+\contentsline {chapter}{Table of Contents}{4}{chapter*.1}
+\contentsline {chapter}{List of Figures}{6}{chapter*.2}
+\contentsline {chapter}{List of Tables}{7}{chapter*.3}
+\contentsline {chapter}{List of Algorithms}{9}{chapter*.4}
+\contentsline {chapter}{Introduction }{11}{chapter*.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {0.1}General Introduction}{11}{section.0.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {0.2}Motivation of the Dissertation}{12}{section.0.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {0.3}The Objective of this Dissertation}{12}{section.0.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {0.4}The main Contributions of this Dissertation}{13}{section.0.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {0.5}Dissertation Outline}{14}{section.0.5}
+\contentsline {part}{I\hspace {1em}Scientific Background}{15}{part.1}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Wireless Sensor Networks}{17}{chapter.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{17}{section.1.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Wireless Sensor Network Architecture}{18}{section.1.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Types of Wireless Sensor Networks}{20}{section.1.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}Wireless Sensor Network Applications}{22}{section.1.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.5}The Main Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks}{25}{section.1.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.6}Energy-Efficient Mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks}{27}{section.1.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.1}Energy-Efficient Routing:}{27}{subsection.1.6.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.1}Routing Metric based on Residual Energy:}{27}{subsubsection.1.6.1.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.2}Multipath Routing:}{28}{subsubsection.1.6.1.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.2}Cluster Architectures:}{28}{subsection.1.6.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.3}Scheduling Schemes:}{28}{subsection.1.6.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.1}Wake up Scheduling Schemes:}{29}{subsubsection.1.6.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.2}Topology Control Schemes:}{31}{subsubsection.1.6.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.4}Data-Driven Schemes:}{32}{subsection.1.6.4}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.1}Data Reduction Schemes}{32}{subsubsection.1.6.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.2}Energy Efficient Data Acquisition Schemes}{32}{subsubsection.1.6.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.5}Battery Repletion:}{33}{subsection.1.6.5}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.5.1}Energy Harvesting:}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.5.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.5.2}Wireless Charging:}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.5.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.6}Radio Optimization:}{33}{subsection.1.6.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.7}Relay nodes and Sink Mobility:}{33}{subsection.1.6.7}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.1}Relay node placement:}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.7.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.2}Sink Mobility:}{34}{subsubsection.1.6.7.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.7}Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}{34}{section.1.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.8}Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks }{35}{section.1.8}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.9}Design Issues for Coverage Problems:}{36}{section.1.9}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.10}Energy Consumption Modeling:}{37}{section.1.10}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.11}Conclusion}{39}{section.1.11}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Related Works on Coverage Problems}{41}{chapter.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{41}{section.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.1}Centralized Algorithms}{43}{subsection.2.1.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.2}Distributed Algorithms}{45}{subsection.2.1.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Conclusion}{48}{section.2.2}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Evaluation Tools and Optimization Solvers}{51}{chapter.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{51}{section.3.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Evaluation Tools}{51}{section.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Testbed Tools}{52}{subsection.3.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Simulation Tools}{53}{subsection.3.2.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Optimization Solvers}{58}{section.3.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Conclusion}{61}{section.3.4}
+\contentsline {part}{II\hspace {1em}Contributions}{63}{part.2}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{65}{chapter.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{65}{section.4.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Description of the DiLCO Protocol}{66}{section.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Assumptions and Network Model}{66}{subsection.4.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Primary Point Coverage Model}{67}{subsection.4.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.3}Main Idea}{68}{subsection.4.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.1}Information Exchange Phase}{69}{subsubsection.4.2.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.2}Leader Election Phase}{69}{subsubsection.4.2.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.3}Decision phase}{69}{subsubsection.4.2.3.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.4}Sensing phase}{69}{subsubsection.4.2.3.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Primary Points based Coverage Problem Formulation}{70}{section.4.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Simulation Results and Analysis}{72}{section.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Simulation Framework}{72}{subsection.4.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Modeling Language and Optimization Solver}{72}{subsection.4.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Energy Consumption Model}{72}{subsection.4.4.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.4}Performance Metrics}{73}{subsection.4.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.5}Performance Analysis for Different Subregions}{74}{subsection.4.4.5}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.6}Performance Analysis for Primary Point Models}{80}{subsection.4.4.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.7}Performance Comparison with other Approaches}{85}{subsection.4.4.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}Conclusion}{91}{section.4.5}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{93}{chapter.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{93}{section.5.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}MuDiLCO Protocol Description}{94}{section.5.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Background Idea and Algorithm}{94}{subsection.5.2.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Primary Points based Multiround Coverage Problem Formulation}{95}{section.5.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Experimental Study and Analysis}{97}{section.5.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Simulation Setup}{97}{subsection.5.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}Metrics}{98}{subsection.5.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.3}Results Analysis and Comparison }{99}{subsection.5.4.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}Conclusion}{104}{section.5.5}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}{107}{chapter.6}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{107}{section.6.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}The PeCO Protocol Description}{108}{section.6.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}Assumptions and Models}{108}{subsection.6.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}The Main Idea}{111}{subsection.6.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.3}PeCO Protocol Algorithm}{111}{subsection.6.2.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}{112}{section.6.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}Performance Evaluation and Analysis}{114}{section.6.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Simulation Settings}{114}{subsection.6.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.2}Simulation Results}{115}{subsection.6.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.1}Coverage Ratio}{116}{subsubsection.6.4.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{116}{subsubsection.6.4.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.3}The Energy Consumption}{117}{subsubsection.6.4.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.4}The Network Lifetime}{117}{subsubsection.6.4.2.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Conclusion}{120}{section.6.5}
+\contentsline {part}{III\hspace {1em}Conclusion and Perspectives}{121}{part.3}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Conclusion and Perspectives}{123}{chapter.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}Conclusion}{123}{section.7.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}Perspectives}{124}{section.7.2}
+\contentsline {part}{Bibliographie}{139}{chapter*.6}
