adding the first chapter

[ThesisAhmed.git] / CHAPITRE_01.tex

diff --git a/CHAPITRE_01.tex b/CHAPITRE_01.tex
index 02868688a197666d506fd35b43dc85573b0264c2..f100476b7697011039daea140cb1dda7f5e3b847 100644 (file)
--- a/CHAPITRE_01.tex
+++ b/CHAPITRE_01.tex
@@ -11,28 +11,29 @@
 
 \section{Introduction}
 \label{ch1:1}
 
 \section{Introduction}
 \label{ch1:1}

-Traditionally, most of the software applications are  programmed as a sequential programs according to the Von Neumann report in 1993 \cite{ref50}. The structure of the 
-program code is understandable by the human brain as a series of instructions that execute one after the other. From many years until a short time, the users of the sequential applications had moved their thinking  towards that these applications must run faster with each new generation of microprocessors. This idea is no longer valid nowadays, because the recent release of the microprocessors have many computing units embedded in one chip and these programs are only run over one computing unit sequentially.
-Consequently, the traditional applications not have improved their performance a lot over the new architectures, whereas the new applications run faster over them in parallel. The parallel application is executed over  all the available  computing  units at the same time to improve its performance. Furthermore, the concurrency revolution has been referred to the drastically improvement in the performance of the new applications side by side to  the new parallel architectures \cite{ref51}. Therefore, parallel applications and parallel architectures are closely tied together. It is hard to think about any of  parallel applications without thinking of the parallel hardware that executing them.
-For example, the energy consumption of the parallel system mainly depends on both of the parallel application and the parallel architecture executing this application. Indeed, the energy consumption model or any measurement system depends on many specifications, some of them are concerting  the parallel hardware architecture such as the frequency of the processor, power consumption of the processor and  communication model.  The others are concerting the parallel application such as the computation and communication times of the application. 
+Traditionally, most of the software applications are structured as sequential programs, according to the Von Neumann report in 1993 \cite{ref50}. The structure of the program code is understandable by the human brain as a series of instructions that executed one after the other. For many years until a short time,
+with each new generation of microprocessors the users of the sequential applications have believed that these applications run faster over them.
+Nowadays, this idea is no longer valid  because the recent releases of the microprocessors have many computing units embedded in one chip and these programs are only run over one computing unit sequentially.
+Consequently,  traditional applications  have not improved their performance a lot over the new architectures, whereas the new applications run faster over them in a parallel. The parallel application is executed over all  available computing units at the same time to improve its performance. Furthermore, the concurrency revolution has been referred to the drastic improvement in the performance of new applications side by side to  new parallel architectures \cite{ref51}. Therefore, parallel applications and parallel architectures are closely tied together. It is hard to think about any of parallel applications without thinking of the parallel hardware executed them.
+For example, the energy consumption of a parallel system mainly depends on both of the parallel applications and the parallel architectures execute these applications. Indeed, an energy consumption model or any measurement system depends on many specifications, some of them are concerning  parallel hardware features such as the frequency of the processor, the power consumption of the processor and the communication model.  The others are concerned the parallel application such as the computation and communication times of the application. 

  
  

-In this work, the iterative parallel applications, which is the most popular type of the parallel applications, are interested and running them over different parallel architectures to optimize their energy consumptions is the main goal. 
-As a result, this chapter is aimed to give a brief overview for parallel hardware architectures,  parallel iterative applications and the energy model from the other authors used to measure the energy consumption of these applications. 
+In this work, the iterative parallel applications are interested and running them over different parallel architectures to optimize their energy consumptions is the main goal. 
+As a result, this chapter is aimed to give a brief overview of parallel hardware architectures,  parallel iterative applications and an energy model from the other authors used to measure the energy consumption of these applications. 

 The reminder of this chapter is organized as follows: section \ref{ch1:2}  is  devoted 
 The reminder of this chapter is organized as follows: section \ref{ch1:2}  is  devoted 

-to describe the types of  parallelism and the types of the parallel platforms. It is also gives some information about the parallel programming models.  Section \ref{ch1:3} explains both the synchronous and asynchronous parallel iterative methods and comparing them. Section \ref{ch1:4}, presents the well accepted energy model from the state of the art that can be used to measure the energy consumption of the parallel iterative applications when changing the frequency of the processor. Finally,  section \ref{ch1:5} summaries this chapter.
+to describing  types of  parallelism and  types of  parallel platforms. It also gives some information about  parallel programming models.  Section \ref{ch1:3} explains both of a synchronous and asynchronous parallel iterative methods and comparing them. Section \ref{ch1:4}, presents a well accepted energy model from the state of the art that can be used to measure the energy consumption of parallel iterative applications when changing the frequency of the processor. Finally, section \ref{ch1:5} summaries this chapter.

 
 
 \section{Parallel Computing  Architectures} 
 \label{ch1:2}
 
 
 \section{Parallel Computing  Architectures} 
 \label{ch1:2}

-The process of the simultaneous execution of the calculations is called the parallel computing.
-It has main principle refer to the ability of dividing the large problem into smaller sub-problems that can be solved  at the same time \cite{ref2}. 
-Mainly, solving the sub-problems of the main problem in a parallel computing are carried out on multiple parallel processors.
-Indeed, the parallel processors architecture is a computer system composed of many processing elements connected via network model in addition to the software tools required to make the processing units work together \cite{ref1}.
-Consequently, parallel computing architecture consist of software and hardware resources. 
-The hardware resources are the processing units and memory model in addition to the network system connecting them. The software resources include the specific operating system, the programming language and the compiler, or the runtime libraries. Furthermore, parallel computing can have different levels of parallelism, which can perform in software or hardware. There are five types of parallelism as follows:
+The process of the simultaneous execution of calculations is called the parallel computing.
+Its main principle refers to the ability of dividing the large problem into smaller sub-problems that can be solved  at the same time \cite{ref2}. 
+Mainly, solving  sub-problems of the main problem in a parallel computing are carried out on multiple parallel processors.
+Indeed, the  parallel processor architecture is a computer system composed of many processing elements connected via network model in addition to  software tools required to make the processing units work together  \cite{ref1}.
+Consequently, the parallel computing architecture consists of a software and hardware resources. 
+Hardware resources are  processing units and the memory model in addition to the network system connecting them. Software resources include the specific operating system, the programming language and the compiler, or the runtime libraries. Furthermore, the parallel computing can have different levels of parallelism that can be performed in a software or a hardware level. There are five types of parallelism as follows:

 \begin{itemize}
 
 \begin{itemize}
 

-\item \textbf{Bit-level parallelism (BLP)}: The appearance of very-large-scale integration (VLSI) in 1970s has been considered the first approach towards the parallel computing. It is used to increase the number of bits  in word size  being processed by a processor as in the figure~\ref{fig:ch1:1}. For many successive years, the number of bits is increased starting from 4-bit microprocessors reaching until 64 bit microprocessors . For example, the recent  x86-64 architecture becomes the most familiar architecture nowadays. Therefore, the biggest word size gives more parallelism level and  thus less instructions to be executed by the processor at the same time.
+\item \textbf{Bit-level parallelism (BLP)}: The appearance of the very-large-scale integration (VLSI) in 1970s has been considered the first step towards the parallel computing. It is used to increase the number of bits  in the word size  being processed by a processor as in the figure~\ref{fig:ch1:1}. For many successive years, the number of bits have increased starting from 4 bit microprocessors reaching until 64 bit microprocessors. For example, the recent  x86-64 architecture becomes the most familiar architecture nowadays. Therefore, the biggest word size gives more parallelism level and  thus less instructions to be executed by a processor at the same time.

  
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
  
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -41,7 +42,7 @@ The hardware resources are the processing units and memory model in addition to
 \label{fig:ch1:1}
 \end{figure}
 
 \label{fig:ch1:1}
 \end{figure}
 

-\item \textbf{Data-level parallelism (DLP)}:Data parallelism is a process of distributing the data vector between different parallel processors and each one performs the same operations on its data sub-vector. Therefore, many arithmetic operations can be performed on the same data vector in a simultaneous manner.  This type of parallelism can be used in many programs, especially from the area of scientific computing. Usually, data-parallel operations are only provided for arrays operations, for example see figure \ref{fig:ch1:2}. As an example about the applications  of this type of parallelism are vectors multiplication, image and signal processing. 
+\item \textbf{Data-level parallelism (DLP)}: Data parallelism is a process of distributing the data vector between different parallel processors and each one performs the same operations on its data sub-vector. Therefore, many arithmetic operations can be performed on the same data vector in a simultaneous manner. This type of parallelism can be used in many programs, especially from the area of scientific computing. Usually, data-parallel operations are only provided for arrays operations, for example, see figure \ref{fig:ch1:2}. As an example about the applications use this type of parallelism are vector multiplication, image and signal processing. 

 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -50,9 +51,9 @@ The hardware resources are the processing units and memory model in addition to
 \label{fig:ch1:2}
 \end{figure}
 
 \label{fig:ch1:2}
 \end{figure}
 

-\item \textbf{Instruction-level parallelism (ILP)}: Generally, the sequential program composed of many instructions. These instructions can be executed in a parallel at the same time, if each of them is independent from the others. In particular, parallelism can be achieved in the instruction level by using  pipeline. It means all the independent instructions of the program are overlapped the execution of each  others. For example, if we have two instruction $I_1$ and $I_2$, they are independent if there is no control and data dependency between them.
- In pipeline stages, the execution of each instruction is divided into multiple steps that can be overlapped with the steps of other instructions by the pipeline hardware unit.
-Figure~\ref{fig:ch1:3} demonstrates four instructions each one has four steps denoted as  fetch, decode, execute and write, which are implemented in a hardware units by pipeline. 
+\item \textbf{Instruction-level parallelism (ILP)}: Generally, the sequential program composed of many instructions. These instructions can be executed in a parallel at the same time, if each of them is independent from the others. In particular, the parallelism can be achieved in the instruction level by using  a pipeline. It means all the independent instructions of the program are overlapped the execution of each  others. For example, if we have two instructions $I_1$ and $I_2$, they are independent if there is no control and data dependency between them.
+In pipeline stages, the execution of each instruction is divided into multiple steps that can be overlapped with the steps of other instructions by the pipeline hardware unit.
+Figure~\ref{fig:ch1:3} demonstrates four instructions each one has four steps denoted as  fetch, decode, execute and write, which are implemented in hardware units by pipeline. 

 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -64,9 +65,9 @@ Figure~\ref{fig:ch1:3} demonstrates four instructions each one has four steps de
 
 
 \item \textbf{Thread-level parallelism (TLP)}: It is also known as a task-level parallelism.
 
 
 \item \textbf{Thread-level parallelism (TLP)}: It is also known as a task-level parallelism.

-According to the Moore’s law \cite{ref9}, the processor can have a number of transistors by a double 
-each two years to increase the frequency of the processor and thus its performance.  Besides, cache and main memories sizes are must increased together to satisfy this increased. 
-But, this leads to some limits come from two main reasons, the first one is when the cache size is drastically increased leading to a larger access time. The second  is related to the big increase in the number of the transistors per CPU that can be increased significantly the heat dissipation. As a result, the programmers subdivided their programs into multiple tasks which can be executed in parallel over distributed processors or shared multi-cores processors to improve the performance of the program, see figure~\ref{fig:ch1:4}. Each processor can has a multiple or individual thread dedicated for each task. A thread can be defined as a part of a parallel program which shares processor resources with other threads. 
+According to the Moore’s law \cite{ref9}, the processor can have number of transistors by a double 
+each two years to increase the frequency of the processor and thus its performance.  Besides, cache and main memory sizes are must increased together to satisfy this increased. 
+But, this leads to some limits come from two main reasons, the first one is when the cache size is drastically increased leading to a larger access time. The second is related to the big increase in the number of the transistors per CPU that can be increased significantly the heat dissipation. As a result,  programmers subdivided their programs into multiple tasks which can be executed in parallel over distributed processors or shared multi-cores processors to improve the performance of the program, see figure~\ref{fig:ch1:4}. Each processor can have a multiple or an individual thread dedicated for each task. A thread can be defined as a part of the parallel program which shares processor resources with other threads. 

 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -75,27 +76,25 @@ But, this leads to some limits come from two main reasons, the first one is when
 \label{fig:ch1:4}
 \end{figure}
 
 \label{fig:ch1:4}
 \end{figure}
 

-Therefore, we can consider the execution time of a sequential program composed of 
-$N$ tasks as the sum of the execution times of all tasks as follows:
+Therefore, we can consider the execution time of a sequential program composed of $N$ tasks as the sum of the execution times of all tasks as follows:

 
 \begin{equation}
 \label{ch1:eq1}
     Sequential~execution~time = \sum_{i=1}^{N} T_i
 \end{equation}
 
 
 \begin{equation}
 \label{ch1:eq1}
     Sequential~execution~time = \sum_{i=1}^{N} T_i
 \end{equation}
 

-Whereas, if the tasks are executed synchronously over multiple processing units in parallel, the execution time of the program is the execution time of the task that has  maximum execution time (the slowest task) as follows:
+Whereas, if tasks are executed synchronously over multiple processing units in a parallel, the execution time of the program is the execution time of the task that has  maximum execution time (the slowest task) as follows:

 
 

- 

 \begin{equation}
 \label{ch1:eq2}
     Parallel~execution~time = \max_{i=1,\dots,N} T_i
 \end{equation}
 
 \begin{equation}
 \label{ch1:eq2}
     Parallel~execution~time = \max_{i=1,\dots,N} T_i
 \end{equation}
 

-

 \item \textbf{Loop-level parallelism (LLP)}:
 \item \textbf{Loop-level parallelism (LLP)}:

-The numerical algorithms and many other algorithms are executed iteratively the same program portion, the computations, using different forms of the loop statements allowed in the programming languages. At each iteration,  the program need to scan a large data structure such as an array structure to make the arithmetic calculations. Inside the loop structure there are many instructions, which are independent or dependent. In a sequential loop execution the $i$ iteration must be executed after the completion of $(i-1)$ iteration. 
-Whereas, if each iteration is independent from the others, then all the iterations are distributed over many  processors to be executed in a parallel,
-for example see figure\ref{fig:ch1:5}. In the parallel programming languages this type of a loop is  called $parallel~loop$.
+The numerical algorithms and many other algorithms are executed iteratively the same program portion,  computation, using different forms of the loop statements allowed in the programming languages. At each iteration, the program need to scan a large data structure such as an array structure to make the arithmetic calculations. Inside the loop structure, there are many instructions that are independent or dependent. In a sequential loop execution the $i$ iteration must be executed after the completion of 
+$(i-1)$ iteration. 
+Whereas, if each iteration is independent from the others, then all the iterations are distributed over many  processors to be executed in a parallel 
+for example, see figure\ref{fig:ch1:5}. In the parallel programming languages this type of a loop is  called $parallel~loop$.

 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -119,10 +118,10 @@ For more detail about the levels of parallelism see \cite{ref3,ref4,ref6,ref7}.
 
 \subsection{Types of Parallel platforms} 
 \label{ch1:2:1}
 
 \subsection{Types of Parallel platforms} 
 \label{ch1:2:1}

-The main goal behind using a parallel computers is to solve bigger problem faster.
+The main goal behind using a parallel computer is to solve the bigger problem faster.

 A collection of processing elements composing them must to work together to perform the final solution of the main problem. However, many different architectures have been proposed  
 and classified according to the parallelism in the instruction and data
 A collection of processing elements composing them must to work together to perform the final solution of the main problem. However, many different architectures have been proposed  
 and classified according to the parallelism in the instruction and data

-streams. In 1966, Michel Flynn has been proposed a simple model of categorizing all computers that still useful until know \cite{ref10}. His taxonomy considered the data and the operations performed on these data to produce four types of computer systems as follows:
+streams. In 1966, Michel Flynn has been proposed a simple model of categorizing all computers that still useful until now \cite{ref10}. His taxonomy considered the data and the operations performed on these data to produce four types of computer systems as follows:

 
 \begin{itemize}
  
 
 \begin{itemize}
  


@@ -135,10 +134,10 @@ streams. In 1966, Michel Flynn has been proposed a simple model of categorizing
 \end{figure}
  
 \item \textbf{Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) stream}: All the processors execute the same instructions on different data. 
 \end{figure}
  
 \item \textbf{Single instruction, multiple data (SIMD) stream}: All the processors execute the same instructions on different data. 

-Each processor stores the data in its local memory, the processor communicates with each others typically via simple communication model, see figure \ref{fig:ch1:7}. Many scientific and engineering
+Each processor stores the data in its local memory, the processor communicates with each others typically via a simple communication model, see figure \ref{fig:ch1:7}. Many scientific and engineering

 applications are suitable to this type of parallel scheme.
 applications are suitable to this type of parallel scheme.

-Vector and array processors are well know  examples of this type. 
-As an example about the applications executed over this architecture are the graphics processing, video compression and medical image analysis applications.
+Vector and array processors are well known  examples of this type. 
+As an example about the applications executed over this architecture are  graphics processing, video compression and medical image analysis applications.

 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -157,10 +156,10 @@ As an example about the applications executed over this architecture are the gra
 \end{figure}
 
 
 \end{figure}
 
 

-\item \textbf{Multiple instruction, Multiple data (MIMD) stream}: There are multiple processing elements each of which has a separate instruction  and data local memories.
-At any time, different processing elements may be executing different instructions on different data fragment, see figure \ref{fig:ch1:9}. There are two types of the MIMD machines: the share memory and massage passing MIMD machines. 
-In the share memory architectures, a processors are communicated via a share memory model, while in the message passing architecture each processor has its own local memory and all processors communicate via communication network model. The  multi-core processors, local
-clusters and grid systems are an examples for the MIMD machine.
+\item \textbf{Multiple instruction, Multiple data (MIMD) stream}: There are multiple processing elements, each of which has a separate instruction  and  local data memories.
+At any time, different processing elements may be executing different instructions on the different data fragment, see figure \ref{fig:ch1:9}. There are two types of MIMD machines: the shared memory and the message passing MIMD machines. 
+In the shared memory architectures, processors are communicated via a shared memory model, while in the message passing architecture each processor has its own local memory and all processors communicate via a communication network model. The  multi-core processors, local
+clusters and grid systems are an examples for  MIMD machine.

 Many applications have been conducted over this architecture 
 such as computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing, simulation, modeling, iterative applications and so on.
 
 Many applications have been conducted over this architecture 
 such as computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing, simulation, modeling, iterative applications and so on.
 


@@ -173,15 +172,15 @@ such as computer-aided design, computer-aided manufacturing, simulation, modelin
 \end{itemize}
  For more details about this architectural taxonomy see \cite{ref11,ref5,ref13,ref14}.
 
 \end{itemize}
  For more details about this architectural taxonomy see \cite{ref11,ref5,ref13,ref14}.
 

-The work of this thesis is dedicated to MIMD machines architecture. Therefore, we discuss in
+The work of this thesis is dedicated to MIMD machine's architecture. Therefore, we discuss in

 this chapter some of the commonly used parallel architectures that belong to MIMD machines.
 this chapter some of the commonly used parallel architectures that belong to MIMD machines.

-As explained before, the MIMD architectures can be classified into two types, the shared memory and the distributed message passing ones. Furthermore, these classifications are based on 
-how MIMD processors access the memory model. The shared MIMD machines communication topology can be bus-based, extended or hierarchical type. Whereas, the distributed memory MIMD machines may have hypercube or mesh inter connected networks. In the following are some well known MIMD parallel computing platforms:
+As explained before,  MIMD architectures can be classified into two types, the shared memory and the distributed message passing ones. Furthermore, these classifications are based on 
+how MIMD processors access the memory model. The shared MIMD machine communication topology can be bus-based, extended or hierarchical type. Whereas, the distributed memory MIMD machine may have hypercube or mesh interconnected networks. In the following are some well known MIMD parallel computing platforms:

 
 \begin{itemize}
 \item \textbf{Multi-core processors}:
 The multi-core processor is a single chip component with two or more processing units.
 
 \begin{itemize}
 \item \textbf{Multi-core processors}:
 The multi-core processor is a single chip component with two or more processing units.

-These processing units are called cores, which connected with each other via main memory model as in the figure \ref{fig:ch1:10}. Each individual core has its cache memory to store its data and execute different data or instructions stream in parallel. Moreover, each core can have  one or more threads to execute a specific programming task as shown in the thread-level parallelism. Historically, the multi-cores of the CPU began as two-core processors, with increase in the number of cores approximately by double with each semiconductor process generation \cite{ref12}. The very quick improvements in the performance and thus the increase in the number of cores  is devoted in graphical processing unit (GPU). A current exemplar of GPU  is the NVIDIA  GeForce TITAN Z with 5700 cores in 2015 \cite{ref17}. While the general-purpose microprocessors (CPU) has less number of the cores, for example the TILE-MX processor from Tilera has 100 cores in the same year \cite{ref16}.
+These processing units are called cores, which connected with each other via main memory model as in the figure \ref{fig:ch1:10}. Each individual core has its cache memory to store its data and execute different data or instruction stream in parallel. Moreover, each core can have  one or more threads to execute a specific programming task as shown in the thread-level parallelism. Historically, the multi-cores of the CPU began as a two-core processors, with an increase in the number of cores approximately by double with each semiconductor process generation \cite{ref12}. The very quick improvements in the performance and thus the increase in the number of cores  is devoted in the graphics processing unit (GPU). A current exemplar of the GPU  is the NVIDIA  GeForce TITAN Z with 5700 cores in the year of 2015 \cite{ref17}. While the general-purpose microprocessor (CPU) has less number of the cores, for example the TILE-MX processor from Tilera has 100 cores in the same year \cite{ref16}.

 For more details about the multi-core processors see \cite{ref15}.
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 For more details about the multi-core processors see \cite{ref15}.
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]


@@ -193,9 +192,9 @@ For more details about the multi-core processors see \cite{ref15}.
 
 
 \item \textbf{Local Cluster}:
 
 
 \item \textbf{Local Cluster}:

- is generally collection of independent  computers that are connected
+ is a collection of independent  computers that are connected

 to each other  via standard network switches and cables, which is a high speed  
 to each other  via standard network switches and cables, which is a high speed  

-local area networks (LAN) with low latency and big bandwidth. Moreover, each node is distributed from each other and it communicates with other nodes  using distributed massage passing model. All the nodes in the cluster must be controlled by one node called the master node, which is a specific node uses to handle the scheduling and management of the other nodes as shown in the figure \ref{fig:ch1:11}. Usually, the hardware specifications of all nodes are homogeneous in term of the computing power and memory and thus it is called tightly-coupled fashion. Also, each computing node in the cluster has the same copy of the operating system. See \cite{ref18, ref19} for more information about the cluster and its applications.
+local area network (LAN) with low latency and big bandwidth. Moreover, each node is distributed from each other and it communicates with other nodes  using distributed message passing model. All the nodes in the cluster must be controlled by one node called the master node, which is a specific node uses to handle the scheduling and management of the other nodes as shown in the figure \ref{fig:ch1:11}. Usually, the hardware specifications of all nodes are homogeneous in term of the computing power and memory and thus it is called tightly-coupled fashion. Also, each computing node in the cluster has the same copy of the operating system. See \cite{ref18, ref19} for more information about the cluster and its applications.

 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -207,7 +206,7 @@ local area networks (LAN) with low latency and big bandwidth. Moreover, each nod
 
 \item \textbf{Grid (Distributed clusters)}:
 Grid is a collection of local computing clusters from different sites connected via wide area network (WAN), which can be appeared virtually to the benefit users as a complete computing system  \cite{ref20}. 
 
 \item \textbf{Grid (Distributed clusters)}:
 Grid is a collection of local computing clusters from different sites connected via wide area network (WAN), which can be appeared virtually to the benefit users as a complete computing system  \cite{ref20}. 

-In particular, different local clusters composing the grid are geographically far away from each others. Usually, each local cluster composed from homogeneous nodes, which are different from the nodes of the others cluster located in different sites. These nodes can be different in the hardware and software  specifications such as the computing power, memory, operating system, local network latency and bandwidth. Figure \ref{fig:ch1:12} presents an example of the grid composed of three heterogeneous local clusters located in  different sites which are connected throw wide area network.  Furthermore, the grid can be referred to an infrastructure  applies the integration and the collaboration by using a collection  of different computers, networks, databases servers  and scientific devices belong to  many companies and universities. Therefore, wide heterogeneous computing resources are allowed to many users simultaneously. While the only bottleneck of the grid is the high latency communications between the nodes from different sites. The grid is also called the loosely-coupled fashion platform. However, the fault tolerance  is required to guarantee the process of sending and receiving  the messages between the computing nodes and thus keeps all the messages from the lost.
+In particular, different local clusters composing the grid are geographically far away from each others. Usually, each local cluster composed of homogeneous nodes, which are different from the nodes of the others cluster located in different sites. These nodes can be different in the hardware and software  specifications such as the computing power, memory size, operating system, local network latency and bandwidth. Figure \ref{fig:ch1:12} presents an example of the grid composed of three heterogeneous local clusters located in  different sites which are connected throw a wide area network.  Furthermore, the grid can be referred to an infrastructure  applies the integration and the collaboration by using  a collection  of different computers, networks, database servers  and scientific devices belong to  many companies and universities. Therefore, wide heterogeneous computing resources are allowed to many users simultaneously. While the only bottleneck of the grid is the high latency communications between the nodes from different sites. The grid is also called the loosely-coupled fashion platform. However, the fault tolerance  is required to guarantee the process of sending and receiving  the messages between the computing nodes and thus keeps all the messages from loss.

 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -238,15 +237,14 @@ in terms of bandwidth and latency.
 Grid'5000 is dedicated as a test-bed for grid computing and thus users can book the required nodes from different sites. It  allows the user to deploy his configured image of the operating system over the reserved nodes. Therefore, many software tools are available to the user to control and manage the reservation and deployment processes from his local machine. For example, OAR \cite{ref22} is a  batch scheduler used to manage the heterogeneous resources of the grid'5000.
 
 
 Grid'5000 is dedicated as a test-bed for grid computing and thus users can book the required nodes from different sites. It  allows the user to deploy his configured image of the operating system over the reserved nodes. Therefore, many software tools are available to the user to control and manage the reservation and deployment processes from his local machine. For example, OAR \cite{ref22} is a  batch scheduler used to manage the heterogeneous resources of the grid'5000.
 
 

-

 \subsection{Parallel programming Models} 
 \label{ch1:2:2}
 There are many parallel programming languages and libraries have been developed 
 to explore the computing power of the parallel architectures. In this section,
 the parallel programming languages are divided into two main types, 
 \subsection{Parallel programming Models} 
 \label{ch1:2:2}
 There are many parallel programming languages and libraries have been developed 
 to explore the computing power of the parallel architectures. In this section,
 the parallel programming languages are divided into two main types, 

-which is the shared and the distributed programming models. Moreover, these two types are divided  into two subcategories according to the support level for the number of computing units composing them.
+which is the shared and the distributed programming models. Moreover, each  type is divided  into two subcategories according to its support level for the number of computing units composing the parallel platform.

 Figure \ref{fig:ch1:14} presents this classification hierarchy of the parallel programming 
 Figure \ref{fig:ch1:14} presents this classification hierarchy of the parallel programming 

-models. It is also showed three parallel languages examples for each subcategory.
+models. It also shows three parallel language examples for each subcategory.

 
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]


@@ -266,7 +264,7 @@ some examples for each type of the parallel programming models:
   \begin{itemize}
     \item \textbf{MPI} \cite{ref23} is the Message Passing Interface and it considers a 
                       standardization 
   \begin{itemize}
     \item \textbf{MPI} \cite{ref23} is the Message Passing Interface and it considers a 
                       standardization 

-                      dedicated for message passing in distributed memory environment.
+                      dedicated for message passing in a distributed memory environment.

                       The first version of MPI designated by a group of researchers in
                       1991. It is a library,  not a language and its subroutines 
                       can be called from many programming languages such as C, Fortran and 
                       The first version of MPI designated by a group of researchers in
                       1991. It is a library,  not a language and its subroutines 
                       can be called from many programming languages such as C, Fortran and 


@@ -274,14 +272,14 @@ some examples for each type of the parallel programming models:
                       compiled with ordinary compilers and linked with the MPI library.  
                       Its library functions are not only for peer to peer operations throw 
                       send and receive messages, but it allowed many others collective 
                       compiled with ordinary compilers and linked with the MPI library.  
                       Its library functions are not only for peer to peer operations throw 
                       send and receive messages, but it allowed many others collective 

-                      operations such as gathering and reduction operations. MPI user feel
-                      free form the network topology, synchronization and communication
-                      functionality between  group of processes. Furthermore, it has 
+                      operations such as gathering and reduction operations. MPI user, feel
+                      free from the network topology, synchronization and communication
+                      functionality between a group of processes. Furthermore, it has an

                       asynchronous point to point operations, which make the computations 
                       to overlap with communications. While MPI is not devoted to a grid,
                        \textbf{MPICH}  is one of the most 
                       asynchronous point to point operations, which make the computations 
                       to overlap with communications. While MPI is not devoted to a grid,
                        \textbf{MPICH}  is one of the most 

-                      popular implementations of MPI dedicated for grid computing. It is used               
-                      as an extended version for MPI, which implements a fault tolerance  
+                      popular implementations of MPI dedicated for grid computing. It uses
+                      as an extended version of MPI, which implements a fault tolerance  

                       \cite{ref52}. In this work, both of MPI and MPICH programming libraries 
                       have used for programming our algorithms and applications which called 
                       inside both of Fortran and C programming languages.  
                       \cite{ref52}. In this work, both of MPI and MPICH programming libraries 
                       have used for programming our algorithms and applications which called 
                       inside both of Fortran and C programming languages.  


@@ -289,38 +287,37 @@ some examples for each type of the parallel programming models:
    \item \textbf{PVM} \cite{ref25} is for Parallel Virtual Machine,  which is a collection 
                       of software tools and libraries to allow users working over a   
                       heterogeneous set of machines to operate as a single high performance 
    \item \textbf{PVM} \cite{ref25} is for Parallel Virtual Machine,  which is a collection 
                       of software tools and libraries to allow users working over a   
                       heterogeneous set of machines to operate as a single high performance 

-                      parallel platform. It is dedicated for a group of machine that are 
+                      parallel platform. It is dedicated to a group of machine that are 

                       distributed and heterogeneous in the operating system environments. 
                       distributed and heterogeneous in the operating system environments. 

-                      The PVM system is elementarily for parallel programming to be used with 
+                      The PVM system is elementary for parallel programming to be used with 

                       C, C++, and Fortran  languages. 
                       C, C++, and Fortran  languages. 

-                      It is considered more robust in fault tolerance 
-                      than MPI, easier to add or delete the crashed nodes in the host pool 
-                      \cite{ref26}. While MPI has more communication messages support and asynchronous 
+                      It is considered more robust in fault tolerance than MPI, easier to 
+                      add or delete the crashed nodes in the host pool 
+                      \cite{ref26}. While MPI has, the more communication messages support and asynchronous 

                       operations which are not allowed in PVM. 
                       
                       
    \item \textbf{BLACS} \cite{ref27} is for Basic Linear Algebra Communication Subprograms.                 
                       operations which are not allowed in PVM. 
                       
                       
    \item \textbf{BLACS} \cite{ref27} is for Basic Linear Algebra Communication Subprograms.                 

-                 It has a collection of libraries that used to built linear algebra messages 
+                 It has a collection of libraries that used to build a linear algebra message 

                  communication model which is applied effectively over distributed memory architectures.
                  communication model which is applied effectively over distributed memory architectures.

-                 The primary goal of using 
-                 BLACS is mapping a liner set or processors or any distributed machines into
-                 a two dimensional array or grid, which offers an easy tool for building a
+                 The primary goal of using BLACS is mapping a liner set or processors or any distributed 
+                 machines into two dimensional array or grid, which offers an easy tool for building a

                  linear algebra applications. 
                  
   \end{itemize} 
   
 \item \textbf{Grid programming models}
   \begin{itemize}
                  linear algebra applications. 
                  
   \end{itemize} 
   
 \item \textbf{Grid programming models}
   \begin{itemize}

-   \item \textbf{Gridsolve} \cite{ref28}  is the first middleware for grid  and 
+   \item \textbf{Gridsolve} \cite{ref28}  is the first middleware for a grid  and the

                 high performance computing that offers a good tool to solve a complex
                 scientific applications using distinct distributed machines. It applies the
                 fault tolerance and load balancing features to ensure the reliability of the
                 applications  when running over a geographically distributed resources. 
                 high performance computing that offers a good tool to solve a complex
                 scientific applications using distinct distributed machines. It applies the
                 fault tolerance and load balancing features to ensure the reliability of the
                 applications  when running over a geographically distributed resources. 

-                It works with different programming languages such as C,C++, Java and Fortran. 
+                It works with different programming languages such as C, C++, Java and Fortran. 

                 
    \item \textbf{GLOBAS} \cite{ref29,ref30} is the most widely standardization tool kit
                 
    \item \textbf{GLOBAS} \cite{ref29,ref30} is the most widely standardization tool kit

-                for grid computing. It permits the users to share their computing resources securely. 
-                While the GLOBAS toolkit is allowed to work with grid, it offers a fault 
+                for a grid computing. It permits the users to share their computing resources securely. 
+                While the GLOBAS toolkit is allowed to work with a grid, it offers a fault 

                 detection mechanism to ensure the delivery of the messages. 
                 The first version of Globus toolkit appeared
                 in 1998 and now the sixth version is available \cite{ref31}. 
                 detection mechanism to ensure the delivery of the messages. 
                 The first version of Globus toolkit appeared
                 in 1998 and now the sixth version is available \cite{ref31}. 


@@ -330,28 +327,28 @@ some examples for each type of the parallel programming models:
                 at the University of Virginia on November 1997. 
                 It implements many features such as security, portability and fault tolerance.
                 Moreover, it is created to support a wide degree of parallelism throw an easy 
                 at the University of Virginia on November 1997. 
                 It implements many features such as security, portability and fault tolerance.
                 Moreover, it is created to support a wide degree of parallelism throw an easy 

-                programming tools to built the parallel applications.
+                programming tool to build the parallel applications.

               
         
   \end{itemize}
  
 \item \textbf{Multi-core CPU programming models} 
   \begin{itemize}
               
         
   \end{itemize}
  
 \item \textbf{Multi-core CPU programming models} 
   \begin{itemize}

-   \item \textbf{OpenMP}  \cite{ref34} is parallel programming tool for shared memory 
+   \item \textbf{OpenMP}  \cite{ref34} is a  parallel programming tool for shared memory 

                 architectures. The main goal of using this programming model is to provide 
                 a standard and portable API (application programming interface) for writing 
                 shared memory parallel programs. It can be used with programming languages such 
                 as C, C++ and Fortran to support different types of shared memory platforms 
                 such as multi-core processors.
                 OpenMP uses multi-threading, which is a method of parallel programming 
                 architectures. The main goal of using this programming model is to provide 
                 a standard and portable API (application programming interface) for writing 
                 shared memory parallel programs. It can be used with programming languages such 
                 as C, C++ and Fortran to support different types of shared memory platforms 
                 such as multi-core processors.
                 OpenMP uses multi-threading, which is a method of parallel programming 

-                that organized by using master thread to control a set of slave threads. Each
-                thread can be executed in parallel by allocating it to a processor.  
+                that uses a master thread to control a set of slave threads. Each
+                thread can be executed in a parallel by allocating it to a processor.  

                 Moreover, OpenMP can be  used with MPI to support hybrid platforms that have 
                 Moreover, OpenMP can be  used with MPI to support hybrid platforms that have 

-                shared and distributed memory models in the same time.
+                shared and distributed memory models at the same time.

                 
   \item \textbf{Cilk} \cite{ref13,ref35} is a linguistic and runtime technology for algorithmic 
                 multi-threaded programming originally developed at MIT. 
                 
   \item \textbf{Cilk} \cite{ref13,ref35} is a linguistic and runtime technology for algorithmic 
                 multi-threaded programming originally developed at MIT. 

-                It is allowed the programmer to focus on building the program in a structural way 
+                It allows the programmer to focus on building the program in a structured way 

                 to discover the inherent parallelism. Many specifications are used in Cilk 
                 such as the load balancing, synchronization and communication protocols. 
                 
                 to discover the inherent parallelism. Many specifications are used in Cilk 
                 such as the load balancing, synchronization and communication protocols. 
                 


@@ -361,15 +358,15 @@ some examples for each type of the parallel programming models:
                 
    \item \textbf{TBB} \cite{ref36} is for Threading Building Blocks, is a software library used with 
                 C++ programming language for multi-core parallel programming developed by Intel.
                 
    \item \textbf{TBB} \cite{ref36} is for Threading Building Blocks, is a software library used with 
                 C++ programming language for multi-core parallel programming developed by Intel.

-                It woks on the principle of dividing the computations into many tasks that can be 
-                executed in  
-                parallel. It also has a management library to schedule the parallel task execution. 
+                It works on the principle of dividing the computations into many tasks that can be 
+                executed in a parallel. 
+                It also has a management library to schedule the parallel task execution. 

                 The difference between OpenMP and TBB, is the latter uses a task-based scheduling 
                 mechanism. Furthermore, TBB is more popular with C++ programming language than 
                 The difference between OpenMP and TBB, is the latter uses a task-based scheduling 
                 mechanism. Furthermore, TBB is more popular with C++ programming language than 

-                others languages. It is designed to work with any compiler environments, and thus 
-                it is easily ported to a new platform. Hence, TBB has been ported to a 
-                different types of operating systems and processors. While, it has limited
-                support to vector processing architecture and then it connected with OpenMP  
+                other languages. It is designed to work with any compiler environments, and thus 
+                it is easily ported to a new platform. Hence, TBB has been ported to 
+                different types of operating systems and processors. It has limited
+                support to vector processing architecture and then it is connected with OpenMP  

                 and Cilk to support this  platform.
   \end{itemize}
   
                 and Cilk to support this  platform.
   \end{itemize}
   


@@ -377,31 +374,31 @@ some examples for each type of the parallel programming models:
   
 \item \textbf{GPU programming models} 
   \begin{itemize}
   
 \item \textbf{GPU programming models} 
   \begin{itemize}

-   \item \textbf{CUDA} \cite{ref37} Modern graphical processing units (GPUs) have been increasing  chip-level  
+   \item \textbf{CUDA} \cite{ref37} Modern graphical processing units (GPUs) have increased its chip-level  

                        parallelism.  Current  NVIDIA  GPUs  are  many-cores processor having thousands
                        parallelism.  Current  NVIDIA  GPUs  are  many-cores processor having thousands

-                       of core.  According to this massively cores parallelism, the NVIDIA in 2007 developed
+                       of cores.  According to this massively core parallelism, the NVIDIA in 2007 developed

                        a parallel programming  language called CUDA , which is for Compute Unified Device  
                        Architecture.  A CUDA program has two parts, the first one is called a host which is a
                        a parallel programming  language called CUDA , which is for Compute Unified Device  
                        Architecture.  A CUDA program has two parts, the first one is called a host which is a

-                       set of threads that execute sequentially over the CPU. The second part is called the
-                       kernels, which are a set of threads that can be executed in parallel over the GPU.
+                       set of threads that executed sequentially over the CPU. The second part is called the
+                       kernels, which are a set of threads that can be executed in a parallel over the GPUs.

  
    \item \textbf{OpenCL}\cite{ref38} is for Open Computing Language. It is a parallel 
                        programming language dedicated for heterogeneous platform composed 
                        of CPUs and GPUs. The first release initially developed by Apple  
  
    \item \textbf{OpenCL}\cite{ref38} is for Open Computing Language. It is a parallel 
                        programming language dedicated for heterogeneous platform composed 
                        of CPUs and GPUs. The first release initially developed by Apple  

-                       in 2008. Functions executed on an OpenCL device is called kernel, 
-                       which can be portably executes on any computing hardware such as CPU or GPU cores. 
+                       in 2008. Functions executed on an OpenCL device are called kernels, 
+                       which can be portable execute on any computing hardware such as CPU or GPU cores. 

                        This parallel programming language supports the homogeneous shared memory 
                        platforms and the multi-core processors by using one core for control 
                        and the others for computing.
                          
    \item \textbf{HLSL} \cite{ref39} is for High Level Shading Language, is the shader 
                        programming language for Direct3D, which is a part of
                        This parallel programming language supports the homogeneous shared memory 
                        platforms and the multi-core processors by using one core for control 
                        and the others for computing.
                          
    \item \textbf{HLSL} \cite{ref39} is for High Level Shading Language, is the shader 
                        programming language for Direct3D, which is a part of

-                       Microsoft’s DirectX API. It supports the shader construction with 
-                       C-like syntax, types, expressions, statements, and functions and it 
+                       Microsoft’s DirectX API. It supports the shader design with 
+                       C language syntax, types, expressions, statements, and functions and it 

                        provides a graphical pipeline parallelism.
                        provides a graphical pipeline parallelism.

-                       The last version of HLSL is v5.0 for DirectX 11, which adds a new general-purpose GPU
-                       functions like CUDA. Recently, the new OpenCL version starts to replace CUDA 
-                       as a multi-platform GPU language.
+                       The last version of HLSL is version 5.0 of DirectX 11, which adds a new 
+                       general-purpose GPU functions like CUDA. Recently, the new OpenCL 
+                       version has started to replace CUDA as a multi-platform GPU language.

                                    
   \end{itemize}
  
                                    
   \end{itemize}
  


@@ -410,8 +407,8 @@ some examples for each type of the parallel programming models:
 
 \section{Iterative Methods} 
 \label{ch1:3}
 
 \section{Iterative Methods} 
 \label{ch1:3}

-Numerical methods are a scientific computations for solving linear and non-linear problems.
-Almost of the numerical problems can be represented by mathematical equation form with relations between its components. For example, solving linear equations which is well known in the scientific  area is generally expressed in the following form:
+Numerical methods are a scientific computation for solving linear and non-linear problems.
+Almost of the numerical problems can be represented by a mathematical equation form with relations between its components. For example, solving linear equations which are well known in the scientific  area is generally expressed in the following form:

 
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:linear}
 
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:linear}


@@ -421,7 +418,7 @@ Almost of the numerical problems can be represented by mathematical equation for
 Where $A$ is a two dimensional matrix of size $N \times N$, $x$ is the unknown vector,
 and $b$ is a vector of constant, each of size $N$. There are two types of solution methods for solving this linear system.
 The first method is called \textbf{Direct methods}, which is a finite number of steps depending on the 
 Where $A$ is a two dimensional matrix of size $N \times N$, $x$ is the unknown vector,
 and $b$ is a vector of constant, each of size $N$. There are two types of solution methods for solving this linear system.
 The first method is called \textbf{Direct methods}, which is a finite number of steps depending on the 

-size  of the linear system to give the exact solution. If the problem size is very big this methods are expensive or their
+size  of the linear system to give the exact solution. If the problem size is very big these methods are expensive or their

 solutions are impossible in some cases.  The second type is called \textbf{Iterative methods}, which is computed 
 many times the same block of the operations starting from the initial vector until reaching to the acceptable 
 approximation  of the exact solution. However, the iterative methods are faster than direct methods and can be 
 solutions are impossible in some cases.  The second type is called \textbf{Iterative methods}, which is computed 
 many times the same block of the operations starting from the initial vector until reaching to the acceptable 
 approximation  of the exact solution. However, the iterative methods are faster than direct methods and can be 


@@ -459,7 +456,7 @@ The sequential iterative algorithm at each iteration computes the value of the r
   \label{eq:res}
    R = \max_{i=1, \dots, N}  \abs{X_i^{(k+1)} - X_i^k}
 \end{equation}  
   \label{eq:res}
    R = \max_{i=1, \dots, N}  \abs{X_i^{(k+1)} - X_i^k}
 \end{equation}  

-Where $N$ is the size of the vector $X$. Then, the iterative sequential algorithm stops its iterations if the maximum error between the last two successive solutions vectors, as in \ref{eq:res}, is less than or equal to the some threshold value. Otherwise, it replaces the new vector $X^{(k+1)}$ with the old vector $X^k$ and computes the new iteration.
+Where $N$ is the size of the vector $X$. Then, the iterative sequential algorithm stops its iterations if the maximum error between the last two successive solution vectors, as in \ref{eq:res}, is less than or equal to the some threshold value. Otherwise, it replaces the new vector $X^{(k+1)}$ with the old vector $X^k$ and computes the new iteration.

 
 \subsection{Synchronous Parallel Iterative method} 
 \label{ch1:3:1}
 
 \subsection{Synchronous Parallel Iterative method} 
 \label{ch1:3:1}


@@ -497,7 +494,7 @@ the sequential iterative algorithm \ref{spia}, this algorithm stops its iteratio
  \label{eq:res_syn}
    R = \max_{i=1, \dots, M}  (\max_{j=1, \dots, m}\abs{X_{ij}^{(k+1)} - X_{ij}^k})
 \end{equation}
  \label{eq:res_syn}
    R = \max_{i=1, \dots, M}  (\max_{j=1, \dots, m}\abs{X_{ij}^{(k+1)} - X_{ij}^k})
 \end{equation}

-This algorithm need to satisfy some convergence condition which  is called the  global convergence condition. In order to detect the global convergence overall computing units, first we need to compute
+This algorithm needs to satisfy some convergence condition which  is called the  global convergence condition. In order to detect the global convergence overall computing units, first we need to compute

 at each iteration the local residual and store it in the local variable at the computing unit $i$. Then at the end of each iteration, all the local residuals  from $M$ computing units must be reduced to one maximum  value represented by the  global residual, which represents the global maximum errors overall maximum local errors from $M$ computing units. Where $m$ is the size of the $i$  sub-vector.
 For example, in MPI this operation is directly applied using a high level communication procedure  called \textit{AllReduce}. The goal of this communication procedure is to apply the reduction operation on all local variables computed by the computing units.
 
 at each iteration the local residual and store it in the local variable at the computing unit $i$. Then at the end of each iteration, all the local residuals  from $M$ computing units must be reduced to one maximum  value represented by the  global residual, which represents the global maximum errors overall maximum local errors from $M$ computing units. Where $m$ is the size of the $i$  sub-vector.
 For example, in MPI this operation is directly applied using a high level communication procedure  called \textit{AllReduce}. The goal of this communication procedure is to apply the reduction operation on all local variables computed by the computing units.
 


@@ -510,9 +507,9 @@ For example, in MPI this operation is directly applied using a high level commun
 \end{figure}
 
 
 \end{figure}
 
 

-In synchronous iterative algorithm, computing processors needs to communicate with each others to 
+In the synchronous iterative algorithm, computing processors need to communicate with each others to 

 exchange data at each iteration. Algorithm \ref{spia} can be used synchronous iterations and synchronous communications and denoted as \textbf{SISC} model.  At each iteration, the computing processor waits until 
 exchange data at each iteration. Algorithm \ref{spia} can be used synchronous iterations and synchronous communications and denoted as \textbf{SISC} model.  At each iteration, the computing processor waits until 

-it has receive all the data computed at the previous iteration from the other processors to perform the next iteration. This type of communication model uses if there are a dependencies between the parallel tasks. Figure \ref{fig:ch1:15}, shows that using SICS model in a heterogeneous platform may results in a big periods  of the idle times represented by the white dashed spaces between two successive iterations. Indeed, this happens when the fast computing processor waits for the slow ones to finish their iterations to be able to synchronously send its data to them. This operation wastes a big amount of the computing power of the faster processors and thus their energy consumptions. The increased in the level of the heterogeneity between the computing powers of the computing processors may increased propositionally these idle times.
+it has received all the data computed at the previous iteration from the other processors to perform the next iteration. This type of communication model uses if there is a dependency between the parallel tasks. Figure \ref{fig:ch1:15}, shows that using SICS model in a heterogeneous platform may result in a big period  of the idle times represented by the white dashed spaces between two successive iterations. Indeed, this happens when the fast computing processor waits for the slow ones to finish their iterations to be able to synchronously send its data to them. This operation wastes a big amount of the computing power of the faster processors and thus their energy consumptions. The increase in the level of the heterogeneity between the computing powers of the computing processors may increase propositionally these idle times.

 Accordingly, this algorithm is effectively implemented over a local cluster where a high speed local network is used to reduce these idle times.  
 
 
 Accordingly, this algorithm is effectively implemented over a local cluster where a high speed local network is used to reduce these idle times.  
 
 


@@ -525,21 +522,21 @@ Accordingly, this algorithm is effectively implemented over a local cluster wher
 
 Furthermore, the communications of the synchronous iterative algorithm can be implemented asynchronously. Therefore, this algorithm is called the synchronous iteration and asynchronous 
 communication algorithm and denoted as \textbf{SIAC} algorithm. The main principle of this algorithm is to use a synchronized iterations while exchanging the data between the computing units asynchronously.
 
 Furthermore, the communications of the synchronous iterative algorithm can be implemented asynchronously. Therefore, this algorithm is called the synchronous iteration and asynchronous 
 communication algorithm and denoted as \textbf{SIAC} algorithm. The main principle of this algorithm is to use a synchronized iterations while exchanging the data between the computing units asynchronously.

-Moreover, each computing unit not has to wait for its neighbours to receive the data messages 
-that its has sent, while it only waits for receiving the  data from them. This can be implemented in SISC algorithm programmed in MPI by replacing the synchronous send of the messages by asynchronous ones and keeps 
+Moreover, each computing unit doesn't have to wait for its neighbours to receive the data messages 
+that its has sent, while it only waits for receiving the  data from them. This can be implemented with SISC algorithm programmed in MPI by replacing the synchronous send of the messages by asynchronous ones and keeps 

 the synchronous receive of the data messages. The only advantage of this technique is to reduce the idle times between the iterations by making the communications to overlap partially
 with computations, see figure \ref{fig:ch1:16}. The idle times are not totally eliminated  because the
 fast computing nodes still have to wait for slow ones to send their data messages. 
 the synchronous receive of the data messages. The only advantage of this technique is to reduce the idle times between the iterations by making the communications to overlap partially
 with computations, see figure \ref{fig:ch1:16}. The idle times are not totally eliminated  because the
 fast computing nodes still have to wait for slow ones to send their data messages. 

-Both of the SISC and SIAC algorithms are not tolerate to the loss of data messages. Consequently, if one node is crashed,  all the other computing nodes are blocked together and all the system is crashed.
+Both of the SISC and SIAC algorithms are not tolerated to the loss of data messages. Consequently, if one node is crashed,  all the other computing nodes are blocked together and all the system is crashing.

 
 
  
 \subsection{Asynchronous Parallel Iterative method} 
 \label{ch1:3:2}
 
 
  
 \subsection{Asynchronous Parallel Iterative method} 
 \label{ch1:3:2}

-The asynchronous iterations mean that all processors perform their iterations without considering the works of the other processors. Each processor not has to wait for receiving
-the data messages from the others processors and continue computing the next iteration depending on its own data received at a specific time. While all processors not have to wait 
-for data delivery from each other, there are not existence for the idle times at all between the iterations as in figure \ref{fig:ch1:17}.  This figure indicates that the fast processors can perform more iterations than the others at the same time. 
-Hence, the asynchronous iterative algorithm uses asynchronous communications  is called  \textbf{AIAC} algorithm. Likewise the SISC algorithm, the AIAC algorithm subdivides the global Vectors $X$ into $M$ sub-vectors between the computing units. The main different between the two algorithm is that these $M$ sub-vectors are not updated at each iteration in the AIAC algorithm because both of the iterations and communications are asynchronous. 
+The asynchronous iterations mean that all processors perform their iterations without considering the works of the other processors. Each processor doesn't have to wait for receiving
+the data messages from the other processors and continue computing the next iteration depending on its own data received at a specific time. While all processors don't have  to wait 
+for data delivery from each other, there are not existence of the idle times at all between the iterations as in figure \ref{fig:ch1:17}.  This figure indicates that the fast processors can perform more iterations than the others at the same time. 
+Hence, the asynchronous iterative algorithm uses an asynchronous communications  is called  \textbf{AIAC} algorithm. Likewise the SISC algorithm, the AIAC algorithm subdivides the global Vectors $X$ into $M$ sub-vectors between the computing units. The main difference between the two algorithms is that these $M$ sub-vectors are not updated at each iteration in the AIAC algorithm because both of the iterations and communications are asynchronous. 

 However, there are two mechanisms to update the data vectors in AIAC algorithm as follows:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item  The local vectors can be updated randomly on the order of $M$ computing units.
 However, there are two mechanisms to update the data vectors in AIAC algorithm as follows:
  \begin{itemize}
  \item  The local vectors can be updated randomly on the order of $M$ computing units.


@@ -558,7 +555,7 @@ However, there are two mechanisms to update the data vectors in AIAC algorithm a
 \label{fig:ch1:17}
 \end{figure}
 
 \label{fig:ch1:17}
 \end{figure}
 

-The global convergence of the parallel iterative method depend on the scientific application.
+The global convergence of the parallel iterative method depends on the scientific application.

 For more information about the convergence detection techniques of the asynchronous iterative methods,
 we refer to \cite{ref40,ref41,ref42,ref43} for more details. 
 
 For more information about the convergence detection techniques of the asynchronous iterative methods,
 we refer to \cite{ref40,ref41,ref42,ref43} for more details. 
 


@@ -566,18 +563,17 @@ we refer to \cite{ref40,ref41,ref42,ref43} for more details.
 The implementation of the AIAC method is not easy, but it gives many advantages over the traditional synchronous iterative method:
 
 \begin{itemize}
 The implementation of the AIAC method is not easy, but it gives many advantages over the traditional synchronous iterative method:
 
 \begin{itemize}

-\item It prevents the existence of the  idle times because each processor not has to wait 
-      for the others to receive the data messages. Then, there is no idle times between each two  
+\item It prevents the existence of the  idle times because each processor doesn't have to wait 
+      for the others to receive the data messages. Then, there are no idle times between each two  

       successive iterations.
       
       successive iterations.
       

-\item Less sensitive for the heterogeneous communications and nodes' computing powers. In 
-      heterogeneous platform, the fast nodes not have to wait for the slow ones and so it 
-      performs more iterations than them. While in the traditional synchronous iterative 
-      methods, the fast computing nodes perform the same number of iterations as the slow ones
-      because they are blocked together. 
+\item Less sensitive for the heterogeneous communications and nodes' computing powers. In heterogeneous 
+      platform, the faster nodes don't have to wait for the slow ones and so it performs more iterations than 
+      them. While in the traditional synchronous iterative methods, the fast computing nodes perform the same 
+      number of iterations as the slow ones because they are blocked together. 

 
 \item The loss of the data messages is totally tolerant because each computing unit is not 
 
 \item The loss of the data messages is totally tolerant because each computing unit is not 

-      blocked with the others. If the message is lost, the destination node not has to wait  
+      blocked by the others. If the message is lost, the destination node doesn't have to wait  

       for this data message and it uses the last received data to perform its iteration  
       independently.
       
       for this data message and it uses the last received data to perform its iteration  
       independently.
       


@@ -592,27 +588,27 @@ In addition to the difficulty of applying the asynchronous iterative method, it
 disadvantages as follows:
 
 \begin{itemize}
 disadvantages as follows:
 
 \begin{itemize}

-\item It is not compatible to all types of the iterative applications because some of these 
+\item It is not compatible with all types of the iterative applications because some of these 

       applications need to receive the data messages from its neighbours at each iteration.   
       Therefore, they required a fix number of iterations to converge. Otherwise, the 
       applications need to receive the data messages from its neighbours at each iteration.   
       Therefore, they required a fix number of iterations to converge. Otherwise, the 

-      application is perform  infinity number of iterations  and then all of the system 
-      is crash. 
+      application performs  an infinity number of iterations  and then all of the system 
+      is crashing. 

  
 \item The application of an asynchronous iterative method requires more iterations compared 
       to the synchronous ones to converge  when it is executed over the local cluster. 
  
 \item The application of an asynchronous iterative method requires more iterations compared 
       to the synchronous ones to converge  when it is executed over the local cluster. 

-      The increase in the number of  the iterations may increases proportionally 
+      The increase in the number of  the iterations may increase proportionally 

       the execution time of the application. 
       Especially, the local computing cluster uses a high speed network, then running the 
       synchronous version over such platform is quicker to converge.
     
       the execution time of the application. 
       Especially, the local computing cluster uses a high speed network, then running the 
       synchronous version over such platform is quicker to converge.
     

-\item While the process not receive the new data messages at each iteration, the mechanism of 
+\item While the process  doesn't receive the new data messages at each iteration, the mechanism of 

        synchronous iterative methods for detecting the global convergence cannot be used for 
        synchronous iterative methods for detecting the global convergence cannot be used for 

-      asynchronous ones. Therefore, in AIAC algorithm a process can performs many iterations    
+      asynchronous ones. Therefore, in AIAC algorithm a process can perform many iterations    

       without receiving any data messages from its neighbours. The absence of receiving new 
       data messages makes the data component not vary at the computing units and thus it detect 
       without receiving any data messages from its neighbours. The absence of receiving new 
       data messages makes the data component not vary at the computing units and thus it detect 

-      a false local convergence. This mean that the local residual value is less than the   
+      a false local convergence. This means that the local residual value is less than the   

       required threshold. This fake convergence is conflicted at the reception of the first data message 
       required threshold. This fake convergence is conflicted at the reception of the first data message 

-      because the local subsystem will locally diverges after computing the next iteration. 
+      because the local subsystem will locally diverge after computing the next iteration. 

       Therefore, special mechanisms are required for detecting the global convergence of a parallel 
       iterative algorithm implemented according to the asynchronous iteration model.
 
       Therefore, special mechanisms are required for detecting the global convergence of a parallel 
       iterative algorithm implemented according to the asynchronous iteration model.
 


@@ -760,20 +756,20 @@ There are two drawbacks of this energy model as follows:
 
 \item It is not well adapted to a heterogeneous architectures when there are different 
       types of the processors, which are consumed different dynamic and static powers. Then, this model is 
 
 \item It is not well adapted to a heterogeneous architectures when there are different 
       types of the processors, which are consumed different dynamic and static powers. Then, this model is 

-      not able to measured the energy consumption of all the parallel system  because it depends on 
+      not able to measure the energy consumption of all the parallel systems  because it depends on 

       one value for each of the static and dynamic powers.
 \end{itemize}
 
       one value for each of the static and dynamic powers.
 \end{itemize}
 

-Therefore, one of the more important goals of this work is to develop an energy models that 
+Therefore, one of the more important goals of this work is to develop energy models that 

 has be taken into consideration the communication times in addition to computation times to modelize and measure the energy consumptions of the parallel iterative methods. These models are dedicated to all parallel architectures such as the homogeneous and heterogeneous platforms, which may be local or distributed computing clusters.  
 
 \section{Conclusion}
 \label{ch1:5}
 In this chapter, three sections have been presented for describing the parallel hardware architectures, parallel iterative applications and the energy consumption model used to measure the energies of these applications. 
 has be taken into consideration the communication times in addition to computation times to modelize and measure the energy consumptions of the parallel iterative methods. These models are dedicated to all parallel architectures such as the homogeneous and heterogeneous platforms, which may be local or distributed computing clusters.  
 
 \section{Conclusion}
 \label{ch1:5}
 In this chapter, three sections have been presented for describing the parallel hardware architectures, parallel iterative applications and the energy consumption model used to measure the energies of these applications. 

-In the first section, different types of parallelism levels that can be implemented in  software and hardware techniques have explained. Furthermore, the types of the parallel architectures are demonstrated and classified according to how the computing units are connected to a memory model.  
+In the first section, different types of parallelism levels that can be implemented in a software and hardware techniques have explained. Furthermore, the types of the parallel architectures are demonstrated and classified according to how their computing units are connected to a memory model.  

 Both of the shared and distributed platforms are demonstrated and depending on them the parallel programming models have categorized. 
 Both of the shared and distributed platforms are demonstrated and depending on them the parallel programming models have categorized. 

-In the second section, the two types parallel iterative methods are described as synchronous and asynchronous iterative methods. The synchronous iterative methods are well implemented over local homogeneous cluster with a high speed network link, while the asynchronous iterative methods are more conventional to implement over the distributed heterogeneous clusters. 
-Finally in the third section, the energy consumption model used for measuring the energy consumption of the parallel applications from the related literature is  described. This model  cannot be used for all types of parallel architectures. Indeed, it assumes  measuring the dynamic power during both of the communication and computation times, while the processor involved remains idle during the communication times and  only consumes the static power. Moreover, it is not well adapted to the heterogeneous architectures when there are different types of the processors, which are consumed different dynamic and static powers.
+In the second section, the two types of parallel iterative methods are described as synchronous and asynchronous iterative methods. The synchronous iterative methods are well implemented over local homogeneous cluster with a high speed network link, while the asynchronous iterative methods are more conventional to implement over the distributed heterogeneous clusters. 
+Finally, in the third section, an energy consumption model used for measuring the energy consumption of the parallel applications from the related literature has described. This model  cannot be used for all types of parallel architectures. Indeed, it assumes  measuring the dynamic power during both of the communication and computation times, while the processor involved remains idle during the communication times and  only consumes the static power. Moreover, it is not well adapted to  heterogeneous architectures when there are different types of the processors, which are consumed different dynamic and static powers at the same time.

 
 However, in the next chapters of this thesis a new energy consumption models are developed, and how these
 
 However, in the next chapters of this thesis a new energy consumption models are developed, and how these

-energy model are used for modeling and measuring the energy consumptions by a parallel iterative methods running on both homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures.  Furthermore, these energies model use in a methods for optimizing  both of the energy consumption and the performance of the iterative message passing applications. 
\ No newline at end of file
+energy models are used for modeling and measuring the energy consumptions by parallel iterative methods running on both homogeneous and heterogeneous architectures.  Furthermore, these energy models use in a method for optimizing  both of the energy consumption and the performance of the iterative message passing applications. 
\ No newline at end of file