use matrix-free GMRES to solve
the Newton update problems with implicit sensitivity calculation,
i.e., the steps enclosed by the double dashed block
-in Fig.~\ref{fig:ef_flow}.
+in Figure~\ref{fig:ef_flow}.
Then implementation issues of GPU acceleration
will be discussed in detail.
Finally, the Gear-2 integration is briefly introduced.
\underline{G}eneralized \underline{M}inimum \underline{Res}idual,
or GMRES method is an iterative method for solving
systems of linear equations ($A x=b$) with dense matrix $A$.
-The standard GMRES\index{GMRES} is given in Algorithm~\ref{alg:GMRES}.
-It constructs a Krylov subspace\index{Krylov subspace} with order $m$,
+The standard GMRES\index{iterative method!GMRES} is given in Algorithm~\ref{alg:GMRES}.
+It constructs a Krylov subspace\index{iterative method!Krylov subspace} with order $m$,
\[ \mathcal{K}_m = \mathrm{span}( b, A^{} b, A^2 b,\ldots, A^{m-1} b ),\]
where the approximate solution $x_m$ resides.
In practice, an orthonormal basis $V_m$ that spans the
subspace $\mathcal{K}_{m}$ can be generated by
-the Arnoldi iteration\index{Arnoldi iterations}.
+the Arnoldi iterations\index{iterative method!Arnoldi iterations}.
The goal of GMRES is to search for an optimal coefficient $y$
such that the linear combination $x_m = V_m y$ will minimize
its residual $\| b-Ax_m \|_2$.
%% \end{algorithmic}
%% \end{algorithm}
+\begin{algorithm}
+\caption{Standard GMRES\index{iterative method!GMRES} algorithm.} \label{alg:GMRES}
+ \KwIn{ $ A \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times N}$, $b \in \mathbb{R}^N$,
+ and initial guess $x_0 \in \mathbb{R}^N$}
+ \KwOut{ $x \in \mathbb{R}^N$: $\| b - A x\|_2 < tol$}
+
+ $r = b - A x_0$\;
+ $h_{1,0}=\left \| r \right \|_2$\;
+ $m=0$\;
+
+ \While{$m < max\_iter$} {
+ $m = m+1$;
+ $v_{m} = r / h_{m,m-1}$\;
+ \label{line:mvp} $r = A v_m$\;
+ \For{$i = 1\ldots m$} {
+ $h_{i,m} = \langle v_i, r \rangle$\;
+ $r = r - h_{i,m} v_i$\;
+ }
+ $h_{m+1,m} = \left\| r \right\|_2$\label{line:newnorm} \;
+ %\STATE Generate Givens rotations to triangularize $\tilde{H}_m$
+ %\STATE Apply Givens rotations on $h_{1,0}e_1$ to get residual $\epsilon$
+ Compute the residual $\epsilon$\;
+ \If{$\epsilon < tol$} {
+ Solve the problem: minimize $\|b-Ax_m\|_2$\;
+ Return $x_m = x_0 + V_m y_m$\;
+ }
+ }
+\end{algorithm}
+
+
At a first glance, the cost of using standard GMRES directly to
solve the Newton update in Eq.~\eqref{eq:Newton}
seems to come mainly from two parts: the
At each time step, SPICE\index{SPICE} has
to linearize device models, stamp matrix elements
into MNA (short for modified nodal analysis\index{modified nodal analysis, or MNA}) matrices,
-and solve circuit equations in its inner Newton iteration\index{Newton iteration}.
+and solve circuit equations in its inner Newton iteration\index{iterative method!Newton iteration}.
When convergence is attained,
circuit states are saved and then next time step begins.
This is also the time when we store the needed matrices
the small size of Hessenberg matrix,
and the frequent inspection of values by host, it is
preferable to allocate $\tilde{H}$ in CPU (host) memory.
-As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:gmres}, the memory copy from device to host
+As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:gmres}, the memory copy from device to host
is called each time when Arnoldi iteration generates a new vector
and the orthogonalization produces the vector $h$.
