X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/ThesisAli.git/blobdiff_plain/e338f893f06f741bb2f5f45d9bd9e742117b3449..34bc2a356fd03412115497a5881b4196427a3b3e:/CHAPITRE_01.tex

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@@ -103,7 +103,7 @@ A network consists of a low cost wireless sensor nodes, which are equipped with
 
 \section{Wireless Sensor Network Applications}
 \label{ch1:sec:04}
-The fast development in WSNs has been led to extensive study on different characteristics of it. However, the WSN is concentrated on various applications. In this section, we demonstrate a different academic and commercial applications. The WSN is composed of various types of sensors such as~\cite{ref17,ref19}: thermal, seismic, magnetic, visual, infrared, acoustic, and radar, which are capable of observing a different physical conditions such as: temperature, humidity, pressure, speed, direction, movement, light, soil makeup, noise levels, the presence or absence of certain kinds of objects, and mechanical stress levels on attached objects. Thus, a wide range of WSN applications can be classified into five classes~\cite{ref22}. Figure~\ref{WSNAP} shows classification of WSN applications. 
+\indent The fast development in WSNs has been led to extensive study on different characteristics of it. However, the WSN is concentrated on various applications. In this section, we demonstrate a different academic and commercial applications. The WSN is composed of various types of sensors such as~\cite{ref17,ref19}: thermal, seismic, magnetic, visual, infrared, acoustic, and radar, which are capable of observing a different physical conditions such as: temperature, humidity, pressure, speed, direction, movement, light, soil makeup, noise levels, the presence or absence of certain kinds of objects, and mechanical stress levels on attached objects. Thus, a wide range of WSN applications can be classified into five classes~\cite{ref22}. Figure~\ref{WSNAP} shows classification of WSN applications. 
 
 \begin{figure}[h!]
 \centering
@@ -114,31 +114,31 @@ The fast development in WSNs has been led to extensive study on different charac
 
 \begin{enumerate}[(I)]
 
-\item \textbf{Health-care Applications:} There is increasing interest and extensive research in the health-care applications. Two types of health-care systems are recognized~\cite{ref22}: vital status monitoring and remote health-care surveillance. In vital status monitoring applications, patients are wearing the sensors in order to oversee the state of their health and to allow medical staff to respond efficiently.The most general used vital signs are ECG, pulse oximetry, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure~\cite{ref27}. These applications include:  mass-casualty disaster monitoring, vital sign monitoring in hospitals, and sudden fall or epilepsy seizure detection. On the other hand, remote health-care surveillance is related to the health services that do not require constant presence of health care. These applications includes: elderly monitoring; providing support to a physically impaired person; gather clinically relevant information for rehabilitation supervision~\cite{ref28}; location tracking and medication intake monitoring~\cite{ref27}.
+\item \textbf{Health-care Applications:} There is increasing interest and extensive research in the health-care applications. Two types of health-care systems are recognized~\cite{ref22}: vital status monitoring and remote health-care surveillance. In vital status monitoring applications, sick persons are wearing the sensors in order to oversee the state of their health and to allow medical staff to monitor and control the patients status expeditiously. The most general used vital signs are ECG, pulse oximetry, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure~\cite{ref27}. These applications include:  mass-casualty disaster monitoring, vital sign monitoring in hospitals, and sudden fall or epilepsy seizure detection. On the other hand, remote health-care surveillance refers to the health services that do not require continuous existence of health care. These applications include: elderly monitoring; providing support to a physically impaired person; gather clinically relevant information for rehabilitation supervision~\cite{ref28}; location tracking and medication intake monitoring~\cite{ref27}.
 
 
 \item \textbf{ Environment and agriculture Applications:}
-\indent Several WSNs applications have been developed to the precision agriculture, cattle monitoring and environmental monitoring.
+\indent Several WSNs applications have been developed to the precision agriculture, cattle monitoring, and environmental monitoring.
 
 \indent Precision agriculture refers to the science of using the innovative and modern technology to improve the crop production, and the WSNs are the main technology for developing of precision agriculture~\cite{ref29}. This technology contributes in increasing the agricultural yields, improving quality, and reducing costs whilst decreasing the damaging impact for the environment. The wireless sensors are distributed over the target field so as to monitor the main parameters such as~\cite{ref22}: soil moisture, atmospheric temperature, creating a decision support system. The wireless sensors can be used in agricultural services like Irrigation, fertilization,  pest control, animal and pastures monitoring, horticulture(e.g., greenhouse and viticulture)~\cite{ref30}. 
 
-\indent In cattle monitoring applications, the WSN is used to livestock control and monitoring such as: virtual fencing for extensive grazing systems, animal behavior study, health monitoring, to detect disease breakouts, to localize them and to control end-product quality (meat, milk).
+\indent In cattle monitoring applications, the WSN is used to livestock control and monitoring such as: virtual fencing for extensive grazing systems, animal behavior study, health monitoring, to detect disease breakouts, to localize them, and to control end-product quality (meat, milk).
 
-\indent Various WSN applications for environmental monitoring have been used in coastline erosion,  air quality monitoring, safe drinking water and contamination control~\cite{ref22}.
+\indent Various WSN applications for environmental monitoring have been used in coastline erosion,  air quality monitoring, safe drinking water, and contamination control~\cite{ref22}.
 
 \item \textbf{Public safety and military systems Applications:}
 The WSNs can be incorporated into military command, control, communications, computing, intelligence,
-surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting systems. It estimates the unpredictable events such as  natural disasters and threats as well as some of the military WSN applications keep under surveillance friendly forces, equipment, and ammunition; battlefield surveillance;  reconnaissance of enemy forces; targeting; battle damage assessment; and nuclear, biological, and chemical (NBC) attack detection and reconnaissance~\cite{ref19}. 
+surveillance, reconnaissance, and targeting systems. It estimates the unexpected events such as  natural disasters and threats as well as some of the military applications keep under surveillance friendly forces, equipment, and ammunition; battlefield surveillance;  reconnaissance of enemy forces; targeting; battle damage assessment; and nuclear, biological, and chemical attack detection and reconnaissance~\cite{ref19}. 
 
-\indent According to figure~\ref{WSNAP}, the public safety and military applications are categorized into active intervention and passive supervision~\cite{ref22}. In active intervention systems, the wireless sensors are portable with the agents and is devoted to the security of the team activities. During the work of the team, the leader will monitor the agents situation and the environmental impact factors. The main applications includes: emergency rescue teams, miners and soldiers. In  passive supervision systems, the wireless static sensors are scattered over a large field for monitoring a civil area or nuclear site for a longer time. These applications includes: surveillance and target tracking , emergency navigation, fire detection in a building, structural health monitoring and natural disaster prevention such as in the case of tsunamis, eruptions or flooding.
+\indent According to figure~\ref{WSNAP}, the public safety and military applications are categorized into active intervention and passive supervision~\cite{ref22}. In active intervention systems, the wireless sensors are portable with the agents and is devoted to the security of the team activities. During the work of the team, the leader will observe the agents situation and the environmental factors. The main applications include: emergency rescue teams, miners and soldiers. In passive supervision systems, the wireless static sensors are scattered over a large field in order to monitor a civil area or nuclear site for a longer time. These applications include: surveillance and target tracking; emergency navigation; fire detection in a building; structural health monitoring; and natural disaster prevention such as in the case of tsunamis, eruptions or flooding.
 
-\item \textbf{Transportation systems Applications:}
-The fast development in the domain of  Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS)  ranging from flight transport and traffic management to in-vehicle services like driver alert or traffic monitoring. As a result, the transportation data collection and communication represent a major role in the ITS~\cite{ref37}.
+\item \textbf{Transportation Systems Applications:}
+The fast development in the domain of Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) ranging from flight transport and traffic management to in-vehicle services like driver alert or traffic monitoring. As a result, the transportation data collection and communication represent a major role in the ITS~\cite{ref37}.
 
-\indent The WSNs can be integrated with the transportation systems such as traffic monitoring, real-time safety systems, and commercial services~\cite{ref22}. In traffic-monitoring systems, the wireless sensors are embedded within or across the pavement and some sensors are installed above or on the side of roads so as to collect the informations related to the traffic~\cite{ref36}.  These WSN traffic systems are used to detect the vehicles, vehicles count, and classification. In safety applications, the wireless sensors are employed to deal with many cases such as: driving safety~\cite{ref41}, vehicle safety~\cite{ref38},  where many wireless sensors are scattered on roads or vehicles, collaborating through Vehicle-to-Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Roadside, and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications. Extensive research in these domains are concentrated on preventing the collisions among vehicles by Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications~\cite{ref40}. In addition, commercial applications can be given by service providers. They include route guidance to avoid rush-hour jams, smart high-speed tolling, assistance in finding a parking space and automobile journey statistics collection~\cite{ref22}.
+\indent The WSNs can be integrated with the transportation systems such as traffic monitoring, real-time safety systems, and commercial services~\cite{ref22}. In traffic-monitoring systems, the wireless sensors are embedded within or across the pavement or intersections, and some sensors are installed above or on the side of roads so as to collect the informations related to the traffic~\cite{ref36}. These WSN traffic systems are used to detect the vehicles, vehicles count, and classification. In safety applications, the wireless sensors are used to deal with many cases such as: driving safety~\cite{ref41}, vehicle safety~\cite{ref38},  where many wireless sensors are scattered on roads or vehicles, collaborating through Vehicle-to-Vehicle, Vehicle-to-Roadside, and Vehicle-to-Infrastructure communications. Extensive research in these domains are concentrated on preventing the collisions among vehicles by Vehicle-to-Vehicle communications~\cite{ref40}. In addition, commercial applications can be given by service providers. They include route guidance to avoid rush-hour jams, smart high-speed tolling, assistance in finding a parking space, and automobile journey statistics collection~\cite{ref22}.
 
-\item \textbf{Industry Applications: Manufacturing and smart grids:}
-The most significant goal for many companies is the automation of controlling and monitoring systems in many applications such as: manufacturing, water treatment, electrical power distribution, and oil and gas refining. The WSNs is incorporated in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and smart grids~\cite{ref22}. SCADA systems are a computer softwares by which the industrial processes in factories are controlled and supervised. The wireless sensors are used with actuators to control the factory,  detection of liquid/gas leakages, and inventory management. These applications are needed for precise monitoring of temperature, shock, and noise factors in remote locations such as tanks, turbine engines or pipelines. In Smart Grids, the goal is to supervise the energy supply and  consumption operation. The main WSN applications in smart grid includes: sensing the relevant parameters affecting power output (pressure, humidity, wind orientation, radiation, etc.); control of turbines, motors and underground cables; home energy management; and remote detection of faulty components.
+\item \textbf{Industry Applications: Manufacturing and Smart Grids:}
+The most significant goal for many companies is the automation of controlling and monitoring systems in many applications such as: manufacturing, water treatment, electrical power distribution, and oil and gas refining. The WSNs is incorporated in Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems and smart grids~\cite{ref22}. SCADA systems are a computer softwares by which the industrial processes in factories are controlled and supervised. The wireless sensors are used with actuators to control the factory,  detection of liquid/gas leakages, and inventory management. These applications are needed for precise monitoring of temperature, shock, and noise factors in remote locations such as tanks, turbine engines, or pipelines. In Smart Grids, the goal is to supervise the power supply and  depletion operation. The main applications in smart grid include: sensing the relevant parameters affecting power output (pressure, humidity, wind orientation, radiation, etc.); control of turbines, motors and underground cables; home energy management; and remote detection of faulty components.
 
 \end{enumerate}
 %\section{Protocol Design Requirements}
@@ -146,16 +146,16 @@ The most significant goal for many companies is the automation of controlling an
 
 \section{The Main Challenges in Wireless Sensor Networks}
 \label{ch1:sec:05}
-\indent Many challenges need to be faced in WSNs, which are received increasing attention by a large number of researchers during the last few years. These challenges were the reason in proposing different solutions so as to face these challenges as will be explained in next section~\ref{ch1:sec:06}.
+\indent Many challenges need to be faced in WSNs, which are received increasing attention by a large number of researchers during the last few years. These challenges represent the main reason to propose a different solutions so as to face them as will be explained in next section~\ref{ch1:sec:06}.
 \begin{enumerate} [(I)]
-\item \textbf{Extended Network Lifetime:} One fundamental issue in WSNs is how to prolong the network lifetime as long as possible. Since sensor battery has a limited power; and since it is difficult to recharge or replace it especially in remote or hostile environment; It is necessary to reduce the energy consumption by using energy-efficient methods so as to extend the network lifetime.
+\item \textbf{Extended Network Lifetime:} One fundamental issue in WSNs is how to prolong the network lifetime as long as possible. Since sensor battery has a limited power; and since it is difficult to recharge or replace it especially in remote or hostile environment; It is necessary to reduce the energy consumption by using energy-efficient methods in order to extend the network lifetime.
 
 \item \textbf{Coverage:} One of the fundamental challenges in WSNs is the coverage preservation and the extension of the network lifetime continuously and effectively when monitoring a certain area (or region) of interest. The major objective is to choose the minimum number of sensor nodes in order to monitor the target sensing field without affecting on the application requirements in executing its tasks as long time as possible. 
 
-\item \textbf{Routing:} One of the important problems in WSNs that needs to be solved efficiently. The limited resources of WSNs and the impacts of wireless communication are let to a big challenge in ensuring energy-efficient routing. However, it is not enough to use the shortest path to route the packets among the sensor nodes toward the sink. It is necessary to design an energy-efficient routing protocol that considers the remaining energy of sensor node during taking the decision to route the packet to the next hop toward the destination. This can participates in energy conservation and balancing among the sensor node in WSNs. 
+\item \textbf{Routing:} Represents one of the important problems in WSNs that needs to be solved efficiently. The limited resources of WSNs and the impacts of wireless communication are led to a big challenge in ensuring energy-efficient routing. However, it is not enough to use the shortest path to route the packets among the sensor nodes toward the sink. It is necessary to design an energy-efficient routing protocol that considers the remaining energy of sensor node during taking the decision to route the packet to the next hop toward the destination. This can participates in energy conservation and balancing among the sensor node in WSNs. 
 
 \item \textbf{Autonomous and Distributed Management:}
-Since the nature of many WSN applications that need to be deployed in a remote or hostile environment, it is important that the wireless sensor nodes work in autonomous and distributed way to communicate and cooperate with other sensor nodes without human intervention because the maintenance or the repair maybe difficult. The distributed management consumes less energy because it based on only local information from the neighboring sensor nodes; on the other hand, it does not give the optimal solution, so the main challenge is how to apply the a distributed management in WSNs and in the same time ensuring an optimal or near optimal solution.
+Since the nature of many WSN applications that need to be deployed in a remote or hostile environment, it is important that the wireless sensor nodes work in autonomous and distributed way to communicate and cooperate with other sensor nodes without human intervention because the maintenance or the repair maybe difficult. The distributed management consumes less energy because it is based on only local information from the neighboring sensor nodes; on the other hand, it does not give the optimal solution, so the main challenge is how to apply the a distributed management in WSNs and in the same time ensuring an optimal or near optimal solution.
    
 \item \textbf{Scalability:} Many physical phenomenons require to be deployed densely with a large number of sensor nodes for different reasons such as: the large sensed area,  reliability requirement, or network lifetime prolongation. It is necessary that the proposed protocols in WSNs be scalable for these large number of sensor
 nodes in order to achieve their tasks efficiently.
@@ -164,13 +164,13 @@ nodes in order to achieve their tasks efficiently.
 
 \item \textbf{Reliability:} Many applications require a high quality of coverage. These applications need to deploy a large number of a cheap sensor nodes so as to satisfy the requirement of application. These large number of the sensor nodes may be prone to the failure and this will affect on the quality of service provided by the application. However, it is important to build mechanisms inside the protocols so as to avoid the failure of some sensor nodes during the network operation and to increase the robustness of the proposed protocol in WSNs.
 
-\item \textbf{Topology Control:} The maintenance and repair of the network topology is a challenging task because there are a large number of inaccessible sensor nodes that are prone to failure. So, some schemes need to used to deal with the dynamic changing of topology and the failure of some sensor nodes due to energy depletion or malfunction.
+\item \textbf{Topology Control:} The maintenance and repair of the network topology is a challenging task because the large number of inaccessible sensor nodes that are prone to failure. Therefore, some schemes need to used to deal with the dynamic changing of topology and the failure of some sensor nodes due to energy depletion or malfunction.
 
-\item \textbf{Heterogeneity:} One essential challenge is to provide a WSN protocol that deals with different sensor node capabilities such as communication, processing, sensing, and energy. The future of WSNs will be heterogeneous with a large number of sensor nodes. These WSNs may be reflect different tasks and can be integrated into one big network. So, it is necessary to take the heterogeneity into consideration during constructing the protocols in WSNs. 
+\item \textbf{Heterogeneity:} One essential challenge is to provide a WSN protocol that deals with different sensor node capabilities such as communication, processing, sensing, and energy. The future of WSNs will be heterogeneous with a large number of sensor nodes. These WSNs may be reflect different tasks and can be integrated into one big network. Therefore, it is necessary to take the heterogeneity into consideration during constructing the protocols in WSNs. 
 
-\item \textbf{Wireless Networking:} The networking and wireless communication represent another important challenge in WSNs. The communication range of the signals can be attenuated or faded during the signal propagation across the communication media or during passing through obstacles. The increasing distance between the sensor nodes and the sink requires increased transmission power; However, the long distance can be divided into several small distances using multi-hop communication. The multi-hop communication poses another challenge is how to find the more energy efficient route to transmitting the information from the source to the destination, where the sensor nodes should be cooperated to find this route; and to serve as relays.
+\item \textbf{Wireless Networking:} The networking and wireless communication represent another important challenge in WSNs. The communication range of the signals can be attenuated or faded during the signal propagation across the communication media or during passing through obstacles. The increasing distance between the sensor nodes and the sink requires increased transmission power; However, the long distance can be divided into several small distances using multi-hop communication. The multi-hop communication poses another challenge is how to find the more energy efficient route to transmit the information from the source to the destination, where the sensor nodes should be cooperated to find this route; and to serve as relays.
 
-\item \textbf{Data Management:} It represents one of the challenges that contributes in depleting the energy of the sensor nodes in WSNs. The main task of the WSN after deploying the sensor nodes in target environment that need to be monitored is to collect the sensed data from this physical environment and then transmit it to the base station. Since there are many sensor nodes in WSN; and since every sensor node want to transmit its sensed data to the base station; It will be a large amount of data that need to be managed, processed and routed, to the sink that represents a real challenge in WSNs.
+\item \textbf{Data Management:} Represents one of the challenges that contributes in depleting the energy of the sensor nodes in WSNs. The main task of the WSN after deploying the sensor nodes in target environment that need to be monitored is to collect the sensed data from this physical environment and then transmit it to the base station. Since there are many sensor nodes in WSN; and since every sensor node want to transmit its sensed data to the base station; It will be a large amount of data that need to be managed, processed and routed, to the sink that represents a real challenge in WSNs.
 
 \item \textbf{Security:} The sensitivity of the information collected by WSNs represents the final challenge that should be faced in WSNs. This information is susceptible to malicious intrusions and hacker attacks; however, it is necessary to provide energy efficient schemes by WSNs to protect this information during the operation of WSNs.
 
