[ThesisAli.git] / SlidesAli / These.tex

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\title{\textbf{Distributed Coverage Optimization Techniques for Improving Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks} \\\vspace{0.1cm}\hspace{2cm}\textbf{\textcolor{cyan}{\small PhD Dissertation Defense}}}
\author{\textbf{\textcolor{green}{Ali Kadhum IDREES}} \\\vspace{0.5cm} \small Under Supervision: \\\textcolor{cyan}{\small  Raphaël COUTURIER, Karine DESCHINKEL \& Michel SALOMON} \\\vspace{0.2cm} \textcolor{blue}{ University of Franche-Comté - FEMTO-ST - DISC Dept.  - AND Team} \\\vspace{0.2cm}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\textbf{\textcolor{green}{1 October 2015 }}}

%\institute[FEMTO-ST, DISC]{\textit{FEMTO-ST - DISC Departement  - AND Team}}
 
\date{ }




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\begin{document}

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%%    SLIDE 01    %%
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\setbeamertemplate{background}{\titrefemto}
\begin{frame}[plain]
\begin{center}
\titlepage
\end{center}
\end{frame}


\setbeamertemplate{background}{\pagefemto}


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%%    SLIDE 02    %%
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\begin{frame} {Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
 \vspace{-3.5em}
 \begin{figure}
   \includegraphics[width=0.495\textwidth]{Figures/6}
   \hfill
%   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/8}
%   \hfill
   \includegraphics[width=0.495\textwidth]{Figures/10}
%   \hfill
%   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/13}
\end{figure}

 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{ MAIN QUESTION?}}
                \textcolor{black}{How to minimize the energy consumption and extend the network lifetime when covering a certain area?}
\end{block}
 \end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 03    %%
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\begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}

\begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{OUR SOLUTION: distributed optimization process}}
\bf \textcolor{black}{Division into subregions}\\
\bf \textcolor{black}{For each subregion:}
        
 \begin{itemize}
         \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Leader election}
         \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Activity Scheduling based optimization}
         \end{itemize}
                
                \end{block}
\vspace{-1.5em}                         
\begin{figure}
   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/div2}
   \hfill
   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/act2}
\end{figure}
        
\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 03.1    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%\begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
%
%\begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{OUR SOLUTION}}
% \begin{itemize}
%         %\item Leader Election for each subregion.
%         \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Activity Scheduling based optimization is planned for each subregion.}
%  \end{itemize}
%               
% \end{block}   
%\begin{figure}
%   \includegraphics[width=0.775\textwidth]{Figures/act}
%   
%\end{figure}
%       
%\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 03.2    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%\begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
%
%\begin{block}{\bf \textcolor{white}{Dissertation Objectives}}
%\bf \textcolor{black}{Develop energy-efficient distributed optimization protocols that should be able to:}
% \begin{itemize}
%    \item \bf \textcolor{blue}{Schedule node activities by optimize both coverage and lifetime.}
%    \item \bf \textcolor{blue}{Combine two efficient techniques: leader election and sensor activity scheduling.}
%    \item \bf \textcolor{blue}{Perform a distributed optimization process.}
%  \end{itemize}
%               
% \end{block}   
%
%       
%\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 04    %%
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\begin{frame}
  \frametitle{Presentation Outline}
\begin{small}
  \tableofcontents[section,subsection]
\end{small}
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 05    %%
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\section{\small {State of the Art}}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 06    %%
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\begin{frame}{Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)}
\vspace{-3.5em}
 \begin{columns}[c]
  
\column{.58\textwidth}

     \begin{figure}[!t]
           \includegraphics[height = 3cm]{Figures/WSNT.jpg}
    \end{figure}  

        
    
    \begin{femtoBlock}  
        {Sensor \\}
                 \begin{itemize}
                        \item  Electronic low-cost tiny device
                        \item Sense, process and transmit data
                        \item Limited energy, memory and processing capabilities
                \end{itemize}
        \end{femtoBlock}
         
        \column{.52\textwidth}
         
         \begin{figure}[!t]
           \includegraphics[height = 4.5cm]{Figures/WSN.jpg}
    \end{figure}  
    \vspace{-3.5em}
     \begin{figure}[!t]
           \includegraphics[height = 2cm]{Figures/sn.jpg}
     \end{figure}  
   
        
\end{columns}

 
 
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 7    %%
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\begin{frame}{Types of Wireless Sensor Networks}

\vspace{-1.5em}
% \begin{columns}[c]
%  
%\column{.52\textwidth}
%\begin{itemize}
%  \item  Terrestrial WSNs.
%  \item  Underground WSNs.
%  \item  Underwater WSNs.
%  \item  Multimedia WSNs.
%  \item  Mobile WSNs.
%  \item  Flying WSNs.
%\end{itemize}
%               
% \column{.58\textwidth}
 \begin{figure}[!t]
     \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/typesWSN.pdf}
 \end{figure}  

%\end{columns}
\end{frame}


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%%    SLIDE 08    %%
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\begin{frame}{Applications}
\vspace{-1.5em}
  
\begin{figure}[!t]
     \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/WSNAP.pdf}
 \end{figure} 
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 09    %%
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\begin{frame}{Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}
\vspace{-2.5em}
  \centering
\begin{figure}[!t]

     \includegraphics[height = 5cm]{Figures/WSN-M.pdf}
 \end{figure} 
 
 \bf \textcolor{blue} {Our approach: includes cluster architecture and scheduling schemes}
\end{frame}

%\begin{frame}{Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}
%\vspace{-1.5em}
%  
%\begin{figure}[!t]
%     \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/WSN-S.pdf}
% \end{figure} 
%\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 10    %%
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\begin{frame}{Network lifetime}
\vspace{-1.5em}
\begin{block}{\textcolor{white} {Some definitions:}}
\small
\begin{enumerate}[i)]
\item \textcolor{black} {Time spent until death of the first sensor (or cluster head).}
\item \textcolor{black} {Time spent until death of all wireless sensor nodes in WSN.}
\item  \textcolor{black} {Time spent by WSN in covering each target by at least one sensor.}
\item  \textcolor{black} {Time during which the area of interest is covered by at least k nodes.}
\item \textcolor{black} {Elapsed time until losing the connectivity or the coverage.}
\item \bf \textcolor{red} {Time elapsed until the coverage ratio becomes less than a predetermined threshold $\alpha$.}
\end{enumerate}
\end{block}

%\begin{block}{\textcolor{white} {Network lifetime In this dissertation:}}
%\textcolor{blue} {Time elapsed until the coverage ratio becomes less than a predetermined threshold $\alpha$.}
%\end{block}


\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 10.1   %%
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\begin{frame}{Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks}
 
\begin{block} <1-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage definition:}} 
\textcolor{blue} {Coverage} reflects how well a sensor field is monitored efficiently using as less energy as possible.
\end{block}
 

 
\begin{block} <2-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage types:}} 
\begin{enumerate}[i)]
\item \small  \textcolor{red} {Area coverage: every point inside an area has to be monitored.}
\item  \textcolor{blue} {Target coverage:} only a finite number of discrete points called targets have to be monitored.

\item  \textcolor{blue} {Barrier coverage:} detection of targets as they cross a barrier such as in intrusion detection and border surveillance applications.
\end{enumerate}
\end{block}
 

 
%\begin{block} <3-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage type in this dissertation:}} 
%The work presented in this dissertation deals with \textcolor{red} {area coverage}.
%\end{block}
 
\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 11    %%
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\begin{frame}{Existing works}
\vspace{-0.3em}
\begin{block}  {\textcolor{white} {Coverage approaches:}} 
%Most existing coverage approaches in literature classified into
\begin{enumerate}[i)]
\item \textcolor{blue} { Full centralized coverage algorithms}
    \begin{itemize}
    \item  Optimal or near optimal solution
    \item  Low computation power for the sensors (except for base station)
    \item  Higher energy consumption for communication in large WSN
    \item  Not scalable for large WSNs
    \end{itemize}
\item \textcolor{blue} {Full distributed coverage algorithms}
   \begin{itemize}
    \item  Lower quality solution
    \item Less energy consumption for communication in large WSN
    \item  Reliable and scalable for large WSNs
   \end{itemize}
   \item  \textcolor{red} {Hybrid approaches}
   \begin{itemize}
   \item \textcolor{red} {Globally distributed and locally centralized}
   \end{itemize}
   
\end{enumerate}

\end{block}
 

%\begin{block} {\textcolor{white} {Coverage protocols in this dissertation:}} 
%The protocols presented in this dissertation combine between the two above approaches.
%\end{block}
 

\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Existing works: DESK algorithm (Vu et al.)}
\vspace{-1.5em}
\begin{figure}[!t]
           \includegraphics[height = 4.0cm]{Figures/DESK.eps}
    \end{figure}  
     \vspace{-2.5em}
     
     \begin{itemize}
       \item Requires only one-hop neighbor information (fully distributed)
       \item Each sensor decides its status (Active or Sleep) based on the perimeter coverage model without optimization
              
     \end{itemize}


%\tiny \bf \textcolor{blue}{DESK is chosen for comparison because it works into rounds fashion similar to our approaches, as well as DESK is a full distributed coverage approach.}


\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Existing works: GAF algorithm (Xu et al.)}

\vspace{-3.3em}
 \begin{columns}[c]
  
\column{.58\textwidth}

     \begin{figure}[!t]
           \includegraphics[height = 2.7cm]{Figures/GAF1.eps}
    \end{figure}  
    \vspace{-2.5em}
    \begin{figure}[!t]
           \includegraphics[height = 3.3cm]{Figures/GAF2.eps}
    \end{figure}
         
        \column{.52\textwidth}
         \vspace{1.2em}
\small
        \begin{itemize}
        \item Distributed energy-based scheduling approach
        \item Uses geographic location information to divide the area into a fixed square grids
        \item Nodes are in one of three sates: discovery, active, or sleep
        \item  Only one node staying active in grid
        \item  The fixed grid is square with r units on a side
         \item  Nodes cooperate within each grid to choose the active node
        \end{itemize}
        
           
      
%     \begin{itemize}
%       \item \tiny enat: estimated node active time
%       \item enlt: estimated node lifetime
%       \item Td,Ta, Ts: discovery, active, and sleep timers
%       \item Ta = enlt/2 
%       \item Ts = [enat/2, enat]
%     \end{itemize}
     

        
\end{columns}

\vspace{1.0em}

%\tiny \bf \textcolor{blue}{GAF is chosen for comparison because it is famous and easy to implement, as well as many authors referred to it in many publications.}
\end{frame}

\section{\small {The main scheme for our protocols}}


\begin{frame}{Assumptions for our protocols}
\vspace{-0.1cm}

\begin{enumerate} [$\divideontimes$]
                    \item  Static wireless sensor, homogeneous in terms of: 
             \begin{itemize}
             \item Sensing, communication, and processing capabilities
             \end{itemize}
                        \item  Heterogeneous initial energy
                        \item  High density uniform deployment 
                         \item Its $R_c\geq 2R_s$  for imply connectivity among active nodes during complete coverage (hypothesis proved by Zhang and Zhou)

                         \item  Multi-hop communication
                         \item  Known location by:
    \begin{itemize}
     \item Embedded GPS  or location discovery algorithm          
    \end{itemize}
    
    \item Using two kinds of packets: 
        \begin{itemize}         
           \item INFO packet
           \item ActiveSleep packet
        \end{itemize}
        \item Five status for each node:
        \begin{itemize}         
           \item  \small LISTENING, ACTIVE, SLEEP, COMPUTATION, and COMMUNICATION
        \end{itemize}
                \end{enumerate}         
                
\end{frame}



\begin{frame}{Assumptions for our protocols}
  \vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{center}
        \includegraphics[height = 7.0cm]{Figures/Pmodels.pdf}  
\end{center}

\end{frame}




\begin{frame}{Our general scheme}
\vspace{-0.2cm}
\begin{figure}[ht!]
 \includegraphics[width=110mm]{Figures/GeneralModel.jpg}
 \end{figure} 
 
\begin{itemize}
\item DiLCO and PeCO  $\blacktriangleright$ use one round sensing ($T=1$)
\item MuDiLCO $\blacktriangleright$ uses multiple rounds sensing ($T=1\cdots T$)
\end{itemize}

\end{frame}


\begin{frame}{Our general scheme}
  \vspace{-0.2cm}
\begin{enumerate} [i)]
\item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{INFORMATION EXCHANGE}} $\blacktriangleright$ Sensors exchange through multi-hop communication, their
\begin{itemize}
\item \textcolor{magenta}{Position coordinates}, \textcolor{violet}{current remaining energy}, \textcolor{cyan}{sensor node ID}, and \textcolor{red}{number of its one-hop live neighbors}
 
\end{itemize}


\item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{LEADER ELECTION}} $\blacktriangleright$ The selection criteria are, in order 
\begin{itemize}
\item Larger number of neighbors
\item Larger remaining energy, and then in case of equality 
\item Larger ID
\end{itemize}


 
\item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{DECISION}} $\blacktriangleright$ Leader solves an integer program to
\begin{itemize}
\item  Select which sensors will be activated in the sensing phase
\item Send Active-Sleep packet to each sensor in the subregion
\end{itemize}

 
\item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{SENSING}} $\blacktriangleright$ Based on Active-Sleep Packet Information
\begin{itemize}
\item Active sensors will execute their sensing task
\item Sleep sensors will wait a time equal to the period of sensing to wakeup

\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
 
\end{frame}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 12    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\section{\small {Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol (DiLCO)}}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 15    %%
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\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Coverage Problem Formulation}
\vspace{0.2cm}
\centering
\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/modell1.pdf}

\end{frame}


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%%    SLIDE 16    %%
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\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ DiLCO Protocol Algorithm}
%\begin{femtoBlock} {}
\centering
%\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo.jpeg}
\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo1.png}
%\end{femtoBlock}

\end{frame}




%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 18    %%
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\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Simulation Framework}
\vspace{-0.8cm}
\small
\begin{table}[ht]
\caption{Relevant parameters for simulation.}
\centering
\begin{tabular}{c|c}
\hline
Parameter & Value  \\ [0.5ex]
\hline
Sensing  Field  & $(50 \times 25)~m^2 $   \\
Nodes Number &  50, 100, 150, 200 and 250~nodes   \\
Initial Energy  & 500-700~joules  \\  
Sensing Period & 60 Minutes \\
$E_{th}$ & 36 Joules\\
$R_s$ & 5~m   \\     
$R_c$ & 10~m   \\
$w_{\Theta}$ & 1   \\
$w_{U}$ & $|P|^2$ \\
Modeling Language & A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) \\
Optimization Solver & GNU  linear Programming Kit (GLPK) \\
Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++ 
\end{tabular}
\label{tablech4}
\end{table}

\end{frame}


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%%    SLIDE 19    %%
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\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Energy Model \& Performance Metrics }
%\vspace{-1.8cm}
\begin{femtoBlock} {Energy Consumption Model}
\vspace{-1.0cm}
\begin{table}[h]
%\centering
\small
%\caption{Power consumption values}
\label{tab:EC}
\begin{tabular}{|l||cccc|}
  \hline
  {\bf Sensor status} & MCU & Radio & Sensing & {\it Power (mW)} \\
  \hline
  LISTENING & On & On & On & 20.05 \\
  ACTIVE & On & Off & On & 9.72 \\
  SLEEP & Off & Off & Off & 0.02 \\
  COMPUTATION & On & On & On & 26.83 \\
  \hline
  \multicolumn{4}{|l}{Energy needed to send or receive a 2-bit content message} & 0.515 \\
  \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}

\end{femtoBlock}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{femtoBlock} {Performance Metrics}
\small
\begin{enumerate}[$\mapsto$]

\item {{\bf Coverage Ratio (CR)}}
\item{{\bf Number of Active Sensors Ratio (ASR)}}
\item {{\bf  Energy Consumption}}
\item {{\bf Network Lifetime}}
%\item {{\bf Execution Time}}
%\item {{\bf Stopped Simulation Runs}}

\end{enumerate}
\end{femtoBlock}
\end{frame}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 20    %%
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\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}

\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
 \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/R3/CR.eps} 
\caption{Coverage ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
\label{Figures/ch4/R3/CR}
\end{figure}


 
\end{frame}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 20    %%
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\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
\vspace{-0.5cm}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R3/ASR.eps}  
\caption{Active sensors ratio for 150 deployed nodes }
\label{Figures/ch4/R3/ASR}
\end{figure} 
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 21    %%
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%\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
%\vspace{-0.5cm}
%\begin{figure}[h!]
%\centering
%\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R3/SR.eps} 
%\caption{Percentage of stopped simulation runs for 150 deployed nodes }
%\label{Figures/ch4/R3/SR}
%\end{figure}
%\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 22    %%
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\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}%[h!]
\begin{columns}[c]
        \column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/EC95.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\      
\column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/EC50.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
\end{columns}
\caption{Energy consumption for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
\label{Figures/ch4/R3/EC}
\end{figure}

 
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 23    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}%[h!]
\begin{columns}[c]
        \column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/LT95.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\      
\column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/LT50.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
\end{columns}
\caption{Network lifetime for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
  \label{Figures/ch4/R3/LT}
\end{figure}




\end{frame}






\section{\small{Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol (MuDiLCO)}}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 28    %%
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%\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Main Idea}
%\vspace{-0.2cm}
%\begin{figure}[ht!]
% \includegraphics[width=110mm]{Figures/GeneralModel.jpg}
%\caption{MuDiLCO protocol.}
%\label{fig2}
%\end{figure} 
%\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 29    %%
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\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$  Multiround Coverage Problem Formulation}
\vspace{0.2cm}

\centering
\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/modell2.pdf}

\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 30    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ MuDiLCO Protocol Algorithm}
%%\vspace{0.2cm}
%\begin{femtoBlock} {}
%\centering
%\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo2.png}
%\end{femtoBlock}
%\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 31    %%
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\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
 \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/R1/CR.pdf}   
\caption{Average coverage ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
\label{fig3}
\end{figure} 
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 32    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/ASR.pdf}  
\caption{Active sensors ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
\label{fig4}
\end{figure} 
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 33    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
%\vspace{-0.5cm}
%\begin{figure}[t]
%\centering
%\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/SR.pdf} 
%\caption{Cumulative percentage of stopped simulation runs for 150 deployed nodes }
%\label{fig6}
%\end{figure} 
%\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 34    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
%\vspace{-0.5cm}
%\begin{figure}[h!]
%\centering
%\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/T.pdf}  
%\caption{Execution Time (in seconds)}
%\label{fig77}
%\end{figure} 
%\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 35    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}%[h!]
\begin{columns}[c]
        \column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/EC95.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\      
\column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/EC50.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
\end{columns}
\caption{Energy consumption for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
\label{Figures/ch4t/R3/EC}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 36    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}%[h!]
\begin{columns}[c]
        \column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/LT95.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\      
\column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/LT50.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
\end{columns}
\caption{Network lifetime for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
\label{Figures/ch4/Rh3/EC}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}




\section{\small {Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization (PeCO)}}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 45    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and Models}

\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}%[h!]
\begin{columns}[c]
        \column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.40]{Figures/ch6/pcm.jpg} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\ 
\column{.50\textwidth}
$$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
\right).$$ 
\includegraphics[scale=0.40]{Figures/ch6/twosensors.jpg} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)   \\
\end{columns}
\caption{(a) Perimeter  coverage of sensor node  0 and (b) finding  the arc of
    $u$'s perimeter covered by $v$.}
  \label{pcm2sensors}
\end{figure}
\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 46    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and Models}

\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}%[h!]
\begin{columns}[c]
        \column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.33]{Figures/ch6/expcm2.jpg}  
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\ 
\column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.38]{Figures/tbl.jpeg} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)   \\
\end{columns}
\caption{(a) Maximum coverage levels for perimeter of sensor node $0$. and (b) Coverage intervals and contributing sensors for sensor node 0.}
  \label{pcm2sensors}
\end{figure}


\end{frame}

 

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 47    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ PeCO Protocol Algorithm}
\vspace{-0.7cm}
%\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo6.jpeg}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
 \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo3.png}
\end{figure} 
\end{frame}


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%%    SLIDE 48    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}
\vspace{-0.7cm}

\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.49]{Figures/modell3.pdf}  
\end{figure} 

\end{frame}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE     %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
 \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/ch6/R/CR.eps} 
\caption{Coverage ratio for 200 deployed nodes.}
\label{fig333}
\end{figure} 


\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE     %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}[h!]
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/ch6/R/ASR.eps}  
\caption{Active sensors ratio for 200 deployed nodes.}
\label{fig444}
\end{figure} 

\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE     %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}%[h!]
\begin{columns}[c]
        \column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/EC95.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\      
\column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/EC50.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
\end{columns}
\caption{Energy consumption per period for (a)~$Lifetime_{95}$ and (b)~$Lifetime_{50}$.}
  \label{fig3EC}
\end{figure}


\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE     %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
\vspace{-0.5cm}
\begin{figure}%[h!]
\begin{columns}[c]
        \column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/LT95.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\      
\column{.50\textwidth}
\includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/LT50.eps} 
\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
\end{columns}
\caption{Network Lifetime for (a)~$Lifetime_{95}$ and (b)~$Lifetime_{50}$.}
  \label{fig3LT}
\end{figure}

\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE     %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
%\vspace{-0.5cm}
%\begin{figure} [h!]
%\centering \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/ch6/R/LTa.eps}
%\caption{Network lifetime for different coverage ratios.}
%\label{figLTALL}
%\end{figure}
%\end{frame}



%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE     %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\section{\small {Conclusion and Perspectives}}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 50    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{Conclusion}
\begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]

\item  Two-step approaches are proposed to optimize both coverage and lifetime performances, where:
\begin{itemize}
\item Sensing field is divided into smaller subregions using divide-and-conquer method.
\item One of the proposed optimization protocols is applied in each subregion in a distributed parallel way.
\end{itemize}
\item The proposed protocols (DiLCO, MuDiLCO, PeCO) combine two efficient mechanisms: 
\begin{itemize}
\item Network leader election, and
\item Sensor activity scheduling based optimization.
\end{itemize}
\item Our protocols are periodic where each period consists of 4
phases:
\begin{itemize}
\item Information exchange,
\item Network leader election, 
\item Decision based optimization, 
\item Sensing.
\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}




\end{frame}


%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 51    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{Conclusion}
\begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]

\item DiLCO and PeCO provide a schedule for one round per period.
\item MuDiLCO provides a schedule for multiple rounds per period.
\item Comparison results show that DiLCO, MuDiLCO, and PeCO protocols:
\begin{itemize}
 \item maintain the coverage for a larger number of rounds.
 \item use less active nodes to save energy efficiently during sensing.
 \item are more powerful against network disconnections.
 \item perform the optimization with suitable execution times.
 \item consume less energy.
 \item prolong the network lifetime.

\end{itemize}
\end{enumerate}
\end{frame}

\begin{frame}{Conclusion}
\tiny
\begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Journal Articles}}
\begin{enumerate}[$\lbrack$1$\rbrack$]
\item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{Engineering Optimization, 2015, (Submitted)}.

\item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{Ad Hoc Networks, 2015, (Submitted)}. 

\item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{Journal of Supercomputing , 2015, (Submitted)}.
\end{enumerate}
\end{block}

\begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Technical Reports}}
 
\begin{enumerate}[$\lbrack$1$\rbrack$]
\item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el
Distributed lifetime coverage optimization protocol in wireless sensor networks. Technical Report DISC2014-X, University of Franche-Comte - FEMTO-ST Institute, DISC Research Department, Octobre 2014.
\end{enumerate}
\end{block}

\begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Conference Articles}}
\begin{enumerate}[$\lbrack$1$\rbrack$]
\item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el
Coverage and lifetime optimization in heterogeneous energy wireless sensor networks. In ICN 2014, The Thirteenth International Conference on Networks, pages 49–54, 2014.
\end{enumerate}
\end{block}

\end{frame}

%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
%%    SLIDE 52    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{Perspectives}
\begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
\item Investigate the optimal number of subregions.
\item Design a heterogeneous integrated optimization protocol to integrate coverage, routing, and data aggregation protocols.
\item Extend PeCO protocol so that the schedules are planned for multiple
sensing periods.
\item Consider particle swarm optimization or evolutionary algorithms to obtain quickly near optimal solutions.
\item Improve our mathematical models to take into account heterogeneous sensors from both energy and node characteristics point of views. 
%\item The cluster head will be selected in a distributed way and based on local information.
\end{enumerate}


\end{frame}


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%%    SLIDE 53    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
%\begin{frame}{Mes perspectives}
% 
%\end{frame}

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%%    SLIDE 54    %%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
\begin{frame}{Fin}
\begin{center}
\huge
\textcolor{BleuFemto}{Thank You for Your Attention!}\\\vspace{2cm}
\textcolor{BleuFemto}{Questions?}\\
\end{center}
\end{frame}
\end{document}
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