\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.5}The Main Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks}{25}{section.1.5}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.6}Energy-Efficient Mechanisms in Wireless Sensor Networks}{27}{section.1.6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.1}Energy-Efficient Routing:}{27}{subsection.1.6.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.1}Routing Metric based on Residual Energy:}{28}{subsubsection.1.6.1.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.1}Routing Metric based on Residual Energy:}{27}{subsubsection.1.6.1.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.1.2}Multipath Routing:}{28}{subsubsection.1.6.1.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.2}Cluster Architectures:}{28}{subsection.1.6.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.3}Scheduling Schemes:}{29}{subsection.1.6.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.3}Scheduling Schemes:}{28}{subsection.1.6.3}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.1}Wake up Scheduling Schemes:}{29}{subsubsection.1.6.3.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.3.2}Topology Control Schemes:}{31}{subsubsection.1.6.3.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.4}Data-Driven Schemes:}{32}{subsection.1.6.4}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.5.2}Wireless Charging:}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.5.2}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.6}Radio Optimization:}{33}{subsection.1.6.6}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {1.6.7}Relay nodes and Sink Mobility:}{33}{subsection.1.6.7}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.1}Relay node placement:}{34}{subsubsection.1.6.7.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.1}Relay node placement:}{33}{subsubsection.1.6.7.1}
\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {1.6.7.2}Sink Mobility:}{34}{subsubsection.1.6.7.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.7}Network Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}{34}{section.1.7}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {1.8}Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks }{35}{section.1.8}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.1}Centralized Algorithms}{43}{subsection.2.2.1}
\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.2.2}Distributed Algorithms}{45}{subsection.2.2.2}
\contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Conclusion}{48}{section.2.3}
-\contentsline {part}{II\hspace {1em}Contributions}{51}{part.2}
-\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{53}{chapter.3}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Summary}{53}{section.3.1}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}DESCRIPTION OF THE DILCO PROTOCOL}{53}{section.3.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Assumptions and Network Model}{53}{subsection.3.2.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Primary Point Coverage Model}{54}{subsection.3.2.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Main Idea}{55}{subsection.3.2.3}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.1}Information Exchange Phase}{56}{subsubsection.3.2.3.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.2}Leader Election Phase}{57}{subsubsection.3.2.3.2}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.3}Decision phase}{57}{subsubsection.3.2.3.3}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.4}Sensing phase}{57}{subsubsection.3.2.3.4}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}COVERAGE PROBLEM FORMULATION}{57}{section.3.3}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Simulation Results and Analysis}{59}{section.3.4}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.1}Simulation Framework}{59}{subsection.3.4.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.2}Modeling Language and Optimization Solver}{60}{subsection.3.4.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.3}Energy Consumption Model}{60}{subsection.3.4.3}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.4}Performance Metrics}{61}{subsection.3.4.4}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.5}Performance Analysis for Different Subregions}{62}{subsection.3.4.5}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.1}Coverage Ratio}{62}{subsubsection.3.4.5.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{62}{subsubsection.3.4.5.2}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.3}The percentage of stopped simulation runs}{63}{subsubsection.3.4.5.3}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.4}The Energy Consumption}{64}{subsubsection.3.4.5.4}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.5}Execution Time}{65}{subsubsection.3.4.5.5}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.5.6}The Network Lifetime}{66}{subsubsection.3.4.5.6}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.6}Performance Analysis for Primary Point Models}{67}{subsection.3.4.6}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.1}Coverage Ratio}{67}{subsubsection.3.4.6.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{68}{subsubsection.3.4.6.2}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.3}The percentage of stopped simulation runs}{69}{subsubsection.3.4.6.3}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.4}The Energy Consumption}{69}{subsubsection.3.4.6.4}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.5}Execution Time}{70}{subsubsection.3.4.6.5}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.6.6}The Network Lifetime}{71}{subsubsection.3.4.6.6}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.7}Performance Comparison with other Approaches}{71}{subsection.3.4.7}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.7.1}Coverage Ratio}{72}{subsubsection.3.4.7.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.7.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{73}{subsubsection.3.4.7.2}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.7.3}The percentage of stopped simulation runs}{74}{subsubsection.3.4.7.3}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.7.4}The Energy Consumption}{74}{subsubsection.3.4.7.4}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.7.5}The Network Lifetime}{76}{subsubsection.3.4.7.5}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.5}Conclusion}{77}{section.3.5}
-\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{79}{chapter.4}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Summary}{79}{section.4.1}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}MuDiLCO protocol description}{79}{section.4.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Background Idea}{79}{subsection.4.2.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Information Exchange Phase}{80}{subsection.4.2.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.3}Leader Election phase}{80}{subsection.4.2.3}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.4}Decision phase}{81}{subsection.4.2.4}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.5}Sensing phase}{82}{subsection.4.2.5}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Experimental Study and Analysis}{82}{section.4.3}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.1}Simulation Setup}{82}{subsection.4.3.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.2}Metrics}{83}{subsection.4.3.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.3}Results analysis and Comparison }{85}{subsection.4.3.3}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.4}Coverage ratio}{85}{subsection.4.3.4}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.5}Active sensors ratio}{85}{subsection.4.3.5}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.6}Stopped simulation runs}{86}{subsection.4.3.6}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.7}Energy consumption}{87}{subsection.4.3.7}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.8}Execution time}{87}{subsection.4.3.8}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.3.9}Network lifetime}{88}{subsection.4.3.9}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Conclusion}{88}{section.4.4}
-\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}{91}{chapter.5}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}summary}{91}{section.5.1}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}THE PeCO PROTOCOL DESCRIPTION}{91}{section.5.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Assumptions and Models}{91}{subsection.5.2.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.2}The Main Idea}{94}{subsection.5.2.2}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.3}PeCO Protocol Algorithm}{95}{subsection.5.2.3}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}{96}{section.5.3}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Performance Evaluation and Analysis}{98}{section.5.4}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.1}Simulation Settings}{98}{subsection.5.4.1}
-\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.4.2}Simulation Results}{98}{subsection.5.4.2}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.2.1}Coverage Ratio}{99}{subsubsection.5.4.2.1}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.2.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{99}{subsubsection.5.4.2.2}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.2.3}The Energy Consumption}{100}{subsubsection.5.4.2.3}
-\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {5.4.2.4}The Network Lifetime}{100}{subsubsection.5.4.2.4}
-\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.5}Conclusion}{101}{section.5.5}
-\contentsline {part}{III\hspace {1em}Conclusion and Perspectives}{103}{part.3}
-\contentsline {part}{Bibliographie}{114}{chapter*.6}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}Evaluation Tools and Optimization Solvers}{51}{chapter.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}Introduction}{51}{section.3.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Evaluation Tools}{51}{section.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Testbed Tools}{52}{subsection.3.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}Simulation Tools}{53}{subsection.3.2.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}Optimization Solvers}{58}{section.3.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}Conclusion}{61}{section.3.4}
+\contentsline {part}{II\hspace {1em}Contributions}{63}{part.2}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{65}{chapter.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Summary}{65}{section.4.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Description of the DiLCO Protocol}{65}{section.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}Assumptions and Network Model}{65}{subsection.4.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Primary Point Coverage Model}{66}{subsection.4.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.3}Main Idea}{67}{subsection.4.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.1}Information Exchange Phase}{68}{subsubsection.4.2.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.2}Leader Election Phase}{69}{subsubsection.4.2.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.3}Decision phase}{69}{subsubsection.4.2.3.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.3.4}Sensing phase}{69}{subsubsection.4.2.3.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Primary Points based Coverage Problem Formulation}{69}{section.4.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Simulation Results and Analysis}{71}{section.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Simulation Framework}{71}{subsection.4.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.2}Modeling Language and Optimization Solver}{72}{subsection.4.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.3}Energy Consumption Model}{72}{subsection.4.4.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.4}Performance Metrics}{73}{subsection.4.4.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.5}Performance Analysis for Different Subregions}{74}{subsection.4.4.5}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.6}Performance Analysis for Primary Point Models}{79}{subsection.4.4.6}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.7}Performance Comparison with other Approaches}{83}{subsection.4.4.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.5}Conclusion}{88}{section.4.5}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks}{91}{chapter.5}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Summary}{91}{section.5.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}MuDiLCO Protocol Description}{91}{section.5.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.1}Background Idea and Algorithm}{92}{subsection.5.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.2.2}Primary Points based Multiround Coverage Problem Formulation}{93}{subsection.5.2.2}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.3}Experimental Study and Analysis}{95}{section.5.3}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.1}Simulation Setup}{95}{subsection.5.3.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.2}Metrics}{96}{subsection.5.3.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {5.3.3}Results Analysis and Comparison }{97}{subsection.5.3.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.4}Conclusion}{100}{section.5.4}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks}{103}{chapter.6}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.1}summary}{103}{section.6.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.2}THE PeCO PROTOCOL DESCRIPTION}{103}{section.6.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.1}Assumptions and Models}{103}{subsection.6.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.2}The Main Idea}{106}{subsection.6.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.2.3}PeCO Protocol Algorithm}{107}{subsection.6.2.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.3}Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}{108}{section.6.3}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.4}Performance Evaluation and Analysis}{110}{section.6.4}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.1}Simulation Settings}{110}{subsection.6.4.1}
+\contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {6.4.2}Simulation Results}{111}{subsection.6.4.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.1}Coverage Ratio}{111}{subsubsection.6.4.2.1}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.2}Active Sensors Ratio}{112}{subsubsection.6.4.2.2}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.3}The Energy Consumption}{112}{subsubsection.6.4.2.3}
+\contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {6.4.2.4}The Network Lifetime}{112}{subsubsection.6.4.2.4}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {6.5}Conclusion}{113}{section.6.5}
+\contentsline {part}{III\hspace {1em}Conclusion and Perspectives}{117}{part.3}
+\contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {7}Conclusion and Perspectives}{119}{chapter.7}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.1}Conclusion}{119}{section.7.1}
+\contentsline {section}{\numberline {7.2}Perspectives}{120}{section.7.2}
+\contentsline {part}{Bibliographie}{122}{section.7.2}
