array}
 \right.
 \end{equation}
-The objective function is a weighted sum of overcoverage and undercoverage. The goal is to limit the overcoverage in order to activate a minimal number of sensors while simultaneously preventing undercoverage. Both  weights $w_\theta$  and $w_U$ must  be carefully  chosen in
-order to  guarantee that the  maximum number of  points are covered  during each
-period.
+The objective function is a weighted sum of overcoverage and undercoverage. The goal is to limit the overcoverage in order to activate a minimal number of sensors while simultaneously preventing undercoverage.  \textcolor{blue}{ By
+    choosing  $w_{U}$ much  larger than $w_{\theta}$,  the coverage  of a
+    maximum of  primary points  is ensured.  Then for the  same number  of covered
+    primary points,  the solution  with a  minimal number  of active  sensors is
+    preferred. }
+%Both  weights $w_\theta$  and $w_U$ must  be carefully  chosen in
+%order to  guarantee that the  maximum number of  points are covered  during each
+%period.
 % MODIF - END
 
 
