Update by Ali 16-1-2015 23h02

[ThesisAli.git] / CHAPITRE_01.tex

diff --git a/CHAPITRE_01.tex b/CHAPITRE_01.tex
index 5343c051fb35e5a80f1550726ca4e113e26a5104..a70a010217cef4029147d9a52b13bcdee06aff43 100644 (file)
--- a/CHAPITRE_01.tex
+++ b/CHAPITRE_01.tex
@@ -11,7 +11,7 @@
 
 \section{Introduction}
 \label{ch1:sec:01}
 
 \section{Introduction}
 \label{ch1:sec:01}

-The wireless networking has been receiving more attention and fast growth in the last decade. The growing demand for the use of wireless applications and emerging the wireless devices such as portable computers, cellular phones, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) have been led to develop different infrastructures of wireless networks. The wireless networks can be classified into two classes based on network architecture: Infrastructure-based networks that consists of  a fixed network structure such as cellular networks and wireless local-area networks
+The wireless networking has been receiving more attention and fast growth in the last decade. The growing demand for the use of wireless applications and emerging the wireless devices such as portable computers, cellular phones, and personal digital assistants (PDAs) have been led to develop different infrastructures of wireless networks. The wireless networks can be classified into two classes based on network architecture~\cite{ref154,ref155}: Infrastructure-based networks that consists of a fixed network structure such as cellular networks and wireless local-area networks

 (WLANs); and Infrastructureless networks that constructed dynamically by the cooperation of the wireless nodes in the network, where each node capable of sending the packets and taking the decision based on the network status. Examples for such type of networks include mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks. Figure~\ref{WNT} shows the taxonomy of wireless networks.
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 (WLANs); and Infrastructureless networks that constructed dynamically by the cooperation of the wireless nodes in the network, where each node capable of sending the packets and taking the decision based on the network status. Examples for such type of networks include mobile ad hoc networks and wireless sensor networks. Figure~\ref{WNT} shows the taxonomy of wireless networks.
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]


@@ -27,7 +27,9 @@ In recent years, there is increasing interest in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
 
 \section{Wireless Sensor Network Architecture} 
 \label{ch1:sec:02}
 
 \section{Wireless Sensor Network Architecture} 
 \label{ch1:sec:02}

-In a typical WSN architecture, the basic element is a typical wireless sensor node that composed of four major units~\cite{ref17,ref18}: sensing unit, computation unit, communication unit, and power unit. In addition, there are three optional units, which can be combined with the sensor node such as: localization system, mobilizer, and power generator. Figure~\ref{twsn} shows the components of a typical wireless sensor node~\cite{ref17}.
+A typical WSN architecture consists of a set of a typical wireless sensor nodes, which are capable of sensing the physical phenomenon around it such as fire in the forest (see~figure~\ref{wsn}), and then send the sensed data to a controller node called a sink. One or more sink in WSN are responsible for collecting and processing the sensed data by the wireless sensors, and then send it through the Internet to the end user. 
+
+In those WSN architecture, the basic element is a typical wireless sensor node that composed of four major units~\cite{ref17,ref18}: sensing unit, computation unit, communication unit, and power unit. In addition, there are three optional units, which can be combined with the sensor node such as: localization system, mobilizer, and power generator. Figure~\ref{twsn} shows the components of a typical wireless sensor node~\cite{ref17}.

 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -55,9 +57,6 @@ Furthermore, additional components can be incorporated into wireless sensor node
 \item \textbf{Power Generator:} Several WSN applications need to operate for a longer time, so it is essential to equip the wireless sensor node with additional power source in order to prolong the network lifetime. The better energy source to generate the power for outdoor applications is a solar cells. An another power harvesting mechanisims~\cite{ref20,ref21}  for thermal, motion, vibration, micro water flow, Biological, pressure gradients, and electromagnetic radiation energy harvesting can be used that yield increasing power output to extend the network lifetime. 
 \end{enumerate}
 
 \item \textbf{Power Generator:} Several WSN applications need to operate for a longer time, so it is essential to equip the wireless sensor node with additional power source in order to prolong the network lifetime. The better energy source to generate the power for outdoor applications is a solar cells. An another power harvesting mechanisims~\cite{ref20,ref21}  for thermal, motion, vibration, micro water flow, Biological, pressure gradients, and electromagnetic radiation energy harvesting can be used that yield increasing power output to extend the network lifetime. 
 \end{enumerate}
 

-The TinyOS has been used as an operating system in wireless sensor node. It is developed by the university of California, Berkeley and designed to work on platforms with limited storage and processing power.
-
-A typical WSN architecture consists of a set of a typical wireless sensor nodes, which are capable of sensing the phenomenon of interest around it such as fire in the forest (see~figure~\ref{wsn}) and then send the sensed data to a controller node called a sink. One or more sink in WSN are responsible for collecting and processing the sensed data by the wireless sensors, and then send it through the Internet to the end user. 

 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[scale=0.9]{Figures/ch1/wsn.jpg} 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[scale=0.9]{Figures/ch1/wsn.jpg} 


@@ -65,6 +64,8 @@ A typical WSN architecture consists of a set of a typical wireless sensor nodes,
 \label{wsn}
 \end{figure}
 
 \label{wsn}
 \end{figure}
 

+The TinyOS has been used as an operating system in wireless sensor node. It is developed by the university of California, Berkeley and designed to work on platforms with limited storage and processing power.
+

 
 \section{Types of Wireless Sensor Networks} 
 \label{ch1:sec:03}
 
 \section{Types of Wireless Sensor Networks} 
 \label{ch1:sec:03}


@@ -407,6 +408,7 @@ In this section, two energy consumption models are explained. The first model ca
 
 
 \subsection{Radio Energy Dissipation Model}
 
 
 \subsection{Radio Energy Dissipation Model}

+\label{ch1:sec9:subsec1}

 Since the communication unit is the most energy-consuming part inside the sensor node, and accordingly there are many authors used the radio energy dissipation model that proposed in~\cite{ref109,ref110} as energy consumption model during the simulation and evaluation of their works in WSNs. Figure~\ref{RDM} shows the radio energy dissipation model.
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
 Since the communication unit is the most energy-consuming part inside the sensor node, and accordingly there are many authors used the radio energy dissipation model that proposed in~\cite{ref109,ref110} as energy consumption model during the simulation and evaluation of their works in WSNs. Figure~\ref{RDM} shows the radio energy dissipation model.
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering


@@ -441,6 +443,7 @@ The radio energy dissipation model have been considered only the energy consumed
 
 
 \subsection{Our Energy Consumption Model}
 
 
 \subsection{Our Energy Consumption Model}

+\label{ch1:sec9:subsec2}

 In this dissertation, the coverage protocols have been used an energy consumption model proposed by~\cite{ref111} and based on \cite{ref112} with slight  modifications.  The energy consumption for  sending/receiving the packets is added, whereas the  part related to the sensing range is removed because we consider a fixed sensing range.
 For our energy consumption model, we refer to the sensor node Medusa~II which uses an Atmels  AVR ATmega103L microcontroller~\cite{ref112}. The typical architecture  of a  sensor  is composed  of  four  subsystems: the  MCU subsystem which is capable of computation, communication subsystem (radio) which is responsible  for transmitting/receiving messages, the  sensing subsystem that collects  data, and  the  power supply  which  powers the  complete sensor  node
 \cite{ref112}. Each  of the first three subsystems  can be turned on or  off depending on  the current status  of the sensor.   Energy consumption
 In this dissertation, the coverage protocols have been used an energy consumption model proposed by~\cite{ref111} and based on \cite{ref112} with slight  modifications.  The energy consumption for  sending/receiving the packets is added, whereas the  part related to the sensing range is removed because we consider a fixed sensing range.
 For our energy consumption model, we refer to the sensor node Medusa~II which uses an Atmels  AVR ATmega103L microcontroller~\cite{ref112}. The typical architecture  of a  sensor  is composed  of  four  subsystems: the  MCU subsystem which is capable of computation, communication subsystem (radio) which is responsible  for transmitting/receiving messages, the  sensing subsystem that collects  data, and  the  power supply  which  powers the  complete sensor  node
 \cite{ref112}. Each  of the first three subsystems  can be turned on or  off depending on  the current status  of the sensor.   Energy consumption


@@ -476,7 +479,7 @@ COMPUTATION & on & on & on & 26.83 \\
 \end{table}
 
 For the sake of simplicity we ignore  the energy needed to turn on the radio, to start up the sensor node, to move from one status to another, etc.
 \end{table}
 
 For the sake of simplicity we ignore  the energy needed to turn on the radio, to start up the sensor node, to move from one status to another, etc.

-Thus, when a sensor becomes active (i.e., it has already chosen its status), it can turn  its radio  off to  save battery. The value of energy spent to send a 1-bit-content message is  obtained by using  the equation in  ~\cite{ref112} to calculate  the energy cost  for transmitting  messages and  we propose  the same
+Thus, when a sensor becomes active (i.e., it has already chosen its status), it can turn  its radio  off to  save battery. The value of energy spent to send a 1-bit-content message is  obtained by using  the equation in  ~\cite{ref112} to calculate  the energy cost for transmitting  messages and  we propose  the same

 value for receiving the packets. The energy  needed to send or receive a 1-bit packet is equal to $0.2575~mW$.
 
 
 value for receiving the packets. The energy  needed to send or receive a 1-bit packet is equal to $0.2575~mW$.