+\contentsline {chapter}{Table of Contents}{4}{chapter*.1}
+\contentsline {chapter}{List of Figures}{6}{chapter*.2}
+\contentsline {chapter}{List of Tables}{7}{chapter*.3}
+\contentsline {chapter}{List of Algorithms}{9}{chapter*.4}
+\contentsline {chapter}{Introduction }{11}{chapter*.5}
+\contentsline {section}{1. General Introduction }{11}{section*.6}
+\contentsline {section}{2. Motivation of the Dissertation }{12}{section*.7}
+\contentsline {section}{3. The Objective of this Dissertation}{12}{section*.8}
+\contentsline {section}{4. Main Contributions of this Dissertation}{12}{section*.9}
+\contentsline {section}{5. Dissertation Outline}{14}{section*.10}
+\contentsline {part}{I\hspace {1em}Scientific Background}{15}{part.1}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}Wireless Sensor Networks}{17}{chapter.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.1}Introduction}{17}{section.1.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.2}Wireless Sensor Network Architecture}{18}{section.1.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.3}Types of Wireless Sensor Networks}{20}{section.1.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.4}Wireless Sensor Network Applications}{22}{section.1.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.5}The Main Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks}{25}{section.1.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.6}Energy-Efficient Mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks}{27}{section.1.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.1}Energy-Efficient Routing}{27}{subsection.1.6.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.1}Routing Metric based on Residual Energy}{27}{subsubsection.1.6.1.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.2}Multipath Routing}{28}{subsubsection.1.6.1.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.2}Cluster Architectures}{28}{subsection.1.6.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.3}Scheduling Schemes}{28}{subsection.1.6.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.1}Wake up Scheduling Schemes}{29}{subsubsection.1.6.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.2}Topology Control Schemes}{31}{subsubsection.1.6.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.4}Data-Driven Schemes}{32}{subsection.1.6.4}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.1}Data Reduction Schemes}{32}{subsubsection.1.6.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.4.2}Energy Efficient Data Acquisition Schemes}{32}{subsubsection.1.6.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.5}Battery Repletion}{32}{subsection.1.6.5}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.5.1}Energy Harvesting}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.5.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.5.2}Wireless Charging}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.5.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.6}Radio Optimization}{33}{subsection.1.6.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.7}Relay nodes and Sink Mobility}{33}{subsection.1.6.7}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.1}Relay node placement}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.7.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.2}Sink Mobility}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.7.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.7}Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}{34}{section.1.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.8}Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks }{35}{section.1.8}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.9}Design Issues for Coverage Problems}{36}{section.1.9}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.10}Energy Consumption Modeling}{37}{section.1.10}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.11}Conclusion}{39}{section.1.11}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Related Works on Coverage Problems}{41}{chapter.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}Introduction}{41}{section.2.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Centralized Algorithms}{43}{section.2.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Distributed Algorithms}{46}{section.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}GAF}{48}{subsection.2.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.2}DESK}{50}{subsection.2.3.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.4}Conclusion}{52}{section.2.4}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Evaluation Tools and Optimization Solvers}{55}{chapter.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{55}{section.3.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Evaluation Tools}{55}{section.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Testbed Tools}{56}{subsection.3.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Simulation Tools}{57}{subsection.3.2.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Optimization Solvers}{60}{section.3.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Conclusion}{65}{section.3.4}
+\contentsline {part}{II\hspace {1em}Contributions}{67}{part.2}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{69}{chapter.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Introduction}{69}{section.4.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Description of the DiLCO Protocol}{70}{section.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Assumptions and Network Model}{70}{subsection.4.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Primary Point Coverage Model}{71}{subsection.4.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.3}Main Idea}{72}{subsection.4.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.1}Information Exchange Phase}{73}{subsubsection.4.2.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.2}Leader Election Phase}{73}{subsubsection.4.2.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.3}Decision phase}{73}{subsubsection.4.2.3.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.4}Sensing phase}{73}{subsubsection.4.2.3.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Primary Points based Coverage Problem Formulation}{74}{section.4.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Simulation Results and Analysis}{76}{section.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Simulation Framework}{76}{subsection.4.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Modeling Language and Optimization Solver}{76}{subsection.4.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Energy Consumption Model}{76}{subsection.4.4.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.4}Performance Metrics}{77}{subsection.4.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.5}Performance Analysis for Different Subregions}{78}{subsection.4.4.5}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.6}Performance Analysis for Primary Point Models}{84}{subsection.4.4.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.7}Performance Comparison with other Approaches}{89}{subsection.4.4.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}Conclusion}{95}{section.4.5}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{97}{chapter.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Introduction}{97}{section.5.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}MuDiLCO Protocol Description}{98}{section.5.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Background Idea and Algorithm}{98}{subsection.5.2.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Primary Points based Multiround Coverage Problem Formulation}{99}{section.5.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Experimental Study and Analysis}{101}{section.5.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Simulation Setup}{101}{subsection.5.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}Metrics}{102}{subsection.5.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.3}Results Analysis and Comparison }{103}{subsection.5.4.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}Conclusion}{108}{section.5.5}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}{111}{chapter.6}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}Introduction}{111}{section.6.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}The PeCO Protocol Description}{112}{section.6.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}Assumptions and Models}{112}{subsection.6.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}The Main Idea}{115}{subsection.6.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.3}PeCO Protocol Algorithm}{115}{subsection.6.2.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}{116}{section.6.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}Performance Evaluation and Analysis}{118}{section.6.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Simulation Settings}{118}{subsection.6.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.2}Simulation Results}{119}{subsection.6.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.1}Coverage Ratio}{120}{subsubsection.6.4.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{120}{subsubsection.6.4.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.3}The Energy Consumption}{121}{subsubsection.6.4.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.4}The Network Lifetime}{121}{subsubsection.6.4.2.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Conclusion}{124}{section.6.5}
+\contentsline {part}{III\hspace {1em}Conclusion and Perspectives}{125}{part.3}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Conclusion and Perspectives}{127}{chapter.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}Conclusion}{127}{section.7.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}Perspectives}{128}{section.7.2}
+\contentsline {part}{Bibliographie}{144}{chapter*.11}
