-For whole experiments, the whole set of 10,000 images
+First of all, the whole code of STABYLO can be downloaded
+\footnote{\url{http://members.femto-st.fr/raphael-couturier/stabylo/}}.
+For all the experiments, the whole set of 10,000 images
of the BOSS contest~\cite{Boss10} database is taken.
In this set, each cover is a $512\times 512$
grayscale digital image in a RAW format.
We restrict experiments to
this set of cover images since this paper is more focused on
-the methodology than benchmarking.
+the methodology than on benchmarks.
We use the matrices $\hat{H}$
generated by the integers given
-in table~\ref{table:matrices:H}
+in Table~\ref{table:matrices:H}
as introduced in~\cite{FillerJF11}, since these ones have experimentally
-be proven to have the best modification efficiency.
-For instance if the rate between the size of message and the size of the host is
-1/4, each number in $\{81, 95, 107, 121\}$ is translated into a binary number
-and each one consitutes thus an column of $\hat{H}$.
+be proven to have the strongest modification efficiency.
+For instance if the rate between the size of the message and the size of the
+cover vector
+is 1/4, each number in $\{81, 95, 107, 121\}$ is translated into a binary number
+and each one constitutes thus a column of $\hat{H}$.
\begin{table}
$$
\end{table}
-Our approach is always compared to Hugo~\cite{DBLP:conf/ih/PevnyFB10}
-and to EAISLSBMR~\cite{Luo:2010:EAI:1824719.1824720}.
-The former is the least detectable information hiding tool in spatial domain
-and the latter is the work that is the closest to ours, as far as we know.
-
-
-
-First of all, in our experiments and with the adaptive scheme,
-the average size of the message that can be embedded is 16,445 bits.
-Its corresponds to an average payload of 6.35\%.
-The two other tools will then be compared with this payload.
-Sections~\ref{sub:quality} and~\ref{sub:steg} respectively present
-the quality analysis and the security of our scheme.
+Our approach is always compared to HUGO, to EAISLSBMR, to WOW and to UNIWARD
+for the two strategies Fixed and Adaptive.
+For the former one, the payload has been set to 10\%.
+For the latter one, the Canny parameter $T$ has been set to 3.
+When $b$ is 7, the average size of the message that can be embedded
+is 16,445 bits,
+that corresponds to an average payload of 6.35\%.
+For each cover image the STABYLO's embedding rate with these two parameters
+is memorized.
+Next each steganographic scheme is executed to produce the stego content of
+this cover with respect to this embedding rate.
For the sake of completeness, three metrics are computed in these experiments:
the Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR),
the PSNR-HVS-M family~\cite{psnrhvsm11},
-%the BIQI~\cite{MB10},
and
the weighted PSNR (wPSNR)~\cite{DBLP:conf/ih/PereiraVMMP01}.
The first one is widely used but does not take into
account the Human Visual System (HVS).
The other ones have been designed to tackle this problem.
-If we apply them on the running example,
+If we apply them on the running example with the Adaptive and STC strategies,
the PSNR, PSNR-HVS-M, and wPSNR values are respectively equal to
68.39, 79.85, and 89.71 for the stego Lena when $b$ is equal to 7.
If $b$ is 6, these values are respectively equal to
\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
-\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c||c|c|c|c|c|c|}
+\begin{small}
+\setlength{\tabcolsep}{3pt}
+\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c||c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
-Schemes & \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{STABYLO} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{HUGO}& \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{EAISLSBMR} \\
+Schemes & \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{STABYLO} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{HUGO}& \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{EAISLSBMR} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{WOW} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{UNIWARD}\\
\hline
-Embedding & Fixed & \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Adaptive (about 6.35\%)} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Fixed}& \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Fixed} \\
+Embedding & Fixed & \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Adaptive (about 6.35\%)} & Fixed &Adaptive & Fixed &Adaptive & Fixed &Adaptive & Fixed &Adaptive \\
\hline
-Rate & 10\% & + sample & +STC(7) & +STC(6) & 10\%&6.35\%& 10\%&6.35\%\\
+Rate & 10\% & + sample & +STC(7) & +STC(6) & 10\%&$\approx$6.35\%& 10\%&$\approx$6.35\%& 10\%&$\approx$6.35\%& 10\%&$\approx$6.35\%\\
\hline
-PSNR & 61.86 & 63.48 & 66.55 (\textbf{-0.8\%}) & 63.7 & 64.65 & {67.08} & 60.8 & 62.9\\
+PSNR & 61.86 & 63.48 & 66.55 & 63.7 & 64.65 & {67.08} & 60.8 & 62.9&65.9 & 68.3 & 65.8 & 69.2\\
\hline
-PSNR-HVS-M & 72.9 & 75.39 & 78.6 (\textbf{-0.8\%}) & 75.5 & 76.67 & {79.23} & 71.8 & 74.3\\
-%\hline
-%BIQI & 28.3 & 28.28 & 28.4 & 28.28 & 28.28 & 28.2 & 28.2\\
+PSNR-HVS-M & 72.9 & 75.39 & 78.6 & 75.5 & 76.67 & {79.6} & 71.8 & 76.0 &
+76.7 & 80.35 & 77.6 & 81.2 \\
\hline
-wPSNR & 77.47 & 80.59 & 86.43(\textbf{-1.6\%})& 86.28 & 83.03 & {87.8} & 76.7 & 80.6\\
+wPSNR & 77.47 & 80.59 & 86.43& 86.28 & 83.03 & {88.6} & 76.7 & 83& 83.8 & 90.4 & 85.2 & 91.9\\
\hline
\end{tabular}
-
-\begin{footnotesize}
-\vspace{2em}
-Variances given in bold font express the quality differences between
-HUGO and STABYLO with STC+adaptive parameters.
-\end{footnotesize}
-
+\end{small}
\end{center}
\caption{Quality measures of steganography approaches\label{table:quality}}
\end{table*}
Results are summarized in Table~\ref{table:quality}.
+In this table, STC(7) stands for embedding data in the LSB whereas
+in STC(6), data are hidden in the last two significant bits.
+
+
Let us give an interpretation of these experiments.
-First of all, the adaptive strategy produces images with lower distortion
+First of all, the Adaptive strategy produces images with lower distortion
than the images resulting from the 10\% fixed strategy.
Numerical results are indeed always greater for the former strategy than
for the latter one.
-These results are not surprising since the adaptive strategy aims at
-embedding messages whose length is decided according to an higher threshold
+These results are not surprising since the Adaptive strategy aims at
+embedding messages whose length is decided according to a higher threshold
into the edge detection.
-Let us focus on the quality of HUGO images: with a given fixed
-embedding rate (10\%),
-HUGO always produces images whose quality is higher than the STABYLO's one.
-However our approach is always better than EAISLSBMR since this one may modify
-the two least significant bits.
-If we combine \emph{adaptive} and \emph{STC} strategies
-(which leads to an average embedding rate equal to 6.35\%)
-our approach provides metrics equivalent to those provided by HUGO.
-In this column STC(7) stands for embedding data in the LSB whereas
-in STC(6), data are hidden in the two last significant bits.
+If we combine Adaptive and STC strategies
+the STABYLO scheme provides images whose quality is higher than
+the EAISLSBMR's one but lower than the quality of high complexity
+schemes. Notice that the quality of the less respectful scheme (EAILSBMR)
+is lower than 6\% than the one of the most one.
-The quality variance between HUGO and STABYLO for these parameters
-is given in bold font. It is always close to 1\% which confirms
-the objective presented in the motivations:
-providing an efficient steganography approach with a lightweight manner.
+% Let us now compare the STABYLO approach with other edge based steganography
+% approaches, namely~\cite{DBLP:journals/eswa/ChenCL10,Chang20101286}.
+% These two schemes focus on increasing the
+% payload while the PSNR is acceptable, but do not
+% give quality metrics for fixed embedding rates from a large base of images.
-Let us now compare the STABYLO approach with other edge based steganography
-approaches, namely~\cite{DBLP:journals/eswa/ChenCL10,Chang20101286}.
-These two schemes focus on increasing the
-payload while the PSNR is acceptable, but do not
-give quality metrics for fixed embedding rates from a large base of images.
+\subsection{Steganalysis}\label{sub:steg}
-\subsection{Steganalysis}\label{sub:steg}
+The steganalysis quality of our approach has been evaluated through the % two
+% AUMP~\cite{Fillatre:2012:ASL:2333143.2333587}
+% and
+Ensemble Classifier~\cite{DBLP:journals/tifs/KodovskyFH12} based steganalyser.
+Its particularization to spatial domain is
+considered as state of the art steganalysers.
+Firstly, a space
+of 686 co-occurrence and Markov features is extracted from the
+set of cover images and the set of training images. Next a small
+set of weak classifiers is randomly built,
+each one working on a subspace of all the features.
+The final classifier is constructed by a majority voting
+between the decisions of these individual classifiers.
-The steganalysis quality of our approach has been evaluated through the two
-AUMP~\cite{Fillatre:2012:ASL:2333143.2333587}
-and Ensemble Classifier~\cite{DBLP:journals/tifs/KodovskyFH12} based steganalysers.
-Both aim at detecting hidden bits in grayscale natural images and are
-considered as state of the art steganalysers in the spatial domain~\cite{FK12}.
-The former approach is based on a simplified parametric model of natural images.
-Parameters are firstly estimated and an adaptive Asymptotically Uniformly Most Powerful
-(AUMP) test is designed (theoretically and practically), to check whether
-an image has stego content or not.
-This approach is dedicated to verify whether LSB has been modified or not.
-In the latter, the authors show that the
-machine learning step, which is often
-implemented as a support vector machine,
-can be favorably executed thanks to an ensemble classifier.
+%The former approach is based on a simplified parametric model of natural images.
+% Parameters are firstly estimated and an adaptive Asymptotically Uniformly Most Powerful
+% (AUMP) test is designed (theoretically and practically), to check whether
+% an image has stego content or not.
+% This approach is dedicated to verify whether LSB has been modified or not.
+% , the authors show that the
+% machine learning step, which is often
+% implemented as a support vector machine,
+% can be favorably executed thanks to an ensemble classifier.
\begin{table*}
\begin{center}
-%\begin{small}
-\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
-\hline
-Schemes & \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{STABYLO} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{HUGO}& \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{EAISLSBMR}\\
+\begin{small}
+\setlength{\tabcolsep}{3pt}
+\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
-Embedding & Fixed & \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Adaptive (about 6.35\%)} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Fixed}& \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{Fixed} \\
+Schemes & \multicolumn{4}{|c|}{STABYLO} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{HUGO}& \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{EAISLSBMR} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{WOW} & \multicolumn{2}{|c|}{UNIWARD}\\
\hline
-Rate & 10\% & + sample & +STC(7) & +STC(6) & 10\%& 6.35\%& 10\%& 6.35\%\\
+Embedding & Fixed & \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Adaptive (about 6.35\%)} & Fixed & Adapt. & Fixed & Adapt. & Fixed & Adapt. & Fixed & Adapt. \\
\hline
-AUMP & 0.22 & 0.33 & 0.39 & 0.45 & 0.50 & 0.50 & 0.49 & 0.50 \\
+Rate & 10\% & + sample & +STC(7) & +STC(6) & 10\%& $\approx$6.35\%& 10\%& $\approx$6.35\% & 10\%& $\approx$6.35\%& 10\%& $\approx$6.35\%\\
\hline
-Ensemble Classifier & 0.35 & 0.44 & 0.47 & 0.47 & 0.48 & 0.49 & 0.43 & 0.46 \\
+%AUMP & 0.22 & 0.33 & 0.39 & 0.45 & 0.50 & 0.50 & 0.49 & 0.50 \\
+%\hline
+Ensemble Classifier & 0.35 & 0.44 & 0.47 & 0.47 & 0.48 & 0.49 & 0.43 & 0.47 & 0.48 & 0.49 & 0.46 & 0.49 \\
\hline
\end{tabular}
-%\end{small}
+\end{small}
\end{center}
\caption{Steganalysing STABYLO\label{table:steganalyse}}
\end{table*}
-Results are summarized in Table~\ref{table:steganalyse}.
-First of all, STC outperforms the sample strategy for the two steganalysers, as
+Results of average testing errors
+are summarized in Table~\ref{table:steganalyse}.
+First of all, STC outperforms the sample strategy %for % the two steganalysers
+ as
already noticed in the quality analysis presented in the previous section.
-Next, our approach is more easily detectable than HUGO, which
-is the most secure steganographic tool, as far as we know.
-However by combining \emph{adaptive} and \emph{STC} strategies
-our approach obtains similar results to HUGO ones.
-
+Next, our approach is more easily detectable than HUGO,
+WOW and UNIWARD which are the most secure steganographic tool,
+as far as we know.
+However by combining Adaptive and STC strategies
+our approach obtains similar results than the ones of these schemes.
+
+Compared to EAILSBMR, we obtain better results when the strategy is
+Adaptive.
However due to its
-huge number of integration features, it is not lightweight, which justifies
-in the authors' opinion the consideration of the proposed method.
+huge number of integration features, it is not lightweight.
+All these numerical experiments confirm
+the objective presented in the motivations:
+providing an efficient steganography approach in a lightweight manner.
