Update

[ThesisAli.git] / CHAPITRE_06.tex

diff --git a/CHAPITRE_06.tex b/CHAPITRE_06.tex
index d7479d2127758df71a13e664505142865924f4bc..f4e8bb04696358a5430ae6dd426c49e1bee49cec 100755 (executable)
--- a/CHAPITRE_06.tex
+++ b/CHAPITRE_06.tex
@@ -3,28 +3,30 @@
 %%       CHAPTER 06        %%
 %%                          %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%       CHAPTER 06        %%
 %%                          %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-
-\chapter{Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}
+ \chapter{ Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}

 \label{ch6}
 
 
 \label{ch6}
 
 

-\section{Summary}
+\section{Introduction}

 \label{ch6:sec:01}
 
 \label{ch6:sec:01}
 

-The most important problem in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is to optimize the
-use of its limited energy provision, so that it can fulfill its monitoring task
-as long as  possible. Among  known  available approaches  that can  be used  to
-improve  power  management,  lifetime coverage  optimization  provides  activity
-scheduling which ensures sensing coverage while minimizing the energy cost. In
-this paper,  we propose such an approach called Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization
-protocol (PeCO). It is a  hybrid of centralized and distributed methods: the
-region of interest is first subdivided into subregions and our protocol is then
-distributed among sensor nodes in each  subregion.
-The novelty of our approach lies essentially in the formulation of a new
-mathematical optimization  model based on the  perimeter coverage level  to schedule
-sensors' activities.  Extensive simulation experiments have been performed using
-OMNeT++, the  discrete event simulator, to  demonstrate that PeCO  can
-offer longer lifetime coverage for WSNs in comparison with some other protocols.
+%The continuous progress in Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and wireless communication hardware  has given rise to the opportunity to use large networks of tiny sensors, called Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN)~\cite{ref1,ref223}, to fulfill monitoring tasks. The features of a WSN made it suitable for a wide range of application  in areas such as business,  environment, health, industry, military, and so on~\cite{ref4}. These large number of applications have led to different design, management, and operational challenges in WSNs. The challenges become harder with considering into account the main limited capabilities of the sensor nodes such memory, processing, battery life,  bandwidth, and short radio ranges. One important feature that distinguish the WSN from the other types of wireless networks is the provision of the sensing capability for the sensor nodes \cite{ref224}.
+
+%The sensor node consumes some energy both in performing the sensing task and in transmitting the sensed data to the sink. Therefore, it is required to activate as less number as possible of sensor nodes that can monitor the whole area of interest so as to reduce the data volume and extend the network lifetime. The sensing coverage is the most important task of the WSNs since sensing unit of the sensor node is responsible for measuring physical,  chemical, or  biological  phenomena in the sensing field. The main challenge of any sensing coverage problem is to discover the redundant sensor node and turn off those nodes in WSN \cite{ref225}. The redundant sensor node is a node whose sensing area is covered by its active neighbors. In previous works, several approaches are used to find out the redundant node such as Voronoi diagram method, sponsored sector, crossing coverage, and perimeter coverage. 
+
+In this chapter,  we propose an approach called Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization
+protocol (PeCO). 
+%The PeCO protocol merges between two energy efficient mechanisms, which are used the main advantages of the centralized and distributed approaches and avoids the most of their disadvantages. An energy-efficient activity scheduling mechanism based new optimization model is performed by each leader in the subregions. 
+The framework is similar to the one described in chapter 4, section \ref{ch4:sec:02:03}, but in this approach, the optimization model is based on the perimeter coverage model in order to producing the optimal cover set of active sensors, which are taken the responsibility of sensing during the current period. 
+
+
+The rest of the chapter is  organized as follows. The next section is devoted to the PeCO protocol description and section~\ref{ch6:sec:03} focuses on the
+coverage model formulation which is used  to schedule the activation  of sensor
+nodes based on perimeter coverage model.  Section~\ref{ch6:sec:04}  presents simulations
+results and discusses the comparison  with other approaches. Finally, concluding
+remarks   are  drawn in section~\ref{ch6:sec:05}.
+
+

 
 \section{The PeCO Protocol Description}
 \label{ch6:sec:02}
 
 \section{The PeCO Protocol Description}
 \label{ch6:sec:02}


@@ -39,11 +41,11 @@ executed by each node.
 
 \subsection{Assumptions and Models}
 \label{ch6:sec:02:01}
 
 \subsection{Assumptions and Models}
 \label{ch6:sec:02:01}

-PeCO protocol uses the same assumptions and network model that presented in chapter 4, section \ref{ch4:sec:02:01}.
+The PeCO protocol uses the same assumptions and network model that presented in chapter 4, section \ref{ch4:sec:02:01}.

 
 The PeCO protocol  uses the  same perimeter-coverage  model as  Huang and
 Tseng in~\cite{ref133}. It  can be expressed as follows:  a sensor is
 
 The PeCO protocol  uses the  same perimeter-coverage  model as  Huang and
 Tseng in~\cite{ref133}. It  can be expressed as follows:  a sensor is

-said to be perimeter  covered if all the points on its  perimeter are covered by
+said to be a perimeter covered if all the points on its  perimeter are covered by

 at least  one sensor  other than  itself.  They  proved that  a network  area is
 $k$-covered if and only if each sensor in the network is $k$-perimeter-covered (perimeter covered by at least $k$ sensors).
   
 at least  one sensor  other than  itself.  They  proved that  a network  area is
 $k$-covered if and only if each sensor in the network is $k$-perimeter-covered (perimeter covered by at least $k$ sensors).
   


@@ -81,7 +83,7 @@ obtained through  the formula: $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 Every couple of intersection points is placed on the angular interval $[0,2\pi]$
 in  a  counterclockwise manner,  leading  to  a  partitioning of  the  interval.
 Figure~\ref{pcm2sensors}(a)  illustrates  the arcs  for  the  nine neighbors  of
 Every couple of intersection points is placed on the angular interval $[0,2\pi]$
 in  a  counterclockwise manner,  leading  to  a  partitioning of  the  interval.
 Figure~\ref{pcm2sensors}(a)  illustrates  the arcs  for  the  nine neighbors  of

-sensor $0$ and  Figure~\ref{expcm} gives the position of  the corresponding arcs
+sensor $0$ and  Figure~\ref{expcm} gives the position of the corresponding arcs

 in  the interval  $[0,2\pi]$. More  precisely, we  can see  that the  points are
 ordered according  to the  measures of  the angles  defined by  their respective
 positions. The intersection points are  then visited one after another, starting
 in  the interval  $[0,2\pi]$. More  precisely, we  can see  that the  points are
 ordered according  to the  measures of  the angles  defined by  their respective
 positions. The intersection points are  then visited one after another, starting


@@ -135,13 +137,7 @@ above is thus given by the sixth line of the table.
 \end{table}
 
 
 \end{table}
 
 

-In the PeCO  protocol, the scheduling of the sensor  nodes' activities is formulated  with an
-integer program  based on  coverage intervals. The  formulation of  the coverage
-optimization problem is  detailed in~section~\ref{ch6:sec:03}.  Note that  when a sensor
-node  has a  part of  its sensing  range outside  the WSN  sensing field,  as in
-Figure~\ref{ex4pcm}, the maximum coverage level for  this arc is set to $\infty$
-and  the  corresponding  interval  will  not   be  taken  into  account  by  the
-optimization algorithm.
+In the PeCO  protocol, the scheduling of the sensor  nodes' activities is formulated  as an integer program  based on  coverage intervals. The  formulation of  the coverage optimization problem is  detailed in~section~\ref{ch6:sec:03}.  Note that  when a sensor node  has a  part of  its sensing  range outside  the WSN  sensing field,  as in Figure~\ref{ex4pcm}, the maximum coverage level for  this arc is set to $\infty$ and  the  corresponding  interval  will  not   be  taken  into  account  by  the optimization algorithm.

 
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]


@@ -152,8 +148,9 @@ optimization algorithm.
 \end{figure} 
 
 
 \end{figure} 
 
 

-
-
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% This section deleted %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+\iffalse

 
 \subsection{The Main Idea}
 \label{ch6:sec:02:02}
 
 \subsection{The Main Idea}
 \label{ch6:sec:02:02}


@@ -163,23 +160,9 @@ homogeneous subregions  using a divide-and-conquer  algorithm. In a  second step
 our  protocol  will  be  executed  in a distributed way in each subregion
 simultaneously to schedule nodes' activities for one sensing period.
 
 our  protocol  will  be  executed  in a distributed way in each subregion
 simultaneously to schedule nodes' activities for one sensing period.
 

-As  shown in  Figure~\ref{fig2}, node  activity  scheduling is  produced by  our
-protocol in a periodic manner. Each period is divided into 4 stages: Information
-(INFO)  Exchange,  Leader Election,  Decision  (the  result of  an  optimization
-problem),  and  Sensing.   For  each  period there  is  exactly  one  set  cover
-responsible for  the sensing task.  Protocols  based on a periodic  scheme, like
-PeCO, are more  robust against an unexpected  node failure. On the  one hand, if
-a node failure is discovered before  taking the decision, the corresponding sensor
-node will  not be considered  by the optimization  algorithm. On  the other
-hand, if the sensor failure happens after  the decision, the sensing task of the
-network will be temporarily affected: only  during the period of sensing until a
-new period starts, since a new set cover will take charge of the sensing task in
-the next period. The energy consumption and some other constraints can easily be
-taken  into  account since  the  sensors  can  update  and then  exchange  their
-information (including their  residual energy) at the beginning  of each period.
-However, the pre-sensing  phases (INFO Exchange, Leader  Election, and Decision)
-are energy consuming, even for nodes that will not join the set cover to monitor
-the area.
+As  shown in  Figure~\ref{fig2}, node  activity  scheduling is  produced by  our protocol in a periodic manner. Each period is divided into 4 stages: Information (INFO)  Exchange,  Leader Election,  Decision  (the  result of  an  optimization problem),  and  Sensing.   For  each  period, there  is  exactly  one  set  cover responsible for  the sensing task.  Protocols  based on a periodic  scheme, like PeCO, are more  robust against an unexpected  node failure. On the  one hand, if a node failure is discovered before  taking the decision, the corresponding sensor
+node will  not be considered  by the optimization  algorithm. On  the other hand, if the sensor failure happens after  the decision, the sensing task of the network will be temporarily affected: only  during the period of sensing until a new period starts, since a new set cover will take charge of the sensing task in the next period. The energy consumption and some other constraints can easily be taken  into  account since  the  sensors  can  update  and then  exchange  their information (including their  residual energy) at the beginning  of each period. However, the pre-sensing  phases (INFO Exchange, Leader  Election, and Decision)
+are energy consuming, even for nodes that will not join the set cover to monitor the area.

 
 \begin{figure}[t!]
 \centering
 
 \begin{figure}[t!]
 \centering


@@ -188,8 +171,9 @@ the area.
 \label{fig2}
 \end{figure} 
 
 \label{fig2}
 \end{figure} 
 

-
-
+\fi
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
+%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

 
 \subsection{PeCO Protocol Algorithm}
 \label{ch6:sec:02:03}
 
 \subsection{PeCO Protocol Algorithm}
 \label{ch6:sec:02:03}


@@ -197,7 +181,7 @@ the area.
 
 \noindent The  pseudocode implementing the protocol on a node is  given below.
 More  precisely,  Algorithm~\ref{alg:PeCO}  gives  a brief  description  of  the
 
 \noindent The  pseudocode implementing the protocol on a node is  given below.
 More  precisely,  Algorithm~\ref{alg:PeCO}  gives  a brief  description  of  the

-protocol applied by a sensor node $s_k$ where $k$ is the node index in the WSN.
+protocol applied by a sensor node $s_j$ where $j$ is the node index in the WSN.

 
 \begin{algorithm}[h!]                
  % \KwIn{all the parameters related to information exchange}
 
 \begin{algorithm}[h!]                
  % \KwIn{all the parameters related to information exchange}


@@ -206,54 +190,54 @@ protocol applied by a sensor node $s_k$ where $k$ is the node index in the WSN.
   %\emph{Initialize the sensor node and determine it's position and subregion} \; 
   
   \If{ $RE_k \geq E_{th}$ }{
   %\emph{Initialize the sensor node and determine it's position and subregion} \; 
   
   \If{ $RE_k \geq E_{th}$ }{

-      \emph{$s_k.status$ = COMMUNICATION}\;
+      \emph{$s_j.status$ = COMMUNICATION}\;

       \emph{Send $INFO()$ packet to other nodes in subregion}\;
       \emph{Wait $INFO()$ packet from other nodes in subregion}\; 
       \emph{Send $INFO()$ packet to other nodes in subregion}\;
       \emph{Wait $INFO()$ packet from other nodes in subregion}\; 

-      \emph{Update K.CurrentSize}\;
+      \emph{Update A.CurrentSize}\;

       \emph{LeaderID = Leader election}\;
       \emph{LeaderID = Leader election}\;

-      \If{$ s_k.ID = LeaderID $}{
-         \emph{$s_k.status$ = COMPUTATION}\;
+      \If{$ s_j.ID = LeaderID $}{
+         \emph{$s_j.status$ = COMPUTATION}\;

          
          

-      \If{$ s_k.ID $ is Not previously selected as a Leader }{
+      \If{$ s_j.ID $ is Not previously selected as a Leader }{

           \emph{ Execute the perimeter coverage model}\;
          % \emph{ Determine the segment points using perimeter coverage model}\;
       }
       
           \emph{ Execute the perimeter coverage model}\;
          % \emph{ Determine the segment points using perimeter coverage model}\;
       }
       

-      \If{$ (s_k.ID $ is the same Previous Leader) And (K.CurrentSize = K.PreviousSize)}{
+      \If{$ (s_j.ID $ is the same Previous Leader) And (A.CurrentSize = A.PreviousSize)}{

       
         \emph{ Use the same previous cover set for current sensing stage}\;
       }
       \Else{
             \emph{Update $a^j_{ik}$; prepare data for IP~Algorithm}\;
       
         \emph{ Use the same previous cover set for current sensing stage}\;
       }
       \Else{
             \emph{Update $a^j_{ik}$; prepare data for IP~Algorithm}\;

-            \emph{$\left\{\left(X_{1},\dots,X_{l},\dots,X_{K}\right)\right\}$ = Execute Integer Program Algorithm($K$)}\;
-            \emph{K.PreviousSize = K.CurrentSize}\;
+            \emph{$\left\{\left(X_{1},\dots,X_{k},\dots,X_{A}\right)\right\}$ = Execute Integer Program Algorithm($A$)}\;
+            \emph{A.PreviousSize = A.CurrentSize}\;

            }
       
            }
       

-        \emph{$s_k.status$ = COMMUNICATION}\;
-        \emph{Send $ActiveSleep()$ to each node $l$ in subregion}\;
-        \emph{Update $RE_k $}\;
+        \emph{$s_j.status$ = COMMUNICATION}\;
+        \emph{Send $ActiveSleep()$ to each node $k$ in subregion}\;
+        \emph{Update $RE_j $}\;

       }          
       \Else{
       }          
       \Else{

-        \emph{$s_k.status$ = LISTENING}\;
+        \emph{$s_j.status$ = LISTENING}\;

         \emph{Wait $ActiveSleep()$ packet from the Leader}\;
         \emph{Wait $ActiveSleep()$ packet from the Leader}\;

-        \emph{Update $RE_k $}\;
+        \emph{Update $RE_j $}\;

       }  
   }
       }  
   }

-  \Else { Exclude $s_k$ from entering in the current sensing stage}
-\caption{PeCO($s_k$)}
+  \Else { Exclude $s_j$ from entering in the current sensing stage}
+\caption{PeCO($s_j$)}

 \label{alg:PeCO}
 \end{algorithm}
 
 \label{alg:PeCO}
 \end{algorithm}
 

-In this  algorithm, K.CurrentSize and K.PreviousSize  respectively represent the
+In this  algorithm, A.CurrentSize and A.PreviousSize  respectively represent the

 current number and  the previous number of living nodes in  the subnetwork of the
 current number and  the previous number of living nodes in  the subnetwork of the

-subregion.  Initially, the sensor node checks its remaining energy $RE_k$, which
+subregion.  Initially, the sensor node checks its remaining energy $RE_j$, which

 must be greater than a threshold $E_{th}$ in order to participate in the current
 period.  Each  sensor node  determines its position  and its subregion  using an
 embedded  GPS or a  location discovery  algorithm. After  that, all  the sensors
 collect position coordinates,  remaining energy, sensor node ID,  and the number
 of their  one-hop live  neighbors during the  information exchange.  The sensors
 inside a same region cooperate to elect a leader. The selection criteria for the
 must be greater than a threshold $E_{th}$ in order to participate in the current
 period.  Each  sensor node  determines its position  and its subregion  using an
 embedded  GPS or a  location discovery  algorithm. After  that, all  the sensors
 collect position coordinates,  remaining energy, sensor node ID,  and the number
 of their  one-hop live  neighbors during the  information exchange.  The sensors
 inside a same region cooperate to elect a leader. The selection criteria for the

-leader, in order of priority,  are: larger numbers of neighbors, larger remaining
+leader, in order of priority,  are larger numbers of neighbors, larger remaining

 energy, and  then in case  of equality, larger  index.  Once chosen,  the leader
 collects information to formulate and  solve the integer program which allows to
 construct the set of active sensors in the sensing stage.
 energy, and  then in case  of equality, larger  index.  Once chosen,  the leader
 collects information to formulate and  solve the integer program which allows to
 construct the set of active sensors in the sensing stage.


@@ -270,8 +254,8 @@ section.
 
 First, we have the following sets:
 \begin{itemize}
 
 First, we have the following sets:
 \begin{itemize}

-\item $S$ represents the set of WSN sensor nodes;
-\item $A \subseteq S $ is the subset of alive sensors;
+\item $J$ represents the set of WSN sensor nodes;
+\item $A \subseteq J $ is the subset of alive sensors;

 \item  $I_j$  designates  the  set  of  coverage  intervals  (CI)  obtained  for
   sensor~$j$.
 \end{itemize}
 \item  $I_j$  designates  the  set  of  coverage  intervals  (CI)  obtained  for
   sensor~$j$.
 \end{itemize}


@@ -306,24 +290,23 @@ sensor $j$  is given by  $\sum_{k \in A} a^j_{ik}  X_k$.  To extend  the network
 lifetime,  the objective  is to  activate a  minimal number  of sensors  in each
 period to  ensure the  desired coverage  level. As the  number of  alive sensors
 decreases, it becomes impossible to reach  the desired level of coverage for all
 lifetime,  the objective  is to  activate a  minimal number  of sensors  in each
 period to  ensure the  desired coverage  level. As the  number of  alive sensors
 decreases, it becomes impossible to reach  the desired level of coverage for all

-coverage intervals. Therefore we use variables  $M^j_i$ and $V^j_i$ as a measure
+coverage intervals. Therefore, we use variables  $M^j_i$ and $V^j_i$ as a measure

 of the  deviation between  the desired  number of active  sensors in  a coverage
 interval and  the effective  number. And  we try  to minimize  these deviations,
 first to  force the  activation of  a minimal  number of  sensors to  ensure the
 desired coverage level, and if the desired level cannot be completely satisfied,
 to reach a coverage level as close as possible to the desired one.
 
 of the  deviation between  the desired  number of active  sensors in  a coverage
 interval and  the effective  number. And  we try  to minimize  these deviations,
 first to  force the  activation of  a minimal  number of  sensors to  ensure the
 desired coverage level, and if the desired level cannot be completely satisfied,
 to reach a coverage level as close as possible to the desired one.
 

-

 Our coverage optimization problem can then be mathematically expressed as follows: 
 %Objective:
 \begin{equation} %\label{eq:ip2r}
 \left \{
 \begin{array}{ll}
 Our coverage optimization problem can then be mathematically expressed as follows: 
 %Objective:
 \begin{equation} %\label{eq:ip2r}
 \left \{
 \begin{array}{ll}

-\min \sum_{j \in S} \sum_{i \in I_j} (\alpha^j_i ~ M^j_i + \beta^j_i ~ V^j_i )&\\
+\min \sum_{j \in J} \sum_{i \in I_j} (\alpha^j_i ~ M^j_i + \beta^j_i ~ V^j_i )&\\

 \textrm{subject to :}&\\
 \textrm{subject to :}&\\

-\sum_{k \in A} ( a^j_{ik} ~ X_{k}) + M^j_i  \geq l \quad \forall i \in I_j, \forall j \in S\\
+\sum_{k \in A} ( a^j_{ik} ~ X_{k}) + M^j_i  \geq l \quad \forall i \in I_j, \forall j \in J\\

 %\label{c1} 
 %\label{c1} 

-\sum_{k \in A} ( a^j_{ik} ~ X_{k}) - V^j_i  \leq l \quad \forall i \in I_j, \forall j \in S\\
+\sum_{k \in A} ( a^j_{ik} ~ X_{k}) - V^j_i  \leq l \quad \forall i \in I_j, \forall j \in J\\

 % \label{c2}
 % \Theta_{p}\in \mathbb{N}, &\forall p \in P\\
 % U_{p} \in \{0,1\}, &\forall p \in P\\
 % \label{c2}
 % \Theta_{p}\in \mathbb{N}, &\forall p \in P\\
 % U_{p} \in \{0,1\}, &\forall p \in P\\


@@ -336,7 +319,7 @@ $\alpha^j_i$ and $\beta^j_i$  are nonnegative weights selected  according to the
 relative importance of satisfying the associated level of coverage. For example,
 weights associated with  coverage intervals of a specified part  of a region may
 be  given by a  relatively larger  magnitude than  weights associated  with another
 relative importance of satisfying the associated level of coverage. For example,
 weights associated with  coverage intervals of a specified part  of a region may
 be  given by a  relatively larger  magnitude than  weights associated  with another

-region. This  kind of integer program  is inspired from the  model developed for
+region. This kind of an integer program is inspired from the model developed for

 brachytherapy treatment planning  for optimizing dose  distribution
 \cite{0031-9155-44-1-012}. The integer  program must be solved by  the leader in
 each subregion at the beginning of  each sensing phase, whenever the environment
 brachytherapy treatment planning  for optimizing dose  distribution
 \cite{0031-9155-44-1-012}. The integer  program must be solved by  the leader in
 each subregion at the beginning of  each sensing phase, whenever the environment


@@ -392,26 +375,18 @@ To obtain experimental results which are relevant,  simulations  with  five
 different node densities going from  100 to 300~nodes were performed considering
 each time 25~randomly  generated networks. The nodes are deployed  on a field of
 interest of $(50 \times 25)~m^2 $ in such a way that they cover the field with a
 different node densities going from  100 to 300~nodes were performed considering
 each time 25~randomly  generated networks. The nodes are deployed  on a field of
 interest of $(50 \times 25)~m^2 $ in such a way that they cover the field with a

-high coverage ratio. Each node has an  initial energy level, in Joules, which is
-randomly drawn in the interval $[500-700]$. If its energy provision reaches a
-value below  the threshold $E_{th}=36$~Joules,  the minimum energy needed  for a
-node  to stay  active during  one period,  it will no more  participate in the
-coverage task. This value corresponds to the energy needed by the sensing phase,
-obtained by multiplying the energy consumed in active state (9.72 mW) with the
-time in seconds for one  period (3600 seconds), and  adding the energy  for the
-pre-sensing phases. According  to the interval of initial energy,  a sensor may
-be active during at most 20 periods.
+high coverage ratio. 
+%Each node has an  initial energy level, in Joules, which is randomly drawn in the interval $[500-700]$. If its energy provision reaches a value below  the threshold $E_{th}=36$~Joules,  the minimum energy needed  for a node  to stay  active during  one period,  it will no more  participate in the coverage task. This value corresponds to the energy needed by the sensing phase, obtained by multiplying the energy consumed in active state (9.72 mW) with the time in seconds for one  period (3600 seconds), and  adding the energy  for the pre-sensing phases. According  to the interval of initial energy,  a sensor may be active during at most 20 periods.

 
 
 The values  of $\alpha^j_i$ and  $\beta^j_i$ have been  chosen to ensure  a good
 network coverage and a longer WSN lifetime.  We have given a higher priority to
 
 
 The values  of $\alpha^j_i$ and  $\beta^j_i$ have been  chosen to ensure  a good
 network coverage and a longer WSN lifetime.  We have given a higher priority to

-the  undercoverage  (by  setting  the  $\alpha^j_i$ with  a  larger  value  than
+the undercoverage  (by  setting  the  $\alpha^j_i$ with  a  larger  value  than

 $\beta^j_i$)  so as  to prevent  the non-coverage  for the  interval~$i$ of  the
 sensor~$j$.  On the  other hand,  we have assigned to
 $\beta^j_i$)  so as  to prevent  the non-coverage  for the  interval~$i$ of  the
 sensor~$j$.  On the  other hand,  we have assigned to

-$\beta^j_i$ a value which is slightly lower so as to minimize the number of active sensor nodes which contribute
-in covering the interval.
+$\beta^j_i$ a value which is slightly lower so as to minimize the number of active sensor nodes which contribute in covering the interval.

 
 

-We applied the performance metrics, which are described in chapter 4, section \ref{ch4:sec:04:04} in order to evaluate the efficiency of our approach. We used the modeling language and the optimization solver which are mentioned in chapter 4, section \ref{ch4:sec:04:02}. In addition, we employed an energy consumption model, which is presented in chapter 4, section \ref{ch4:sec:04:03}.
+With the performance metrics, described in chapter 4, section \ref{ch4:sec:04:04}, we evaluate the efficiency of our approach. We use the modeling language and the optimization solver which are mentioned in chapter 4, section \ref{ch4:sec:04:02}. In addition, we use the same energy consumption model, presented in chapter 4, section \ref{ch4:sec:04:03}.

 
 
 \subsection{Simulation Results}
 
 
 \subsection{Simulation Results}


@@ -510,9 +485,9 @@ is about twice longer with  PeCO compared to DESK protocol.  The performance
 difference    is    more    obvious   in    Figure~\ref{fig3LT}(b)    than    in
 Figure~\ref{fig3LT}(a) because the gain induced  by our protocols increases with
  time, and the lifetime with a coverage  of 50\% is far  longer than with
 difference    is    more    obvious   in    Figure~\ref{fig3LT}(b)    than    in
 Figure~\ref{fig3LT}(a) because the gain induced  by our protocols increases with
  time, and the lifetime with a coverage  of 50\% is far  longer than with

-95\%.
+95\%. 

 
 

-\begin{figure}[h!]
+\begin{figure} [p]

   \centering
   \begin{tabular}{@{}cr@{}}
     \includegraphics[scale=0.8]{Figures/ch6/R/LT95.eps} & \raisebox{4cm}{(a)} \\  
   \centering
   \begin{tabular}{@{}cr@{}}
     \includegraphics[scale=0.8]{Figures/ch6/R/LT95.eps} & \raisebox{4cm}{(a)} \\  


@@ -534,16 +509,16 @@ lower  coverage  ratios,  moreover  the   improvements  grow  with  the  network
 size. DiLCO is better  for coverage ratios near 100\%, but in  that case PeCO is
 not ineffective for the smallest network sizes.
 
 size. DiLCO is better  for coverage ratios near 100\%, but in  that case PeCO is
 not ineffective for the smallest network sizes.
 

-\begin{figure}[h!]
+\begin{figure} [p]

 \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.8]{Figures/ch6/R/LTa.eps}
 \caption{Network lifetime for different coverage ratios.}
 \label{figLTALL}
 \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.8]{Figures/ch6/R/LTa.eps}
 \caption{Network lifetime for different coverage ratios.}
 \label{figLTALL}

-\end{figure} 
+\end{figure}

 
 
 
 

-
-\section{Conclusion}
-\label{ch6:sec:04}
+ %\FloatBarrier
+\section{Conclusion} 
+\label{ch6:sec:05}

 
 In this chapter, we have studied the problem of  Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization in
 WSNs. We have designed  a new protocol, called Perimeter-based  Coverage Optimization, which
 
 In this chapter, we have studied the problem of  Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization in
 WSNs. We have designed  a new protocol, called Perimeter-based  Coverage Optimization, which