-
-\item \textbf{Industry Applications: Manufacturing and smart grids}
-The most significant goal for many companies is the automation of controlling and monitoring systems in many application such as: manufacturing, water treatment, electrical power distribution, and oil and gas refining. The WSNs is incorporated in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and Smart Grids~\cite{ref22}. SCADA systems are a computer softwares by which the industrial processes in factories are controlled and supervised. The wireless sensors are used with actuators to control the factory, detection of liquid/gas leakages, and inventory management. These applications are needed for precise monitoring of temperature, shock, and noise factors in remote locations such as tanks, turbine engines or pipelines. In Smart Grids, the goal is to supervise the energy supply and consumption operation. The main WSN applications in smart grid includes: sensing the relevant parameters affecting power output (pressure, humidity, wind orientation, radiation, etc.); control of turbines, motors and underground cables; home energy management; and remote detection of faulty components.
+\item \textbf{Public safety and military Applications:}
+WSNs can be incorporated into military command, control, communication, computing, intelligence,
+surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting systems. It permits to estimate the unexpected events such as natural disasters and threats; military surveillance to the battlefield, enemy forces, battle damage, and targeting; and nuclear, biological, and chemical attack detection and reconnaissance~\cite{ref19}.
+
+\indent According to Figure~\ref{WSNAP}, the public safety and military applications can be categorized into active intervention and passive supervision~\cite{ref22}. In active intervention systems, the wireless sensors are wore by the agents and the WSN devoted to the security of the team activities. During the work of the team, the leader will observe the agent's situation and the environmental factors. The main applications include emergency rescue teams, miners, and soldiers. In passive supervision systems, wireless static sensors are scattered over a large field in order to monitor a civil area or nuclear site for a longer time. These applications include surveillance and target tracking; emergency navigation; fire detection in a building; structural health monitoring; and natural disaster prevention such as in the case of tsunamis, eruptions or flooding.
+
+
+\item \textbf{Transportation Systems Applications:}
+The fast development in the domain of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) ranging from flight transport and traffic management to in-vehicle services like driver alert or traffic monitoring have led to positive influence on mobility safety, ecology as well as economies. As a result, the transportation data collection and communication represent a major role in ITSs~\cite{ref37}.
+
+\indent The WSNs can be integrated with the transportation systems such as traffic monitoring, real-time safety systems, and commercial services~\cite{ref22}. In traffic-monitoring systems, the wireless sensors are embedded within or across the pavement or intersections, and some sensors are installed above or on the side of roads so as to collect the information related to the traffic~\cite{ref36}. These WSN based traffic systems are used to detect, count, and to classify vehicles. In safety applications, the wireless sensors are used to deal with many cases such as driving safety \cite{ref41} and vehicle safety~\cite{ref38}. Many wireless sensors are scattered on roads or vehicles, collaborating through Vehicle-to-Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Roadside, and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications. Extensive research in these domains is concentrated on preventing the collisions among vehicles by Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications~\cite{ref40}. In addition, commercial applications can be given by service providers. They include route guidance to avoid rush-hour jams, smart high-speed tolling, assistance in finding a parking space, and automobile journey statistics collection~\cite{ref22}.
+
+
+\item \textbf{Industry Applications: Manufacturing and Smart Grids:}
+The most significant goal for many companies is the automation of controlling and monitoring systems in many applications such as manufacturing, water treatment, electrical power distribution, and oil and gas refining. In that case WSNs are incorporated in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and smart grids~\cite{ref22}. A SCADA system is a computer software by which industrial processes in factories are controlled and supervised. The wireless sensors are used with actuators to control the factory, to detect of liquid/gas leakages, and for inventory management. These applications are needed for precise monitoring of temperature, shock, and noise factors in remote locations such as tanks, turbine engines, or pipelines. In Smart Grids, the goal is to supervise the power supply and depletion operation. The main applications in smart grid include: sensing the relevant parameters affecting power output (pressure, humidity, wind orientation, radiation, etc.); control of turbines, motors and underground cables; home energy management; and remote detection of faulty components.
