\select@language {english}
\contentsline {chapter}{Table of Contents}{4}{chapter*.1}
\contentsline {chapter}{List of Figures}{6}{chapter*.2}
\contentsline {chapter}{List of Tables}{7}{chapter*.3}
\contentsline {chapter}{List of Algorithms}{9}{chapter*.4}
\contentsline {chapter}{Introduction }{11}{chapter*.5}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {0.1}General Introduction}{11}{section.0.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {0.2}Motivation of the Dissertation}{12}{section.0.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {0.3}The Objective of this Dissertation}{12}{section.0.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {0.4}The main Contributions of this Dissertation}{13}{section.0.4}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {0.5}Dissertation Outline}{14}{section.0.5}
\contentsline {part}{I\hspace {1em}Scientific Background}{15}{part.1}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Wireless Sensor Networks}{17}{chapter.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{17}{section.1.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Wireless Sensor Network Architecture}{18}{section.1.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Types of Wireless Sensor Networks}{20}{section.1.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}Wireless Sensor Network Applications}{22}{section.1.4}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.5}The Main Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks}{25}{section.1.5}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.6}Energy-Efficient Mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks}{27}{section.1.6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.1}Energy-Efficient Routing:}{27}{subsection.1.6.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.1}Routing Metric based on Residual Energy:}{28}{subsubsection.1.6.1.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.2}Multipath Routing:}{28}{subsubsection.1.6.1.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.2}Cluster Architectures:}{28}{subsection.1.6.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.3}Scheduling Schemes:}{29}{subsection.1.6.3}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.1}Wake up Scheduling Schemes:}{29}{subsubsection.1.6.3.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.2}Topology Control Schemes:}{31}{subsubsection.1.6.3.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.4}Data-Driven Schemes:}{32}{subsection.1.6.4}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.1}Data Reduction Schemes}{32}{subsubsection.1.6.4.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.2}Energy Efficient Data Acquisition Schemes}{32}{subsubsection.1.6.4.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.5}Battery Repletion:}{33}{subsection.1.6.5}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.5.1}Energy Harvesting:}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.5.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.5.2}Wireless Charging:}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.5.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.6}Radio Optimization:}{33}{subsection.1.6.6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.7}Relay nodes and Sink Mobility:}{33}{subsection.1.6.7}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.1}Relay node placement:}{34}{subsubsection.1.6.7.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.2}Sink Mobility:}{34}{subsubsection.1.6.7.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.7}Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}{34}{section.1.7}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.8}Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks }{35}{section.1.8}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.9}Design Issues for Coverage Problems:}{36}{section.1.9}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.10}Energy Consumption Modeling:}{37}{section.1.10}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.11}Conclusion}{39}{section.1.11}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Related Literatures}{41}{chapter.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{41}{section.2.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Coverage Algorithms}{42}{section.2.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Centralized Algorithms}{43}{subsection.2.2.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}Distributed Algorithms}{45}{subsection.2.2.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Conclusion}{48}{section.2.3}
\contentsline {part}{II\hspace {1em}Contributions}{51}{part.2}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{53}{chapter.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Summary}{53}{section.3.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}DESCRIPTION OF THE DILCO PROTOCOL}{53}{section.3.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Assumptions and Network Model}{53}{subsection.3.2.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Primary Point Coverage Model}{54}{subsection.3.2.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Main Idea}{55}{subsection.3.2.3}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.1}Information Exchange Phase}{56}{subsubsection.3.2.3.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.2}Leader Election Phase}{57}{subsubsection.3.2.3.2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.3}Decision phase}{57}{subsubsection.3.2.3.3}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.4}Sensing phase}{57}{subsubsection.3.2.3.4}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}COVERAGE PROBLEM FORMULATION}{57}{section.3.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Simulation Results and Analysis}{59}{section.3.4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.1}Simulation Framework}{59}{subsection.3.4.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.2}Modeling Language and Optimization Solver}{60}{subsection.3.4.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.3}Energy Consumption Model}{60}{subsection.3.4.3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.4}Performance Metrics}{61}{subsection.3.4.4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.5}Performance Analysis for Different Subregions}{62}{subsection.3.4.5}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.1}Coverage Ratio}{62}{subsubsection.3.4.5.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{62}{subsubsection.3.4.5.2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.3}The percentage of stopped simulation runs}{63}{subsubsection.3.4.5.3}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.4}The Energy Consumption}{64}{subsubsection.3.4.5.4}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.5}Execution Time}{65}{subsubsection.3.4.5.5}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.6}The Network Lifetime}{66}{subsubsection.3.4.5.6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.6}Performance Analysis for Primary Point Models}{67}{subsection.3.4.6}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.1}Coverage Ratio}{67}{subsubsection.3.4.6.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{68}{subsubsection.3.4.6.2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.3}The percentage of stopped simulation runs}{69}{subsubsection.3.4.6.3}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.4}The Energy Consumption}{69}{subsubsection.3.4.6.4}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.5}Execution Time}{70}{subsubsection.3.4.6.5}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.6}The Network Lifetime}{71}{subsubsection.3.4.6.6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.7}Performance Comparison with other Approaches}{71}{subsection.3.4.7}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.7.1}Coverage Ratio}{72}{subsubsection.3.4.7.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.7.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{73}{subsubsection.3.4.7.2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.7.3}The percentage of stopped simulation runs}{74}{subsubsection.3.4.7.3}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.7.4}The Energy Consumption}{74}{subsubsection.3.4.7.4}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.7.5}The Network Lifetime}{76}{subsubsection.3.4.7.5}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.5}Conclusion}{77}{section.3.5}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{79}{chapter.4}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Summary}{79}{section.4.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}MuDiLCO protocol description}{79}{section.4.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Background Idea}{79}{subsection.4.2.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Information Exchange Phase}{80}{subsection.4.2.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.3}Leader Election phase}{80}{subsection.4.2.3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.4}Decision phase}{81}{subsection.4.2.4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.5}Sensing phase}{82}{subsection.4.2.5}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Experimental Study and Analysis}{82}{section.4.3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}Simulation Setup}{82}{subsection.4.3.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.2}Metrics}{83}{subsection.4.3.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.3}Results analysis and Comparison }{85}{subsection.4.3.3}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.4}Coverage ratio}{85}{subsection.4.3.4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.5}Active sensors ratio}{85}{subsection.4.3.5}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.6}Stopped simulation runs}{86}{subsection.4.3.6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.7}Energy consumption}{87}{subsection.4.3.7}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.8}Execution time}{87}{subsection.4.3.8}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.9}Network lifetime}{88}{subsection.4.3.9}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Conclusion}{88}{section.4.4}
\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}{91}{chapter.5}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}summary}{91}{section.5.1}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}THE PeCO PROTOCOL DESCRIPTION}{91}{section.5.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Assumptions and Models}{91}{subsection.5.2.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.2}The Main Idea}{94}{subsection.5.2.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.3}PeCO Protocol Algorithm}{95}{subsection.5.2.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}{96}{section.5.3}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Performance Evaluation and Analysis}{98}{section.5.4}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Simulation Settings}{98}{subsection.5.4.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}Simulation Results}{98}{subsection.5.4.2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.2.1}Coverage Ratio}{99}{subsubsection.5.4.2.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.2.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{99}{subsubsection.5.4.2.2}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.2.3}The Energy Consumption}{100}{subsubsection.5.4.2.3}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.2.4}The Network Lifetime}{100}{subsubsection.5.4.2.4}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}Conclusion}{101}{section.5.5}
\contentsline {part}{III\hspace {1em}Conclusion and Perspectives}{103}{part.3}
\contentsline {part}{Bibliographie}{114}{chapter*.6}