X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/book_gpu.git/blobdiff_plain/e8ef95b33e7a3163998636257872682e926c913a..cf0ee588a0ef05623f955938e81be1aa96c33f46:/BookGPU/Chapters/chapter16/gpu.tex?ds=inline diff --git a/BookGPU/Chapters/chapter16/gpu.tex b/BookGPU/Chapters/chapter16/gpu.tex index f4f62f1..bdd4ad0 100644 --- a/BookGPU/Chapters/chapter16/gpu.tex +++ b/BookGPU/Chapters/chapter16/gpu.tex @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ In this section, we explain how to efficiently use matrix-free GMRES to solve the Newton update problems with implicit sensitivity calculation, i.e., the steps enclosed by the double dashed block -in Fig.~\ref{fig:ef_flow}. +in Figure~\ref{fig:ef_flow}. Then implementation issues of GPU acceleration will be discussed in detail. Finally, the Gear-2 integration is briefly introduced. @@ -15,13 +15,13 @@ Finally, the Gear-2 integration is briefly introduced. \underline{G}eneralized \underline{M}inimum \underline{Res}idual, or GMRES method is an iterative method for solving systems of linear equations ($A x=b$) with dense matrix $A$. -The standard GMRES\index{GMRES} is given in Algorithm~\ref{alg:GMRES}. -It constructs a Krylov subspace\index{Krylov subspace} with order $m$, +The standard GMRES\index{iterative method!GMRES} is given in Algorithm~\ref{alg:GMRES}. +It constructs a Krylov subspace\index{iterative method!Krylov subspace} with order $m$, \[ \mathcal{K}_m = \mathrm{span}( b, A^{} b, A^2 b,\ldots, A^{m-1} b ),\] where the approximate solution $x_m$ resides. In practice, an orthonormal basis $V_m$ that spans the subspace $\mathcal{K}_{m}$ can be generated by -the Arnoldi iteration\index{Arnoldi iterations}. +the Arnoldi iterations\index{iterative method!Arnoldi iterations}. The goal of GMRES is to search for an optimal coefficient $y$ such that the linear combination $x_m = V_m y$ will minimize its residual $\| b-Ax_m \|_2$. @@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ a preset tolerance~\cite{Golub:Book'96}. %% \end{algorithm} \begin{algorithm} -\caption{Standard GMRES\index{GMRES} algorithm.} \label{alg:GMRES} +\caption{Standard GMRES\index{iterative method!GMRES} algorithm.} \label{alg:GMRES} \KwIn{ $ A \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times N}$, $b \in \mathbb{R}^N$, and initial guess $x_0 \in \mathbb{R}^N$} \KwOut{ $x \in \mathbb{R}^N$: $\| b - A x\|_2 < tol$} @@ -160,7 +160,7 @@ period in order to solve a Newton update. At each time step, SPICE\index{SPICE} has to linearize device models, stamp matrix elements into MNA (short for modified nodal analysis\index{modified nodal analysis, or MNA}) matrices, -and solve circuit equations in its inner Newton iteration\index{Newton iteration}. +and solve circuit equations in its inner Newton iteration\index{iterative method!Newton iteration}. When convergence is attained, circuit states are saved and then next time step begins. This is also the time when we store the needed matrices @@ -225,7 +225,7 @@ Hence, in consideration of the serial nature of the trianularization, the small size of Hessenberg matrix, and the frequent inspection of values by host, it is preferable to allocate $\tilde{H}$ in CPU (host) memory. -As shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:gmres}, the memory copy from device to host +As shown in Figure~\ref{fig:gmres}, the memory copy from device to host is called each time when Arnoldi iteration generates a new vector and the orthogonalization produces the vector $h$.