+\contentsline {chapter}{Table of Contents}{4}{chapter*.1}
+\contentsline {chapter}{List of Figures}{6}{chapter*.2}
+\contentsline {chapter}{List of Tables}{7}{chapter*.3}
+\contentsline {chapter}{List of Algorithms}{9}{chapter*.4}
+\contentsline {chapter}{List of Acronyms}{9}{chapter*.4}
+\contentsline {chapter}{abbreviations}{11}{chapter*.5}
+\contentsline {chapter}{Abstract}{15}{chapter*.6}
+\contentsline {chapter}{Introduction }{17}{chapter*.7}
+\contentsline {section}{1. General Introduction }{17}{section*.8}
+\contentsline {section}{2. Motivation of the Dissertation }{18}{section*.9}
+\contentsline {section}{3. The Objective of this Dissertation}{18}{section*.10}
+\contentsline {section}{4. Main Contributions of this Dissertation}{18}{section*.11}
+\contentsline {section}{5. Dissertation Outline}{20}{section*.12}
+\contentsline {part}{I\hspace {1em}Scientific Background}{21}{part.1}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Wireless Sensor Networks}{23}{chapter.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{23}{section.1.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Architecture}{24}{section.1.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Types of Wireless Sensor Networks}{26}{section.1.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}Applications}{28}{section.1.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.5}The Main Challenges}{31}{section.1.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.6}Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}{33}{section.1.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.1}Energy-Efficient Routing}{33}{subsection.1.6.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.1}Routing Metric based on Residual Energy}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.1.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.2}Multipath Routing}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.1.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.2}Cluster Architecture}{34}{subsection.1.6.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.3}Scheduling Schemes}{34}{subsection.1.6.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.1}Wake up Scheduling Schemes}{34}{subsubsection.1.6.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.2}Topology Control Schemes}{37}{subsubsection.1.6.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.4}Data-Driven Schemes}{37}{subsection.1.6.4}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.1}Data Reduction Schemes}{38}{subsubsection.1.6.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.2}Energy Efficient Data Acquisition Schemes}{38}{subsubsection.1.6.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.5}Battery Repletion}{38}{subsection.1.6.5}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.6}Radio Optimization}{38}{subsection.1.6.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.7}Relay nodes and Sink Mobility}{39}{subsection.1.6.7}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.1}Relay node placement}{39}{subsubsection.1.6.7.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.2}Sink Mobility}{39}{subsubsection.1.6.7.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.7}Network Lifetime}{39}{section.1.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.8}Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks }{40}{section.1.8}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.9}Design Issues for Coverage Problems}{42}{section.1.9}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.10}Energy Consumption Model}{43}{section.1.10}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.11}Conclusion}{44}{section.1.11}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Related Works on Coverage Problems}{45}{chapter.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{45}{section.2.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Centralized Algorithms}{47}{section.2.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Distributed Algorithms}{50}{section.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}GAF}{52}{subsection.2.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}DESK}{53}{subsection.2.3.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Conclusion}{56}{section.2.4}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Evaluation Tools and Optimization Solvers}{59}{chapter.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{59}{section.3.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Evaluation Tools}{59}{section.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Testbed Tools}{60}{subsection.3.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Simulation Tools}{61}{subsection.3.2.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Optimization Solvers}{66}{section.3.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Conclusion}{69}{section.3.4}
+\contentsline {part}{II\hspace {1em}Contributions}{71}{part.2}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{73}{chapter.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{73}{section.4.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Description of the DiLCO Protocol}{74}{section.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Assumptions and Network Model}{74}{subsection.4.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Primary Point Coverage Model}{75}{subsection.4.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.3}Main Idea}{76}{subsection.4.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.1}Information Exchange Phase}{77}{subsubsection.4.2.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.2}Leader Election Phase}{77}{subsubsection.4.2.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.3}Decision phase}{77}{subsubsection.4.2.3.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.4}Sensing phase}{77}{subsubsection.4.2.3.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Primary Points based Coverage Problem Formulation}{78}{section.4.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Simulation Results and Analysis}{80}{section.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Simulation Framework}{80}{subsection.4.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Modeling Language and Optimization Solver}{80}{subsection.4.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Energy Consumption Model}{80}{subsection.4.4.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.4}Performance Metrics}{81}{subsection.4.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.5}Performance Analysis for Different Subregions}{82}{subsection.4.4.5}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.6}Performance Analysis for Primary Point Models}{88}{subsection.4.4.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.7}Performance Comparison with other Approaches}{93}{subsection.4.4.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}Conclusion}{99}{section.4.5}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{101}{chapter.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{101}{section.5.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}MuDiLCO Protocol Description}{102}{section.5.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Background Idea and Algorithm}{102}{subsection.5.2.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Primary Points based Multiround Coverage Problem Formulation}{103}{section.5.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Experimental Study and Analysis}{105}{section.5.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Simulation Setup}{105}{subsection.5.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}Metrics}{106}{subsection.5.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.3}Results Analysis and Comparison }{107}{subsection.5.4.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}Conclusion}{112}{section.5.5}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}{115}{chapter.6}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{115}{section.6.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}The PeCO Protocol Description}{116}{section.6.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}Assumptions and Models}{116}{subsection.6.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}The Main Idea}{119}{subsection.6.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.3}PeCO Protocol Algorithm}{119}{subsection.6.2.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}{120}{section.6.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}Performance Evaluation and Analysis}{122}{section.6.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Simulation Settings}{122}{subsection.6.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.2}Simulation Results}{123}{subsection.6.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.1}Coverage Ratio}{124}{subsubsection.6.4.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{124}{subsubsection.6.4.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.3}The Energy Consumption}{125}{subsubsection.6.4.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.4}The Network Lifetime}{125}{subsubsection.6.4.2.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Conclusion}{128}{section.6.5}
+\contentsline {part}{III\hspace {1em}Conclusion and Perspectives}{129}{part.3}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Conclusion and Perspectives}{131}{chapter.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}Conclusion}{131}{section.7.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}Perspectives}{132}{section.7.2}
+\contentsline {part}{Bibliographie}{148}{chapter*.13}
