\contentsline {chapter}{List of Tables}{11}{chapter*.5}
\contentsline {chapter}{List of Algorithms}{13}{chapter*.6}
\contentsline {chapter}{List of Abbreviations}{15}{chapter*.7}
-\contentsline {chapter}{Introduction }{19}{chapter*.8}
-\contentsline {section}{1. General Introduction }{19}{section*.9}
-\contentsline {section}{2. Motivation of the Dissertation }{20}{section*.10}
-\contentsline {section}{3. Main Contributions of this Dissertation}{20}{section*.11}
-\contentsline {section}{4. Dissertation Outline}{21}{section*.12}
-\contentsline {part}{I\hspace {1em}Scientific Background}{23}{part.1}
-\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Wireless Sensor Networks}{25}{chapter.1}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{25}{section.1.1}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Architecture}{26}{section.1.2}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Types of Wireless Sensor Networks}{28}{section.1.3}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}Applications}{30}{section.1.4}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.5}The Main Challenges}{33}{section.1.5}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.6}Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}{35}{section.1.6}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.1}Energy-Efficient Routing}{35}{subsection.1.6.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.1}Routing Metric based on Residual Energy}{35}{subsubsection.1.6.1.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.2}Multipath Routing}{35}{subsubsection.1.6.1.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.2}Cluster Architecture}{36}{subsection.1.6.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.3}Scheduling Schemes}{36}{subsection.1.6.3}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.1}Wake up Scheduling Schemes}{36}{subsubsection.1.6.3.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.2}Topology Control Schemes}{39}{subsubsection.1.6.3.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.4}Data-Driven Schemes}{39}{subsection.1.6.4}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.1}Data Reduction Schemes}{40}{subsubsection.1.6.4.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.2}Energy Efficient Data Acquisition Schemes}{40}{subsubsection.1.6.4.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.5}Battery Repletion}{40}{subsection.1.6.5}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.6}Radio Optimization}{40}{subsection.1.6.6}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.7}Relay nodes and Sink Mobility}{41}{subsection.1.6.7}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.1}Relay node placement}{41}{subsubsection.1.6.7.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.2}Sink Mobility}{41}{subsubsection.1.6.7.2}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.7}Network Lifetime}{41}{section.1.7}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.8}Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks }{42}{section.1.8}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.9}Design Issues for Coverage Problems}{44}{section.1.9}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.10}Energy Consumption Model}{45}{section.1.10}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.11}Conclusion}{46}{section.1.11}
-\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Related Works on Coverage Problems}{47}{chapter.2}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{47}{section.2.1}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Centralized Algorithms}{49}{section.2.2}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Distributed Algorithms}{51}{section.2.3}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Geographical Adaptive Fidelity (GAF)}{53}{subsection.2.3.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}Distributed Energy-efficient Scheduling for K-coverage (DESK)}{55}{subsection.2.3.2}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Conclusion}{59}{section.2.4}
-\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Evaluation Tools and Optimization Solvers}{61}{chapter.3}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{61}{section.3.1}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Evaluation Tools}{61}{section.3.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Testbed Tools}{62}{subsection.3.2.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Simulation Tools}{64}{subsection.3.2.2}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Optimization Solvers}{66}{section.3.3}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Conclusion}{70}{section.3.4}
-\contentsline {part}{II\hspace {1em}Contributions}{71}{part.2}
-\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol}{73}{chapter.4}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{73}{section.4.1}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Description of the DiLCO Protocol}{74}{section.4.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Assumptions and Network Model}{74}{subsection.4.2.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Primary Point Coverage Model}{75}{subsection.4.2.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.3}Main Idea}{75}{subsection.4.2.3}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.1}Information Exchange Phase}{77}{subsubsection.4.2.3.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.2}Leader Election Phase}{77}{subsubsection.4.2.3.2}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.3}Decision phase}{78}{subsubsection.4.2.3.3}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.4}Sensing phase}{78}{subsubsection.4.2.3.4}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Coverage Problem Formulation}{79}{section.4.3}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Simulation Results and Analysis}{80}{section.4.4}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Simulation Framework}{80}{subsection.4.4.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Modeling Language and Optimization Solver}{80}{subsection.4.4.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Energy Consumption Model}{81}{subsection.4.4.3}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.4}Performance Metrics}{81}{subsection.4.4.4}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.5}Performance Analysis for Different Number of Subregions}{83}{subsection.4.4.5}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.6}Performance Analysis for Different Number of Primary Points}{89}{subsection.4.4.6}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.7}Performance Comparison with other Approaches}{93}{subsection.4.4.7}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}Conclusion}{100}{section.4.5}
-\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol}{101}{chapter.5}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{101}{section.5.1}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Description of the MuDiLCO Protocol }{101}{section.5.2}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Primary Points based Multiround Coverage Problem Formulation}{103}{section.5.3}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Experimental Study and Analysis}{104}{section.5.4}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Simulation Setup}{104}{subsection.5.4.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}Metrics}{105}{subsection.5.4.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.3}Results Analysis and Comparison }{106}{subsection.5.4.3}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}Conclusion}{112}{section.5.5}
-\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6} Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in WSNs}{113}{chapter.6}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{113}{section.6.1}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}Description of the PeCO Protocol}{113}{section.6.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}Assumptions and Models}{113}{subsection.6.2.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}PeCO Protocol Algorithm}{116}{subsection.6.2.2}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}{118}{section.6.3}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}Performance Evaluation and Analysis}{119}{section.6.4}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Simulation Settings}{119}{subsection.6.4.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.2}Simulation Results}{120}{subsection.6.4.2}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.1}Coverage Ratio}{120}{subsubsection.6.4.2.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{120}{subsubsection.6.4.2.2}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.3}Energy Consumption}{121}{subsubsection.6.4.2.3}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.4}Network Lifetime}{121}{subsubsection.6.4.2.4}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.5}Impact of $\alpha $ and $\beta $ on PeCO's performance}{122}{subsubsection.6.4.2.5}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Conclusion}{126}{section.6.5}
-\contentsline {part}{III\hspace {1em}Conclusion and Perspectives}{127}{part.3}
-\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Conclusion and Perspectives}{129}{chapter.7}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}Conclusion}{129}{section.7.1}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}Perspectives}{130}{section.7.2}
-\contentsline {part}{Publications}{133}{chapter*.13}
-\contentsline {part}{Bibliographie}{148}{chapter*.17}
+\contentsline {chapter}{Dedication}{19}{chapter*.8}
+\contentsline {chapter}{Acknowledgements}{21}{chapter*.9}
+\contentsline {chapter}{Introduction }{23}{chapter*.10}
+\contentsline {section}{1. General Introduction }{23}{section*.11}
+\contentsline {section}{2. Motivation of the Dissertation }{24}{section*.12}
+\contentsline {section}{3. Main Contributions of this Dissertation}{24}{section*.13}
+\contentsline {section}{4. Dissertation Outline}{25}{section*.14}
+\contentsline {part}{I\hspace {1em}Scientific Background}{27}{part.1}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Wireless Sensor Networks}{29}{chapter.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{29}{section.1.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Architecture}{30}{section.1.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Types of Wireless Sensor Networks}{32}{section.1.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}Applications}{34}{section.1.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.5}The Main Challenges}{37}{section.1.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.6}Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}{39}{section.1.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.1}Energy-Efficient Routing}{39}{subsection.1.6.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.1}Routing Metric based on Residual Energy}{39}{subsubsection.1.6.1.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.2}Multipath Routing}{39}{subsubsection.1.6.1.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.2}Cluster Architecture}{40}{subsection.1.6.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.3}Scheduling Schemes}{40}{subsection.1.6.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.1}Wake up Scheduling Schemes}{40}{subsubsection.1.6.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.2}Topology Control Schemes}{43}{subsubsection.1.6.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.4}Data-Driven Schemes}{43}{subsection.1.6.4}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.1}Data Reduction Schemes}{44}{subsubsection.1.6.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.2}Energy Efficient Data Acquisition Schemes}{44}{subsubsection.1.6.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.5}Battery Repletion}{44}{subsection.1.6.5}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.6}Radio Optimization}{44}{subsection.1.6.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.7}Relay nodes and Sink Mobility}{45}{subsection.1.6.7}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.1}Relay node placement}{45}{subsubsection.1.6.7.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.2}Sink Mobility}{45}{subsubsection.1.6.7.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.7}Network Lifetime}{45}{section.1.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.8}Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks }{46}{section.1.8}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.9}Design Issues for Coverage Problems}{48}{section.1.9}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.10}Energy Consumption Model}{49}{section.1.10}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.11}Conclusion}{50}{section.1.11}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Related Works on Coverage Problems}{51}{chapter.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{51}{section.2.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Centralized Algorithms}{53}{section.2.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Distributed Algorithms}{55}{section.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Geographical Adaptive Fidelity (GAF)}{57}{subsection.2.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}Distributed Energy-efficient Scheduling for K-coverage (DESK)}{59}{subsection.2.3.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Conclusion}{63}{section.2.4}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Evaluation Tools and Optimization Solvers}{65}{chapter.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{65}{section.3.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Evaluation Tools}{65}{section.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Testbed Tools}{66}{subsection.3.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Simulation Tools}{68}{subsection.3.2.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Optimization Solvers}{70}{section.3.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Conclusion}{74}{section.3.4}
+\contentsline {part}{II\hspace {1em}Contributions}{75}{part.2}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol}{77}{chapter.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{77}{section.4.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Description of the DiLCO Protocol}{78}{section.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Assumptions and Network Model}{78}{subsection.4.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Primary Point Coverage Model}{79}{subsection.4.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.3}Main Idea}{79}{subsection.4.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.1}Information Exchange Phase}{81}{subsubsection.4.2.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.2}Leader Election Phase}{81}{subsubsection.4.2.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.3}Decision phase}{82}{subsubsection.4.2.3.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.4}Sensing phase}{82}{subsubsection.4.2.3.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Coverage Problem Formulation}{83}{section.4.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Simulation Results and Analysis}{85}{section.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Simulation Framework}{85}{subsection.4.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Modeling Language and Optimization Solver}{85}{subsection.4.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Energy Consumption Model}{85}{subsection.4.4.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.4}Performance Metrics}{86}{subsection.4.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.5}Performance Analysis for Different Number of Subregions}{87}{subsection.4.4.5}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.6}Performance Analysis for Different Number of Primary Points}{92}{subsection.4.4.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.7}Performance Comparison with other Approaches}{96}{subsection.4.4.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}Conclusion}{105}{section.4.5}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol}{107}{chapter.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{107}{section.5.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Description of the MuDiLCO Protocol }{107}{section.5.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Primary Points based Multiround Coverage Problem Formulation}{109}{section.5.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Experimental Study and Analysis}{111}{section.5.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Simulation Setup}{111}{subsection.5.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}Metrics}{111}{subsection.5.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.3}Results Analysis and Comparison }{112}{subsection.5.4.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}Conclusion}{118}{section.5.5}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6} Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in WSNs}{119}{chapter.6}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{119}{section.6.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}Description of the PeCO Protocol}{119}{section.6.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}Assumptions and Models}{119}{subsection.6.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}PeCO Protocol Algorithm}{122}{subsection.6.2.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}{125}{section.6.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}Performance Evaluation and Analysis}{126}{section.6.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Simulation Settings}{126}{subsection.6.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.2}Simulation Results}{127}{subsection.6.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.1}Coverage Ratio}{127}{subsubsection.6.4.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{127}{subsubsection.6.4.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.3}Energy Consumption}{128}{subsubsection.6.4.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.4}Network Lifetime}{128}{subsubsection.6.4.2.4}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.5}Impact of $\alpha $ and $\beta $ on PeCO's performance}{129}{subsubsection.6.4.2.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Conclusion}{133}{section.6.5}
+\contentsline {part}{III\hspace {1em}Conclusion and Perspectives}{135}{part.3}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Conclusion and Perspectives}{137}{chapter.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}Conclusion}{137}{section.7.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}Perspectives}{138}{section.7.2}
+\contentsline {part}{Publications}{141}{chapter*.15}
+\contentsline {part}{Bibliographie}{156}{chapter*.19}
