Last update by Ali

[ThesisAli.git] / SlidesAli / These.tex

diff --git a/SlidesAli/These.tex b/SlidesAli/These.tex
index 94c4bef5fdc1659d9bc99854004af2a29e0fe92d..769d8153d14d78b3fe72eb01db0951580e2d7f44 100644 (file)
--- a/SlidesAli/These.tex
+++ b/SlidesAli/These.tex
@@ -1,5 +1,10 @@
 \documentclass{beamer}
 \documentclass{beamer}

+%\usepackage[timeinterval=10]{tdclock}
+ 
+
+

 \usepackage{beamerthemefemto}
 \usepackage{beamerthemefemto}

+

 \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
 \usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb,stmaryrd}
 \usepackage[frenchb]{babel}
 \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
 \usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb,stmaryrd}
 \usepackage[frenchb]{babel}


@@ -28,7 +33,10 @@
 \usepackage{array}
 \usepackage{picture}
 \usepackage{float}
 \usepackage{array}
 \usepackage{picture}
 \usepackage{float}

- 
+
+
+% \usepackage[font=Times,timeinterval=10, timeduration=2.0, timedeath=0, fillcolorwarningsecond=white!60!yellow, timewarningfirst=50,timewarningsecond=80,resetatpages=2]{tdclock}
+

   \def\setgrouptext#1{\gdef\grouptext{#1}}
 \newenvironment{groupeditems}{\begin{displaymath}\left.\vbox\bgroup\setgrouptext}{%
   \egroup\right\rbrace\hbox{\grouptext}\end{displaymath}}
   \def\setgrouptext#1{\gdef\grouptext{#1}}
 \newenvironment{groupeditems}{\begin{displaymath}\left.\vbox\bgroup\setgrouptext}{%
   \egroup\right\rbrace\hbox{\grouptext}\end{displaymath}}


@@ -56,7 +64,7 @@
 \AtBeginSection[]
 {
 \begin{frame}
 \AtBeginSection[]
 {
 \begin{frame}

-\frametitle{Presentation Outline}
+\frametitle{Presentation outline}

 \tableofcontents[currentsection]
 \end{frame}
 }
 \tableofcontents[currentsection]
 \end{frame}
 }


@@ -80,12 +88,14 @@
 % 
 
 \begin{document}
 % 
 
 \begin{document}

-
+%\initclock
+%\tdclock

 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 01    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 \setbeamertemplate{background}{\titrefemto}
 \begin{frame}[plain]
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 01    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 \setbeamertemplate{background}{\titrefemto}
 \begin{frame}[plain]

+%\transduration{0.75}

 \begin{center}
 \titlepage
 \end{center}
 \begin{center}
 \titlepage
 \end{center}


@@ -98,8 +108,9 @@
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 02    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 02    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame} {Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
+\begin{frame} {Problem definition and solution}

  \vspace{-3.5em}
  \vspace{-3.5em}

+ 

  \begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=0.495\textwidth]{Figures/6}
    \hfill
  \begin{figure}
    \includegraphics[width=0.495\textwidth]{Figures/6}
    \hfill


@@ -110,8 +121,8 @@
 %   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/13}
 \end{figure}
 
 %   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/13}
 \end{figure}
 

- \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{ MAIN QUESTION?}}
-               \textcolor{black}{How to minimize the energy consumption and extend the network lifetime when covering a certain area?}
+ \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{MAIN QUESTION}}
+               \textcolor{black}{How to minimize the energy consumption and extend the network lifetime when covering the area of interest?}

 \end{block}
  \end{frame}
 
 \end{block}
  \end{frame}
 


@@ -119,12 +130,15 @@
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 03    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 03    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
+\begin{frame}{Problem definition and solution}

 
 

-\begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{OUR SOLUTION: distributed optimization process}}
-\bf \textcolor{black}{Division into subregions}\\
-\bf \textcolor{black}{For each subregion:}
+\begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{OUR SOLUTION $\blacktriangleright$ Distributed optimization process}}
+\begin{enumerate} [i)]
+\item \bf \textcolor{black}{Division into subregions}
+\item \bf \textcolor{black}{For each subregion}

        
        

+\end{enumerate}
+

  \begin{itemize}
          \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Leader election}
          \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Activity Scheduling based optimization}
  \begin{itemize}
          \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Leader election}
          \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Activity Scheduling based optimization}


@@ -182,7 +196,7 @@
 %%    SLIDE 04    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 \begin{frame}
 %%    SLIDE 04    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 \begin{frame}

-  \frametitle{Presentation Outline}
+  \frametitle{Presentation outline}

 \begin{small}
   \tableofcontents[section,subsection]
 \end{small}
 \begin{small}
   \tableofcontents[section,subsection]
 \end{small}


@@ -213,7 +227,7 @@
     \begin{femtoBlock} 
        {Sensor \\}
                 \begin{itemize}
     \begin{femtoBlock} 
        {Sensor \\}
                 \begin{itemize}

-                       \item  Electronic low-cost tiny device
+                       \item Electronic low-cost tiny device

                        \item Sense, process and transmit data
                        \item Limited energy, memory and processing capabilities
                \end{itemize}
                        \item Sense, process and transmit data
                        \item Limited energy, memory and processing capabilities
                \end{itemize}


@@ -279,15 +293,16 @@
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 09    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 09    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-\begin{frame}{Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}
+\begin{frame}{Energy-efficient mechanisms of a working WSN}

 \vspace{-2.5em}
 \vspace{-2.5em}

-  \centering
+  

 \begin{figure}[!t]
 \begin{figure}[!t]

-
-     \includegraphics[height = 5cm]{Figures/WSN-M.pdf}
+\centering
+    % \includegraphics[height = 5cm]{Figures/WSN-M.pdf}
+     \includegraphics[height = 4.8cm]{Figures/EEM.eps}

  \end{figure} 
  \end{figure} 

- 
- \bf \textcolor{blue} {Our approach: includes cluster architecture and scheduling schemes}
+ \vspace{-1.0em}
+ %\bf \textcolor{blue} {Our approach includes cluster architecture and scheduling schemes}

 \end{frame}
 
 %\begin{frame}{Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}
 \end{frame}
 
 %\begin{frame}{Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}


@@ -303,21 +318,21 @@
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \begin{frame}{Network lifetime}
 \vspace{-1.5em}
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \begin{frame}{Network lifetime}
 \vspace{-1.5em}

-\begin{block}{\textcolor{white} {Some definitions:}}
-\small
-\begin{enumerate}[i)]
-\item \textcolor{black} {Time spent until death of the first sensor (or cluster head).}
-\item \textcolor{black} {Time spent until death of all wireless sensor nodes in WSN.}
-\item  \textcolor{black} {Time spent by WSN in covering each target by at least one sensor.}
-\item  \textcolor{black} {Time during which the area of interest is covered by at least k nodes.}
-\item \textcolor{black} {Elapsed time until losing the connectivity or the coverage.}
-\item \bf \textcolor{red} {Time elapsed until the coverage ratio becomes less than a predetermined threshold $\alpha$.}
+\begin{femtoBlock}     
+       { Some definitions\\}
+     \begin{enumerate}[i)]
+\item \textcolor{black} {Time spent until death of the first sensor (or cluster head)}
+\item \textcolor{black} {Time spent until death of all wireless sensor nodes in WSN}
+%\item  \textcolor{black} {Time spent by WSN in covering each target by at least one sensor}
+\item  \textcolor{black} {Time spent in covering area of interest by at least k nodes}
+\item \textcolor{black} {Elapsed time until losing the connectivity or the coverage}
+\item \bf \textcolor{red} {Elapsed time until the coverage ratio becomes less than a predetermined threshold $\alpha$}

 \end{enumerate}
 \end{enumerate}

-\end{block}
+        
+       \end{femtoBlock}
+
+

 
 

-%\begin{block}{\textcolor{white} {Network lifetime In this dissertation:}}
-%\textcolor{blue} {Time elapsed until the coverage ratio becomes less than a predetermined threshold $\alpha$.}
-%\end{block}

 
 
 \end{frame}
 
 
 \end{frame}


@@ -327,18 +342,19 @@
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \begin{frame}{Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks}
  
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 \begin{frame}{Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks}
  

-\begin{block} <1-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage definition:}} 
-\textcolor{blue} {Coverage} reflects how well a sensor field is monitored efficiently using as less energy as possible.
+\begin{block} <1-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage definition}} 
+\textcolor{blue} {Coverage} reflects how well a sensor field is monitored efficiently using as less energy as possible

 \end{block}
  
 
  
 \end{block}
  
 
  

-\begin{block} <2-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage types:}} 
+%\begin{block} <2-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage types}} 
+\begin{block} {\bf \textcolor{white} {Coverage types}} 

 \begin{enumerate}[i)]
 \begin{enumerate}[i)]

-\item \small  \textcolor{red} {Area coverage: every point inside an area has to be monitored.}
-\item  \textcolor{blue} {Target coverage:} only a finite number of discrete points called targets have to be monitored.
+\item \small \textcolor{red} {Area coverage $\blacktriangleright$ every point inside an area has to be monitored}
+\item  \textcolor{blue} {Target coverage} $\blacktriangleright$ only a finite number of discrete points called targets has to be monitored

 
 

-\item  \textcolor{blue} {Barrier coverage:} detection of targets as they cross a barrier such as in intrusion detection and border surveillance applications.
+\item  \textcolor{blue} {Barrier coverage} $\blacktriangleright$ detection of targets as they cross a barrier such as in intrusion detection and border surveillance applications

 \end{enumerate}
 \end{block}
  
 \end{enumerate}
 \end{block}
  


@@ -355,7 +371,7 @@
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 \begin{frame}{Existing works}
 \vspace{-0.3em}
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 \begin{frame}{Existing works}
 \vspace{-0.3em}

-\begin{block}  {\textcolor{white} {Coverage approaches:}} 
+\begin{block}  {\textcolor{white} {Coverage approaches}} 

 %Most existing coverage approaches in literature classified into
 \begin{enumerate}[i)]
 \item \textcolor{blue} { Full centralized coverage algorithms}
 %Most existing coverage approaches in literature classified into
 \begin{enumerate}[i)]
 \item \textcolor{blue} { Full centralized coverage algorithms}


@@ -368,6 +384,7 @@
 \item \textcolor{blue} {Full distributed coverage algorithms}
    \begin{itemize}
     \item  Lower quality solution
 \item \textcolor{blue} {Full distributed coverage algorithms}
    \begin{itemize}
     \item  Lower quality solution

+    \item  Decision process is localized inside sensor and may requires a high computation power for dense WSNs

     \item Less energy consumption for communication in large WSN
     \item  Reliable and scalable for large WSNs
    \end{itemize}
     \item Less energy consumption for communication in large WSN
     \item  Reliable and scalable for large WSNs
    \end{itemize}


@@ -388,18 +405,18 @@
 
 \end{frame}
 
 
 \end{frame}
 

-\begin{frame}{Existing works: DESK algorithm (Vu et al.)}
-\vspace{-1.5em}
+\begin{frame}{Existing works $\blacktriangleright$ DESK algorithm (Vu et al.)}
+\vspace{-2.0em}

 \begin{figure}[!t]
 \begin{figure}[!t]

-          \includegraphics[height = 4.0cm]{Figures/DESK.eps}
+          \includegraphics[height = 5.0cm]{Figures/DESKp.eps}

     \end{figure}  
      \vspace{-2.5em}
      
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Requires only one-hop neighbor information (fully distributed)
     \end{figure}  
      \vspace{-2.5em}
      
      \begin{itemize}
        \item Requires only one-hop neighbor information (fully distributed)

-       \item Each sensor decides its status (Active or Sleep) based on the perimeter coverage model without optimization
+       \item Each sensor decides its status (Active or Sleep) based on the perimeter coverage model, without optimization

               
               

-     \end{itemize}
+\end{itemize}

 
 
 %\tiny \bf \textcolor{blue}{DESK is chosen for comparison because it works into rounds fashion similar to our approaches, as well as DESK is a full distributed coverage approach.}
 
 
 %\tiny \bf \textcolor{blue}{DESK is chosen for comparison because it works into rounds fashion similar to our approaches, as well as DESK is a full distributed coverage approach.}


@@ -407,7 +424,7 @@
 
 \end{frame}
 
 
 \end{frame}
 

-\begin{frame}{Existing works: GAF algorithm (Xu et al.)}
+\begin{frame}{Existing works $\blacktriangleright$ GAF algorithm (Xu et al.)}

 
 \vspace{-3.3em}
  \begin{columns}[c]
 
 \vspace{-3.3em}
  \begin{columns}[c]


@@ -428,7 +445,7 @@
        \begin{itemize}
        \item Distributed energy-based scheduling approach
        \item Uses geographic location information to divide the area into a fixed square grids
        \begin{itemize}
        \item Distributed energy-based scheduling approach
        \item Uses geographic location information to divide the area into a fixed square grids

-       \item Nodes are in one of three sates: discovery, active, or sleep
+       \item Nodes are in one of three sates $\blacktriangleright$ discovery, active, or sleep

        \item  Only one node staying active in grid
        \item  The fixed grid is square with r units on a side
         \item  Nodes cooperate within each grid to choose the active node
        \item  Only one node staying active in grid
        \item  The fixed grid is square with r units on a side
         \item  Nodes cooperate within each grid to choose the active node


@@ -460,28 +477,47 @@
 \vspace{-0.1cm}
 
 \begin{enumerate} [$\divideontimes$]
 \vspace{-0.1cm}
 
 \begin{enumerate} [$\divideontimes$]

-                   \item  Static wireless sensor, homogeneous in terms of: 
+                   \item  Static wireless sensor, homogeneous in terms of  

              \begin{itemize}
              \begin{itemize}

-             \item Sensing, communication, and processing capabilities
+             \item Sensing
+             \item Communication
+             \item Processing capabilities

              \end{itemize}
                        \item  Heterogeneous initial energy
                        \item  High density uniform deployment 
              \end{itemize}
                        \item  Heterogeneous initial energy
                        \item  High density uniform deployment 

-                        \item Its $R_c\geq 2R_s$  for imply connectivity among active nodes during complete coverage (hypothesis proved by Zhang and Zhou)
-
+                        \item $R_c\geq 2R_s$   
+                        \begin{itemize}
+                               \item Complete coverage $\Rightarrow$ connectivity (proved by Zhang and Zhou)
+                                \end{itemize}

                         \item  Multi-hop communication
                         \item  Multi-hop communication

-                        \item  Known location by:
+                        
+               \end{enumerate}         
+               
+\end{frame}
+
+
+\begin{frame}{Assumptions for our protocols}
+\vspace{-0.1cm}
+
+\begin{enumerate} [$\divideontimes$]
+        \item  Known location by 

     \begin{itemize}
     \begin{itemize}

-     \item Embedded GPS  or location discovery algorithm          
+     \item Embedded GPS  
+     \item location discovery algorithm          

     \end{itemize}
     
     \end{itemize}
     

-    \item Using two kinds of packets: 
+    \item Using two kinds of packets  

         \begin{itemize}        
           \item INFO packet
           \item ActiveSleep packet
         \end{itemize}
         \begin{itemize}        
           \item INFO packet
           \item ActiveSleep packet
         \end{itemize}

-        \item Five status for each node:
+        \item Five status for each node 

         \begin{itemize}        
         \begin{itemize}        

-          \item  \small LISTENING, ACTIVE, SLEEP, COMPUTATION, and COMMUNICATION
+          \item  LISTENING
+          \item ACTIVE
+          \item SLEEP
+          \item COMPUTATION
+          \item COMMUNICATION

         \end{itemize}
                \end{enumerate}         
                
         \end{itemize}
                \end{enumerate}         
                


@@ -489,10 +525,14 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 

+
+
+
+

 \begin{frame}{Assumptions for our protocols}
   \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{center}
 \begin{frame}{Assumptions for our protocols}
   \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{center}

-       \includegraphics[height = 7.0cm]{Figures/Pmodels.pdf}  
+       \includegraphics[height = 7.0cm]{Figures/Pmodelsn.pdf}  

 \end{center}
 
 \end{frame}
 \end{center}
 
 \end{frame}


@@ -500,26 +540,26 @@
 
 
 
 
 
 

-\begin{frame}{Our general scheme}
+\begin{frame}{General scheme}

 \vspace{-0.2cm}
 \begin{figure}[ht!]
  \includegraphics[width=110mm]{Figures/GeneralModel.jpg}
  \end{figure} 
  
 \begin{itemize}
 \vspace{-0.2cm}
 \begin{figure}[ht!]
  \includegraphics[width=110mm]{Figures/GeneralModel.jpg}
  \end{figure} 
  
 \begin{itemize}

-\item DiLCO and PeCO  $\blacktriangleright$ use one round sensing ($T=1$)
-\item MuDiLCO $\blacktriangleright$ uses multiple rounds sensing ($T=1\cdots T$)
+\item DiLCO and PeCO  $\blacktriangleright$ one round sensing ($T=1$)
+\item MuDiLCO $\blacktriangleright$ multiple rounds sensing ($t=1, \cdots, T$)

 \end{itemize}
 
 \end{frame}
 
 
 \end{itemize}
 
 \end{frame}
 
 

-\begin{frame}{Our general scheme}
+\begin{frame}{General scheme}

   \vspace{-0.2cm}
 \begin{enumerate} [i)]
 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{INFORMATION EXCHANGE}} $\blacktriangleright$ Sensors exchange through multi-hop communication, their
 \begin{itemize}
   \vspace{-0.2cm}
 \begin{enumerate} [i)]
 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{INFORMATION EXCHANGE}} $\blacktriangleright$ Sensors exchange through multi-hop communication, their
 \begin{itemize}

-\item \textcolor{magenta}{Position coordinates}, \textcolor{violet}{current remaining energy}, \textcolor{cyan}{sensor node ID}, and \textcolor{red}{number of its one-hop live neighbors}
+\item Position coordinates, current remaining energy, sensor node ID, and number of its one-hop live neighbors

  
 \end{itemize}
 
  
 \end{itemize}
 


@@ -527,7 +567,7 @@
 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{LEADER ELECTION}} $\blacktriangleright$ The selection criteria are, in order 
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Larger number of neighbors
 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{LEADER ELECTION}} $\blacktriangleright$ The selection criteria are, in order 
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Larger number of neighbors

-\item Larger remaining energy, and then in case of equality 
+\item Larger remaining energy

 \item Larger ID
 \end{itemize}
 
 \item Larger ID
 \end{itemize}
 


@@ -561,7 +601,7 @@
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 15    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 15    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Coverage Problem Formulation}
+\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Coverage problem formulation}

 \vspace{0.2cm}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/modell1.pdf}
 \vspace{0.2cm}
 \centering
 \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/modell1.pdf}


@@ -572,7 +612,7 @@
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 16    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 16    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ DiLCO Protocol Algorithm}
+\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ DiLCO protocol algorithm}

 %\begin{femtoBlock} {}
 \centering
 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo.jpeg}
 %\begin{femtoBlock} {}
 \centering
 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo.jpeg}


@@ -587,11 +627,11 @@
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 18    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 18    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Simulation Framework}
+\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Simulation framework}

 \vspace{-0.8cm}
 \small
 \begin{table}[ht]
 \vspace{-0.8cm}
 \small
 \begin{table}[ht]

-\caption{Relevant parameters for simulation.}
+\caption{Relevant parameters for simulation}

 \centering
 \begin{tabular}{c|c}
 \hline
 \centering
 \begin{tabular}{c|c}
 \hline


@@ -619,9 +659,9 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 19    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 19    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Energy Model \& Performance Metrics }
+\begin{frame}{\small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Energy model \& performance metrics }

 %\vspace{-1.8cm}
 %\vspace{-1.8cm}

-\begin{femtoBlock} {Energy Consumption Model}
+\begin{femtoBlock} {Energy consumption model}

 \vspace{-1.0cm}
 \begin{table}[h]
 %\centering
 \vspace{-1.0cm}
 \begin{table}[h]
 %\centering


@@ -644,14 +684,14 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 
 \end{femtoBlock}
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 
 \end{femtoBlock}
 \vspace{-0.5cm}

-\begin{femtoBlock} {Performance Metrics}
+\begin{femtoBlock} {Performance metrics}

 \small
 \small

-\begin{enumerate}[$\mapsto$]
+\begin{enumerate}[$\blacktriangleright$]

 
 \item {{\bf Coverage Ratio (CR)}}
 
 \item {{\bf Coverage Ratio (CR)}}

-\item{{\bf Number of Active Sensors Ratio (ASR)}}
-\item {{\bf  Energy Consumption}}
-\item {{\bf Network Lifetime}}
+\item {{\bf Active Sensors Ratio (ASR)}}
+\item {{\bf Energy consumption $(Lifetime_{95}$, $Lifetime_{50})$}}
+\item {{\bf Network lifetime $(Lifetime_{95}$, $Lifetime_{50})$}}

 %\item {{\bf Execution Time}}
 %\item {{\bf Stopped Simulation Runs}}
 
 %\item {{\bf Execution Time}}
 %\item {{\bf Stopped Simulation Runs}}
 


@@ -664,7 +704,7 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 20    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 20    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
+\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}[h!]


@@ -683,7 +723,7 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 20    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 20    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
+\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]


@@ -712,7 +752,7 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 22    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 22    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
+\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]


@@ -734,7 +774,7 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 23    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 23    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%

-\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
+\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]


@@ -778,7 +818,7 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 29    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 29    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$  Multiround Coverage Problem Formulation}
+\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$  Multiround coverage problem formulation}

 \vspace{0.2cm}
 
 \centering
 \vspace{0.2cm}
 
 \centering


@@ -801,7 +841,7 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 31    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 31    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
+\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -815,7 +855,7 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 32    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 32    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
+\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -856,7 +896,7 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 35    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 35    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
+\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]


@@ -876,7 +916,7 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 36    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 36    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
+\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]


@@ -902,7 +942,7 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 45    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 45    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and Models}
+\begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and models}

 
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]


@@ -913,7 +953,7 @@ Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 \column{.50\textwidth}
 $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 \right).$$ 
 \column{.50\textwidth}
 $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 \right).$$ 

-\includegraphics[scale=0.40]{Figures/ch6/twosensors.jpg} 
+\includegraphics[scale=0.30]{Figures/ch6/twosensors.eps} 

 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)  \\
 \end{columns}
 \caption{(a) Perimeter  coverage of sensor node  0 and (b) finding  the arc of
 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)  \\
 \end{columns}
 \caption{(a) Perimeter  coverage of sensor node  0 and (b) finding  the arc of


@@ -926,22 +966,27 @@ $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 46    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 46    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and Models}
+\begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and models}

 
 

-\vspace{-0.5cm}
+\vspace{-1.2cm}

 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{figure}%[h!]

-\begin{columns}[c]
-       \column{.50\textwidth}
-\includegraphics[scale=0.33]{Figures/ch6/expcm2.jpg}  
-\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\        
-\column{.50\textwidth}
-\includegraphics[scale=0.38]{Figures/tbl.jpeg} 
-\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)  \\
-\end{columns}
-\caption{(a) Maximum coverage levels for perimeter of sensor node $0$. and (b) Coverage intervals and contributing sensors for sensor node 0.}
-  \label{pcm2sensors}
+%\begin{columns}[c]
+%      \column{.50\textwidth}
+\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{Figures/ch6/expcm2.jpg}  
+%\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\       
+%\column{.50\textwidth}
+%\includegraphics[scale=0.38]{Figures/tbl.jpeg} 
+%\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b) \\
+%\end{columns}
+%\caption{(a) Maximum coverage levels for perimeter of sensor node $0$. and (b) Coverage intervals and contributing sensors for sensor node 0.}
+%  \label{pcm2sensors}

 \end{figure}
 
 \end{figure}
 

+\vspace{-0.9cm}
+\textcolor {red} {Set of sensors involved in coverage interval of sensor 0 between 5L to 6L $\Rightarrow$ [0,2,5]\\
+Maximum coverage level: 3 
+}%$a^0_{i0}= 1$
+%For example, the interval between 3R to 4R is covered by 4 sensors (0,1,2,4), it means the coverage level is 4

 
 \end{frame}
 
 
 \end{frame}
 


@@ -950,13 +995,13 @@ $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 47    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 47    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ PeCO Protocol Algorithm}
+\begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ PeCO protocol algorithm}

 \vspace{-0.7cm}
 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo6.jpeg}
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 \vspace{-0.7cm}
 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo6.jpeg}
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering

- \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo3.png}
+ \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/ch6/Algo3n.pdf}

 \end{figure} 
 \end{frame}
 
 \end{figure} 
 \end{frame}
 


@@ -964,12 +1009,12 @@ $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 48    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE 48    %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}
-\vspace{-0.7cm}
+\begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Perimeter-based coverage problem formulation}
+\vspace{-0.72cm}

 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering

-\includegraphics[scale=0.49]{Figures/modell3.pdf}  
+\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/modell3.pdf}  

 \end{figure} 
 
 \end{frame}
 \end{figure} 
 
 \end{frame}


@@ -979,7 +1024,7 @@ $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE     %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE     %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
+\begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -994,7 +1039,7 @@ $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE     %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE     %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
+\begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -1008,7 +1053,7 @@ $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE     %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE     %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
+\begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]


@@ -1029,7 +1074,7 @@ $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE     %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE     %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
+\begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}

 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]
 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 \begin{columns}[c]


@@ -1040,7 +1085,7 @@ $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/LT50.eps} 
 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)       \\
 \end{columns}
 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/LT50.eps} 
 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)       \\
 \end{columns}

-\caption{Network Lifetime for (a)~$Lifetime_{95}$ and (b)~$Lifetime_{50}$.}
+\caption{Network lifetime for (a)~$Lifetime_{95}$ and (b)~$Lifetime_{50}$.}

   \label{fig3LT}
 \end{figure}
 
   \label{fig3LT}
 \end{figure}
 


@@ -1063,7 +1108,7 @@ $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE     %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%    SLIDE     %%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 

-\section{\small {Conclusion and Perspectives}}
+\section{\small {Conclusion and perspectives}}

 
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%


@@ -1074,22 +1119,21 @@ $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 
 \item  Two-step approaches are proposed to optimize both coverage and lifetime performances, where:
 \begin{itemize}
 
 \item  Two-step approaches are proposed to optimize both coverage and lifetime performances, where:
 \begin{itemize}

-\item Sensing field is divided into smaller subregions using divide-and-conquer method.
-\item One of the proposed optimization protocols is applied in each subregion in a distributed parallel way.
+\item Sensing field is divided into smaller subregions using divide-and-conquer method
+\item One of the proposed optimization protocols is applied in each subregion in a distributed parallel way

 \end{itemize}
 \end{itemize}

-\item The proposed protocols (DiLCO, MuDiLCO, PeCO) combine two efficient mechanisms: 
+\item Our proposed protocols combine two efficient mechanisms 

 \begin{itemize}
 \item Network leader election, and
 \begin{itemize}
 \item Network leader election, and

-\item Sensor activity scheduling based optimization.
-\end{itemize}
-\item Our protocols are periodic where each period consists of 4
-phases:
-\begin{itemize}
-\item Information exchange,
-\item Network leader election, 
-\item Decision based optimization, 
-\item Sensing.
+\item Sensor activity scheduling based optimization

 \end{itemize}
 \end{itemize}

+\item Our protocols are periodic where each period consists of 4 phases
+%\begin{itemize}
+%\item Information exchange
+%\item Network leader election
+%\item Decision based optimization 
+%\item Sensing.
+%\end{itemize}

 \end{enumerate}
 
 
 \end{enumerate}
 
 


@@ -1104,30 +1148,30 @@ phases:
 \begin{frame}{Conclusion}
 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
 
 \begin{frame}{Conclusion}
 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
 

-\item DiLCO and PeCO provide a schedule for one round per period.
-\item MuDiLCO provides a schedule for multiple rounds per period.
-\item Comparison results show that DiLCO, MuDiLCO, and PeCO protocols:
+\item DiLCO and PeCO provide a schedule for one round per period
+\item MuDiLCO provides a schedule for multiple rounds per period
+\item Comparison results show that our protocols

 \begin{itemize}
 \begin{itemize}

- \item maintain the coverage for a larger number of rounds.
- \item use less active nodes to save energy efficiently during sensing.
- \item are more powerful against network disconnections.
- \item perform the optimization with suitable execution times.
- \item consume less energy.
- \item prolong the network lifetime.
+ \item Maintain the coverage for a larger number of rounds
+ \item Use less active nodes to save energy efficiently during sensing
+ \item More powerful against network disconnections
+% \item Perform the optimization with suitable execution times
+ \item Consume less energy
+ \item Prolong the network lifetime

 
 \end{itemize}
 \end{enumerate}
 \end{frame}
 
 
 \end{itemize}
 \end{enumerate}
 \end{frame}
 

-\begin{frame}{Conclusion}
+\begin{frame}{Publications}

 \tiny
 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Journal Articles}}
 \begin{enumerate}[$\lbrack$1$\rbrack$]
 \tiny
 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Journal Articles}}
 \begin{enumerate}[$\lbrack$1$\rbrack$]

-\item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{Engineering Optimization, 2015, (Submitted)}.
+\item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{\textcolor{red}{Engineering Optimization}, 2015, ($2^{nd}$ Revision Submitted)}.

 
 

-\item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{Ad Hoc Networks, 2015, (Submitted)}. 
+\item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{\textcolor{red}{Ad Hoc Networks}, 2015, ($1^{st}$ Revision Submitted)}. 

 
 

-\item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{Journal of Supercomputing , 2015, (Submitted)}.
+\item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{\textcolor{red}{Journal of Supercomputing}, 2015, ($1^{st}$ Revision Submitted)}.

 \end{enumerate}
 \end{block}
 
 \end{enumerate}
 \end{block}
 


@@ -1153,12 +1197,11 @@ Coverage and lifetime optimization in heterogeneous energy wireless sensor netwo
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 \begin{frame}{Perspectives}
 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% 
 \begin{frame}{Perspectives}
 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]

-\item Investigate the optimal number of subregions.
-\item Design a heterogeneous integrated optimization protocol to integrate coverage, routing, and data aggregation protocols.
-\item Extend PeCO protocol so that the schedules are planned for multiple
-sensing periods.
-\item Consider particle swarm optimization or evolutionary algorithms to obtain quickly near optimal solutions.
-\item Improve our mathematical models to take into account heterogeneous sensors from both energy and node characteristics point of views. 
+\item Investigate the optimal number of subregions
+\item Design a heterogeneous integrated optimization protocol to integrate coverage, routing, and data aggregation protocols
+\item Extend PeCO protocol so that the schedules are planned for multiple rounds per period
+\item Consider particle swarm optimization or evolutionary algorithms to obtain quickly near optimal solutions
+\item Improve our mathematical models to take into account heterogeneous sensors from both energy and node characteristics point of views

 %\item The cluster head will be selected in a distributed way and based on local information.
 \end{enumerate}
 
 %\item The cluster head will be selected in a distributed way and based on local information.
 \end{enumerate}