-
-Our protocol is declined into four versions: MuDiLCO-1, MuDiLCO-3, MuDiLCO-5,
-and MuDiLCO-7, corresponding respectively to $T=1,3,5,7$ ($T$ the number of
-rounds in one sensing period). In the following, we will make comparisons with
-two other methods. The first method, called DESK and proposed by \cite{DESK},
-is a full distributed coverage algorithm. The second method, called
-GAF~\cite{GAF}, consists in dividing the region into fixed squares.
-During the decision phase, in each square, one sensor is then chosen to remain
-active during the sensing phase time.
-
-Some preliminary experiments were performed in chapter 3 to study the choice of the number of
-subregions which subdivides the sensing field, considering different network
-sizes. They show that as the number of subregions increases, so does the network
-lifetime. Moreover, it makes the MuDiLCO protocol more robust against random
-network disconnection due to node failures. However, too many subdivisions
-reduce the advantage of the optimization. In fact, there is a balance between
-the benefit from the optimization and the execution time needed to solve
-it. Therefore, we have set the number of subregions to 16 rather than 32.
-
-We used the modeling language and the optimization solver which are mentioned in chapter 3, section \ref{ch3:sec:04:02}. In addition, we employed an energy consumption model, which is presented in chapter 3, section \ref{ch3:sec:04:03}.
-
-%The initial energy of each node is randomly set in the interval $[500;700]$. A sensor node will not participate in the next round if its remaining energy is less than $E_{R}=36~\mbox{Joules}$, the minimum energy needed for the node to stay alive during one round. This value has been computed by multiplying the energy consumed in active state (9.72 mW) by the time in second for one round (3600 seconds). According to the interval of initial energy, a sensor may be alive during at most 20 rounds.
-
-\subsection{Metrics}
-\label{ch4:sec:03:02}
-To evaluate our approach we consider the following performance metrics:
-
-\begin{enumerate}[i]
-
-\item {{\bf Coverage Ratio (CR)}:} the coverage ratio measures how much of the area
- of a sensor field is covered. In our case, the sensing field is represented as
- a connected grid of points and we use each grid point as a sample point to
- compute the coverage. The coverage ratio can be calculated by:
+
+Simulations with five different node densities going from 50 to 250~nodes were
+performed considering each time 25~randomly generated networks, to obtain
+experimental results which are relevant. The nodes are deployed on a field of
+interest of $(50 \times 25)~m^2 $ in such a way that they cover the field with a
+high coverage ratio.
+
+
+\subsection{Modeling Language and Optimization Solver}
+\label{ch4:sec:04:02}
+The modeling language for Mathematical Programming (AMPL)~\cite{AMPL} is employed to generate the integer program instance in a standard format, which is then read and solved by the optimization solver GLPK (GNU linear Programming Kit available in the public domain) \cite{glpk} through a Branch-and-Bound method.
+
+\subsection{Energy Consumption Model}
+\label{ch4:sec:04:03}
+
+\indent In this dissertation, we used an energy consumption model proposed by~\cite{DESK} and based on \cite{ref112} with slight modifications. The energy consumption for sending/receiving the packets is added, whereas the part related to the dynamic sensing range is removed because we consider a fixed sensing range.
+
+\indent For our energy consumption model, we refer to the sensor node Medusa~II which uses an Atmel's AVR ATmega103L microcontroller~\cite{ref112}. The typical architecture of a sensor is composed of four subsystems: the MCU subsystem which is capable of computation, communication subsystem (radio) which is responsible for transmitting/receiving messages, the sensing subsystem that collects data, and the power supply which powers the complete sensor node \cite{ref112}. Each of the first three subsystems can be turned on or off depending on the current status of the sensor. Energy consumption (expressed in milliWatt per second) for the different status of the sensor is summarized in Table~\ref{table1}.
+
+\begin{table}[ht]
+\caption{Energy Consumption Model}
+% title of Table
+\centering
+% used for centering table
+\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|}
+% centered columns (4 columns)
+ \hline
+%inserts double horizontal lines
+Sensor status & MCU & Radio & Sensing & Power (mW) \\ [0.5ex]
+\hline
+% inserts single horizontal line
+LISTENING & on & on & on & 20.05 \\
+% inserting body of the table
+\hline
+ACTIVE & on & off & on & 9.72 \\
+\hline
+SLEEP & off & off & off & 0.02 \\
+\hline
+COMPUTATION & on & on & on & 26.83 \\
+%\hline
+%\multicolumn{4}{|c|}{Energy needed to send/receive a 1-bit} & 0.2575\\
+ \hline
+\end{tabular}
+
+\label{table1}
+% is used to refer this table in the text
+\end{table}
+
+\indent For the sake of simplicity we ignore the energy needed to turn on the radio, to start up the sensor node, to move from one status to another, etc. Thus, when a sensor becomes active (i.e., it has already received its status from leader), it can turn its radio off to save battery. DiLCO uses two types of packets
+for communication. The size of the INFO packet and Active-Sleep packet
+are 112 bits and 16 bits respectively. The value of energy spent to send a 1-bit-content message is obtained by using the equation in ~\cite{ref112} to calculate the energy cost for transmitting messages and we propose the same value for receiving the packets. The energy needed to send or receive a 1-bit packet is equal to $0.2575~mW$.
+
+%We have used an energy consumption model, which is presented in chapter 1, section \ref{ch1:sec9:subsec2}.
+
+The initial energy of each node is randomly set in the interval $[500;700]$. A sensor node will not participate in the next round if its remaining energy is less than $E_{th}=36~\mbox{Joules}$, the minimum energy needed for the node to stay alive during one round. This value has been computed by multiplying the energy consumed in the active state (9.72 mW) by the time in second for one round (3600 seconds), and adding the energy for the pre-sensing phases. According to the interval of initial energy, a sensor may be alive during at most 20 rounds.
+
+
+\subsection{Performance Metrics}
+\label{ch4:sec:04:04}
+In the simulations, we introduce the following performance metrics to evaluate
+the efficiency of our approach:
+
+\begin{enumerate}[i)]
+%\begin{itemize}
+\item {{\bf Network Lifetime}:} we define the network lifetime as the time until
+ the coverage ratio drops below a predefined threshold. We denote by
+ $Lifetime_{95}$ (respectively $Lifetime_{50}$) the amount of time during which
+ the network can satisfy an area coverage greater than $95\%$ (respectively
+ $50\%$). We assume that the sensor network can fulfill its task until all its
+ nodes have been drained of their energy or it becomes disconnected. Network
+ connectivity is crucial because an active sensor node without connectivity
+ towards a base station cannot transmit any information regarding an observed
+ event in the area that it monitors.
+
+\item {{\bf Coverage Ratio (CR)}:} it measures how well the WSN is able to
+ observe the area of interest. In our case, we discretized the sensor field
+ as a regular grid, which yields the following equation to compute the
+ coverage ratio:
