+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Wireless Sensor Network Architecture}{2}{section.1.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Types of Wireless Sensor Networks}{4}{section.1.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}Wireless Sensor Network Applications}{6}{section.1.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.5}The Main Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks}{9}{section.1.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.6}Energy-Efficient Mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks}{11}{section.1.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.1}Energy-Efficient Routing:}{11}{subsection.1.6.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.1}Routing Metric based on Residual Energy:}{11}{subsubsection.1.6.1.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.2}Multipath Routing:}{12}{subsubsection.1.6.1.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.2}Cluster Architectures:}{12}{subsection.1.6.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.3}Scheduling Schemes:}{12}{subsection.1.6.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.1}Wake up Scheduling Schemes:}{13}{subsubsection.1.6.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.2}Topology Control Schemes:}{15}{subsubsection.1.6.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.4}Data-Driven Schemes:}{16}{subsection.1.6.4}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.1}Data Reduction Schemes}{16}{subsubsection.1.6.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.2}Energy Efficient Data Acquisition Schemes}{16}{subsubsection.1.6.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.5}Battery Repletion:}{17}{subsection.1.6.5}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.5.1}Energy Harvesting:}{17}{subsubsection.1.6.5.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.5.2}Wireless Charging:}{17}{subsubsection.1.6.5.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.6}Radio Optimization:}{17}{subsection.1.6.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.7}Relay nodes and Sink Mobility:}{17}{subsection.1.6.7}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.1}Relay node placement:}{17}{subsubsection.1.6.7.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.2}Sink Mobility:}{18}{subsubsection.1.6.7.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.7}Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}{18}{section.1.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.8}Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks }{19}{section.1.8}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.9}Design Issues for Coverage Problems:}{20}{section.1.9}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.10}Energy Consumption Models:}{21}{section.1.10}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.10.1}Radio Energy Dissipation Model:}{22}{subsection.1.10.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.10.2}Our Energy Consumption Model:}{23}{subsection.1.10.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.11}Conclusion}{23}{section.1.11}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Related Literatures}{25}{chapter.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{25}{section.2.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Coverage Algorithms}{26}{section.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Centralized Algorithms}{27}{subsection.2.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}Distributed Algorithms}{29}{subsection.2.2.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Conclusion}{32}{section.2.3}
+\contentsline {part}{II\hspace {1em}Contributions}{35}{part.2}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{37}{chapter.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Summary}{37}{section.3.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}DESCRIPTION OF THE DILCO PROTOCOL}{37}{section.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Assumptions and Network Model}{37}{subsection.3.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Primary Point Coverage Model}{38}{subsection.3.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Main Idea}{39}{subsection.3.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.1}Information Exchange Phase}{40}{subsubsection.3.2.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.2}Leader Election Phase}{41}{subsubsection.3.2.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.3}Decision phase}{41}{subsubsection.3.2.3.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.4}Sensing phase}{41}{subsubsection.3.2.3.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}COVERAGE PROBLEM FORMULATION}{41}{section.3.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Simulation Results and Analysis}{43}{section.3.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.1}Simulation Framework}{43}{subsection.3.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.2}Performance Metrics}{44}{subsection.3.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.3}Performance Analysis for Different Subregions}{45}{subsection.3.4.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.3.1}Coverage Ratio}{45}{subsubsection.3.4.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.3.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{46}{subsubsection.3.4.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.3.3}The percentage of stopped simulation runs}{47}{subsubsection.3.4.3.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.3.4}The Energy Consumption}{47}{subsubsection.3.4.3.4}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.3.5}Execution Time}{49}{subsubsection.3.4.3.5}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.3.6}The Network Lifetime}{49}{subsubsection.3.4.3.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.4}Performance Analysis for Primary Point Models}{50}{subsection.3.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.4.1}Coverage Ratio}{51}{subsubsection.3.4.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.4.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{51}{subsubsection.3.4.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.4.3}The percentage of stopped simulation runs}{52}{subsubsection.3.4.4.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.4.4}The Energy Consumption}{53}{subsubsection.3.4.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.4.5}Execution Time}{54}{subsubsection.3.4.4.5}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.4.6}The Network Lifetime}{54}{subsubsection.3.4.4.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.5}Performance Comparison with other Approaches}{56}{subsection.3.4.5}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.1}Coverage Ratio}{56}{subsubsection.3.4.5.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{57}{subsubsection.3.4.5.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.3}The percentage of stopped simulation runs}{57}{subsubsection.3.4.5.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.4}The Energy Consumption}{58}{subsubsection.3.4.5.4}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.5}The Network Lifetime}{59}{subsubsection.3.4.5.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.5}Conclusion}{60}{section.3.5}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{63}{chapter.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Summary}{63}{section.4.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}MuDiLCO protocol description}{63}{section.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Background Idea}{63}{subsection.4.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Information Exchange Phase}{64}{subsection.4.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.3}Leader Election phase}{64}{subsection.4.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.4}Decision phase}{65}{subsection.4.2.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.5}Sensing phase}{66}{subsection.4.2.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Experimental Study and Analysis}{66}{section.4.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}Simulation Setup}{66}{subsection.4.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.2}Metrics}{68}{subsection.4.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.3}Results analysis and Comparison }{69}{subsection.4.3.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.4}Coverage ratio}{69}{subsection.4.3.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.5}Active sensors ratio}{69}{subsection.4.3.5}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.6}Stopped simulation runs}{70}{subsection.4.3.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.7}Energy consumption}{70}{subsection.4.3.7}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.8}Execution time}{72}{subsection.4.3.8}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.9}Network lifetime}{72}{subsection.4.3.9}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Conclusion}{73}{section.4.4}
+\contentsline {part}{III\hspace {1em}Conclusions and Perspectives}{75}{part.3}
+\contentsline {part}{Bibliographie}{85}{chapter*.6}
