X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/canny.git/blobdiff_plain/b1c010eca96441b41474c775ecc14895152d6d6a..51df4be4d70fabf22f3abc0fe92b515086f74021:/main.tex?ds=inline diff --git a/main.tex b/main.tex index a175e8a..f2c8449 100755 --- a/main.tex +++ b/main.tex @@ -1,504 +1,145 @@ -\documentclass[draft,journal]{IEEEtran} -% -% If IEEEtran.cls has not been installed into the LaTeX system files, -% manually specify the path to it like: -% \documentclass[journal]{../sty/IEEEtran} - - - - - -% Some very useful LaTeX packages include: -% (uncomment the ones you want to load) - - -% *** MISC UTILITY PACKAGES *** -% -%\usepackage{ifpdf} -% Heiko Oberdiek's ifpdf.sty is very useful if you need conditional -% compilation based on whether the output is pdf or dvi. -% usage: -% \ifpdf -% % pdf code -% \else -% % dvi code -% \fi -% The latest version of ifpdf.sty can be obtained from: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/oberdiek/ -% Also, note that IEEEtran.cls V1.7 and later provides a builtin -% \ifCLASSINFOpdf conditional that works the same way. -% When switching from latex to pdflatex and vice-versa, the compiler may -% have to be run twice to clear warning/error messages. - - - - - - -% *** CITATION PACKAGES *** -% -%\usepackage{cite} -% cite.sty was written by Donald Arseneau -% V1.6 and later of IEEEtran pre-defines the format of the cite.sty package -% \cite{} output to follow that of IEEE. Loading the cite package will -% result in citation numbers being automatically sorted and properly -% "compressed/ranged". e.g., [1], [9], [2], [7], [5], [6] without using -% cite.sty will become [1], [2], [5]--[7], [9] using cite.sty. cite.sty's -% \cite will automatically add leading space, if needed. Use cite.sty's -% noadjust option (cite.sty V3.8 and later) if you want to turn this off. -% cite.sty is already installed on most LaTeX systems. Be sure and use -% version 4.0 (2003-05-27) and later if using hyperref.sty. cite.sty does -% not currently provide for hyperlinked citations. -% The latest version can be obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/cite/ -% The documentation is contained in the cite.sty file itself. - - - - - - -% *** GRAPHICS RELATED PACKAGES *** -% -\ifCLASSINFOpdf - % \usepackage[pdftex]{graphicx} - % declare the path(s) where your graphic files are - % \graphicspath{{../pdf/}{../jpeg/}} - % and their extensions so you won't have to specify these with - % every instance of \includegraphics - % \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.jpeg,.png} -\else - % or other class option (dvipsone, dvipdf, if not using dvips). graphicx - % will default to the driver specified in the system graphics.cfg if no - % driver is specified. - % \usepackage[dvips]{graphicx} - % declare the path(s) where your graphic files are - % \graphicspath{{../eps/}} - % and their extensions so you won't have to specify these with - % every instance of \includegraphics - % \DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.eps} -\fi -% graphicx was written by David Carlisle and Sebastian Rahtz. It is -% required if you want graphics, photos, etc. graphicx.sty is already -% installed on most LaTeX systems. The latest version and documentation can -% be obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/graphics/ -% Another good source of documentation is "Using Imported Graphics in -% LaTeX2e" by Keith Reckdahl which can be found as epslatex.ps or -% epslatex.pdf at: http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/ -% -% latex, and pdflatex in dvi mode, support graphics in encapsulated -% postscript (.eps) format. pdflatex in pdf mode supports graphics -% in .pdf, .jpeg, .png and .mps (metapost) formats. Users should ensure -% that all non-photo figures use a vector format (.eps, .pdf, .mps) and -% not a bitmapped formats (.jpeg, .png). IEEE frowns on bitmapped formats -% which can result in "jaggedy"/blurry rendering of lines and letters as -% well as large increases in file sizes. -% -% You can find documentation about the pdfTeX application at: -% http://www.tug.org/applications/pdftex - - - - - -% *** MATH PACKAGES *** -% -%\usepackage[cmex10]{amsmath} -% A popular package from the American Mathematical Society that provides -% many useful and powerful commands for dealing with mathematics. If using -% it, be sure to load this package with the cmex10 option to ensure that -% only type 1 fonts will utilized at all point sizes. Without this option, -% it is possible that some math symbols, particularly those within -% footnotes, will be rendered in bitmap form which will result in a -% document that can not be IEEE Xplore compliant! -% -% Also, note that the amsmath package sets \interdisplaylinepenalty to 10000 -% thus preventing page breaks from occurring within multiline equations. Use: -%\interdisplaylinepenalty=2500 -% after loading amsmath to restore such page breaks as IEEEtran.cls normally -% does. amsmath.sty is already installed on most LaTeX systems. The latest -% version and documentation can be obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/amslatex/math/ - - - - - -% *** SPECIALIZED LIST PACKAGES *** -% -%\usepackage{algorithmic} -% algorithmic.sty was written by Peter Williams and Rogerio Brito. -% This package provides an algorithmic environment fo describing algorithms. -% You can use the algorithmic environment in-text or within a figure -% environment to provide for a floating algorithm. Do NOT use the algorithm -% floating environment provided by algorithm.sty (by the same authors) or -% algorithm2e.sty (by Christophe Fiorio) as IEEE does not use dedicated -% algorithm float types and packages that provide these will not provide -% correct IEEE style captions. The latest version and documentation of -% algorithmic.sty can be obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/algorithms/ -% There is also a support site at: -% http://algorithms.berlios.de/index.html -% Also of interest may be the (relatively newer and more customizable) -% algorithmicx.sty package by Szasz Janos: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/algorithmicx/ - - - - -% *** ALIGNMENT PACKAGES *** -% -%\usepackage{array} -% Frank Mittelbach's and David Carlisle's array.sty patches and improves -% the standard LaTeX2e array and tabular environments to provide better -% appearance and additional user controls. As the default LaTeX2e table -% generation code is lacking to the point of almost being broken with -% respect to the quality of the end results, all users are strongly -% advised to use an enhanced (at the very least that provided by array.sty) -% set of table tools. array.sty is already installed on most systems. The -% latest version and documentation can be obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/required/tools/ - - -%\usepackage{mdwmath} -%\usepackage{mdwtab} -% Also highly recommended is Mark Wooding's extremely powerful MDW tools, -% especially mdwmath.sty and mdwtab.sty which are used to format equations -% and tables, respectively. The MDWtools set is already installed on most -% LaTeX systems. The lastest version and documentation is available at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/mdwtools/ - - -% IEEEtran contains the IEEEeqnarray family of commands that can be used to -% generate multiline equations as well as matrices, tables, etc., of high -% quality. - - -%\usepackage{eqparbox} -% Also of notable interest is Scott Pakin's eqparbox package for creating -% (automatically sized) equal width boxes - aka "natural width parboxes". -% Available at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/eqparbox/ - - - - - -% *** SUBFIGURE PACKAGES *** -%\usepackage[tight,footnotesize]{subfigure} -% subfigure.sty was written by Steven Douglas Cochran. This package makes it -% easy to put subfigures in your figures. e.g., "Figure 1a and 1b". For IEEE -% work, it is a good idea to load it with the tight package option to reduce -% the amount of white space around the subfigures. subfigure.sty is already -% installed on most LaTeX systems. The latest version and documentation can -% be obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/obsolete/macros/latex/contrib/subfigure/ -% subfigure.sty has been superceeded by subfig.sty. - - - -%\usepackage[caption=false]{caption} -%\usepackage[font=footnotesize]{subfig} -% subfig.sty, also written by Steven Douglas Cochran, is the modern -% replacement for subfigure.sty. However, subfig.sty requires and -% automatically loads Axel Sommerfeldt's caption.sty which will override -% IEEEtran.cls handling of captions and this will result in nonIEEE style -% figure/table captions. To prevent this problem, be sure and preload -% caption.sty with its "caption=false" package option. This is will preserve -% IEEEtran.cls handing of captions. Version 1.3 (2005/06/28) and later -% (recommended due to many improvements over 1.2) of subfig.sty supports -% the caption=false option directly: -%\usepackage[caption=false,font=footnotesize]{subfig} -% -% The latest version and documentation can be obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/subfig/ -% The latest version and documentation of caption.sty can be obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/caption/ - - - - -% *** FLOAT PACKAGES *** -% -%\usepackage{fixltx2e} -% fixltx2e, the successor to the earlier fix2col.sty, was written by -% Frank Mittelbach and David Carlisle. This package corrects a few problems -% in the LaTeX2e kernel, the most notable of which is that in current -% LaTeX2e releases, the ordering of single and double column floats is not -% guaranteed to be preserved. Thus, an unpatched LaTeX2e can allow a -% single column figure to be placed prior to an earlier double column -% figure. The latest version and documentation can be found at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/base/ - - - -%\usepackage{stfloats} -% stfloats.sty was written by Sigitas Tolusis. This package gives LaTeX2e -% the ability to do double column floats at the bottom of the page as well -% as the top. (e.g., "\begin{figure*}[!b]" is not normally possible in -% LaTeX2e). It also provides a command: -%\fnbelowfloat -% to enable the placement of footnotes below bottom floats (the standard -% LaTeX2e kernel puts them above bottom floats). This is an invasive package -% which rewrites many portions of the LaTeX2e float routines. It may not work -% with other packages that modify the LaTeX2e float routines. The latest -% version and documentation can be obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/sttools/ -% Documentation is contained in the stfloats.sty comments as well as in the -% presfull.pdf file. Do not use the stfloats baselinefloat ability as IEEE -% does not allow \baselineskip to stretch. Authors submitting work to the -% IEEE should note that IEEE rarely uses double column equations and -% that authors should try to avoid such use. Do not be tempted to use the -% cuted.sty or midfloat.sty packages (also by Sigitas Tolusis) as IEEE does -% not format its papers in such ways. - - -%\ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff -% \usepackage[nomarkers]{endfloat} -% \let\MYoriglatexcaption\caption -% \renewcommand{\caption}[2][\relax]{\MYoriglatexcaption[#2]{#2}} -%\fi -% endfloat.sty was written by James Darrell McCauley and Jeff Goldberg. -% This package may be useful when used in conjunction with IEEEtran.cls' -% captionsoff option. Some IEEE journals/societies require that submissions -% have lists of figures/tables at the end of the paper and that -% figures/tables without any captions are placed on a page by themselves at -% the end of the document. If needed, the draftcls IEEEtran class option or -% \CLASSINPUTbaselinestretch interface can be used to increase the line -% spacing as well. Be sure and use the nomarkers option of endfloat to -% prevent endfloat from "marking" where the figures would have been placed -% in the text. The two hack lines of code above are a slight modification of -% that suggested by in the endfloat docs (section 8.3.1) to ensure that -% the full captions always appear in the list of figures/tables - even if -% the user used the short optional argument of \caption[]{}. -% IEEE papers do not typically make use of \caption[]'s optional argument, -% so this should not be an issue. A similar trick can be used to disable -% captions of packages such as subfig.sty that lack options to turn off -% the subcaptions: -% For subfig.sty: -% \let\MYorigsubfloat\subfloat -% \renewcommand{\subfloat}[2][\relax]{\MYorigsubfloat[]{#2}} -% For subfigure.sty: -% \let\MYorigsubfigure\subfigure -% \renewcommand{\subfigure}[2][\relax]{\MYorigsubfigure[]{#2}} -% However, the above trick will not work if both optional arguments of -% the \subfloat/subfig command are used. Furthermore, there needs to be a -% description of each subfigure *somewhere* and endfloat does not add -% subfigure captions to its list of figures. Thus, the best approach is to -% avoid the use of subfigure captions (many IEEE journals avoid them anyway) -% and instead reference/explain all the subfigures within the main caption. -% The latest version of endfloat.sty and its documentation can obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/endfloat/ -% -% The IEEEtran \ifCLASSOPTIONcaptionsoff conditional can also be used -% later in the document, say, to conditionally put the References on a -% page by themselves. - - - - - -% *** PDF, URL AND HYPERLINK PACKAGES *** -% -%\usepackage{url} -% url.sty was written by Donald Arseneau. It provides better support for -% handling and breaking URLs. url.sty is already installed on most LaTeX -% systems. The latest version can be obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/ -% Read the url.sty source comments for usage information. Basically, -% \url{my_url_here}. - - - - - -% *** Do not adjust lengths that control margins, column widths, etc. *** -% *** Do not use packages that alter fonts (such as pslatex). *** -% There should be no need to do such things with IEEEtran.cls V1.6 and later. -% (Unless specifically asked to do so by the journal or conference you plan -% to submit to, of course. ) +\documentclass[10pt]{article} +\usepackage{url} +\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{mathptmx,amsmath,amssymb,bm} +\usepackage{subfig} +\usepackage{color} +\usepackage{mathtools,etoolbox} +\usepackage{cite} +\usepackage{setspace} +\usepackage[switch, modulo]{lineno} + + + + +\DeclarePairedDelimiter{\abs}{\lvert}{\rvert} + % correct bad hyphenation here \hyphenation{op-tical net-works semi-conduc-tor} -\begin{document} -% -% paper title -% can use linebreaks \\ within to get better formatting as desired -\title{Bare Demo of IEEEtran.cls for Journals} -% -% -% author names and IEEE memberships -% note positions of commas and nonbreaking spaces ( ~ ) LaTeX will not break -% a structure at a ~ so this keeps an author's name from being broken across -% two lines. -% use \thanks{} to gain access to the first footnote area -% a separate \thanks must be used for each paragraph as LaTeX2e's \thanks -% was not built to handle multiple paragraphs -% - -\author{Jean-Fran\c cois Couchot, Raphael Couturier, and Christophe Guyeux*} - -\IEEEauthorblockA{FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174 CNRS\\ -Computer Science Laboratory DISC\\ -University of Franche-Comt\'{e}\\ -Besan\c con, France\\ -\{jean-francois.couchot,raphael.couturier, christophe.guyeux\}@femto-st.fr}\\ -* Authors in alphabetic order\\ -} -% \author{Michael~Shell,~\IEEEmembership{Member,~IEEE,} -% John~Doe,~\IEEEmembership{Fellow,~OSA,} -% and~Jane~Doe,~\IEEEmembership{Life~Fellow,~IEEE}% <-this % stops a space -% \thanks{M. Shell is with the Department -% of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, -% GA, 30332 USA e-mail: (see http://www.michaelshell.org/contact.html).}% <-this % stops a space -% \thanks{J. Doe and J. Doe are with Anonymous University.}% <-this % stops a space -% \thanks{Manuscript received April 19, 2005; revised January 11, 2007.}} -% note the % following the last \IEEEmembership and also \thanks - -% these prevent an unwanted space from occurring between the last author name -% and the end of the author line. i.e., if you had this: -% -% \author{....lastname \thanks{...} \thanks{...} } -% ^------------^------------^----Do not want these spaces! -% -% a space would be appended to the last name and could cause every name on that -% line to be shifted left slightly. This is one of those "LaTeX things". For -% instance, "\textbf{A} \textbf{B}" will typeset as "A B" not "AB". To get -% "AB" then you have to do: "\textbf{A}\textbf{B}" -% \thanks is no different in this regard, so shield the last } of each \thanks -% that ends a line with a % and do not let a space in before the next \thanks. -% Spaces after \IEEEmembership other than the last one are OK (and needed) as -% you are supposed to have spaces between the names. For what it is worth, -% this is a minor point as most people would not even notice if the said evil -% space somehow managed to creep in. -% The paper headers -%\markboth{Journal of \LaTeX\ Class Files,~Vol.~6, No.~1, January~2007}% -%{Shell \MakeLowercase{\textit{et al.}}: Bare Demo of IEEEtran.cls for Journals} -% The only time the second header will appear is for the odd numbered pages -% after the title page when using the twoside option. -% -% *** Note that you probably will NOT want to include the author's *** -% *** name in the headers of peer review papers. *** -% You can use \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview for conditional compilation here if -% you desire. +\title{STABYLO: +a lightweight %stego-secure +edge-based steganographic approach} -% If you want to put a publisher's ID mark on the page you can do it like -% this: -%\IEEEpubid{0000--0000/00\$00.00~\copyright~2007 IEEE} -% Remember, if you use this you must call \IEEEpubidadjcol in the second -% column for its text to clear the IEEEpubid mark. -% use for special paper notices -%\IEEEspecialpapernotice{(Invited Paper)} +\linenumbers +\author{Jean-Fran\c cois Couchot, Raphael Couturier, and Christophe Guyeux*\\ + $*:$ Authors in alphabetic order.\\ + FEMTO-ST Institute, UMR 6174 CNRS\\ + Computer Science Laboratory DISC, + University of Franche-Comt\'{e}, + Besan\c con, France. +} +%\authorrunning{J.-F. Couchot, R. Couturier, and C. Guyeux} -% make the title area -\maketitle +%\mail{jean-francois.couchot@femto-st.fr} +\newcommand{\JFC}[1]{\begin{color}{green}\textit{#1}\end{color}} +\newcommand{\RC}[1]{\begin{color}{red}\textit{}\end{color}} +\newcommand{\CG}[1]{\begin{color}{blue}\textit{}\end{color}} +% make the title area -\begin{abstract} -%\boldmath -The abstract goes here. -\end{abstract} -% IEEEtran.cls defaults to using nonbold math in the Abstract. -% This preserves the distinction between vectors and scalars. However, -% if the journal you are submitting to favors bold math in the abstract, -% then you can use LaTeX's standard command \boldmath at the very start -% of the abstract to achieve this. Many IEEE journals frown on math -% in the abstract anyway. - -% Note that keywords are not normally used for peerreview papers. -\begin{IEEEkeywords} -%IEEEtran, journal, \LaTeX, paper, template. -Steganography, least-significant-bit (LSB)-based steganography, edge detection, Canny filter, security, syndrome treillis code. -\end{IEEEkeywords} +%IEEEtran, journal, \LaTeX, paper, template. +%\keywords{Steganography, least-significant-bit (LSB)-based steganography, edge detection, Canny filter, security, syndrome trellis codes} -% For peer review papers, you can put extra information on the cover -% page as needed: -% \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview -% \begin{center} \bfseries EDICS Category: 3-BBND \end{center} -% \fi -% -% For peerreview papers, this IEEEtran command inserts a page break and -% creates the second title. It will be ignored for other modes. -\IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle +\begin{document} -\section{Introduction} +\maketitle +\doublespacing -\section{Analysis of Steganographic Approaches} +\begin{abstract} +A novel steganographic method called STABYLO is introduced in +this research work. +Its main advantage is to be much lighter than the so-called +Highly Undetectable steGO (HUGO) scheme, a well-known state of the art +steganographic process in the spatial domain. +Additionally to this effectiveness, +quite comparable results through noise measures like PSNR-HVS-M, +and weighted PSNR (wPSNR) are obtained. +To achieve the proposed goal, famous experimented +components of signal processing, +coding theory, and cryptography are combined together, leading to +a scheme that can reasonably face up-to-date steganalysers. +\end{abstract} -This work considers digital images as covers and fondation is -spatial least_significant-bit (LSB) replacement. -I this data hiding scheme a subset of all the LSB of the cover image is modified -with a secret bit stream depending on to a key, the cover, and the message to embed. -This well studied steganographic approach never decreases (resp. increases) -pixel with even value (resp. odd value) and may break structural symetry. -This structure modification is detectable by statistical approaches -and thus by steganalysis methods~\cite{Dumitrescu:2005:LSB:1073170.1073176,DBLP:conf/ih/2005,FK12}. -random LSB selection: coarse, easily tractable, easilly detactable -feature-based : precise but time consuming +\section{Introduction}\label{sec:intro} +\input{intro.tex} -security need : message has to be encrypted before beeing introduced. Using efficient and secured cryptographic approach -LSBR: to coarse (apply hugo breaker on it) +\section{Presentation of the Proposed Approach}\label{sec:ourapproach} +\input{ourapproach.tex} -\section{Our Approach} -Image Quality: Edge Image Steganography +\section{Experiments}\label{sec:experiments} +\input{experiments} -Security aspect: -BBS-based cprotographic version of the message -Enlarging embeding efficiency: -Syndrome treillis code +\section{Conclusion}\label{sec:concl} +The STABYLO algorithm, whose acronym means STeganography +with cAnny, Bbs, binarY embedding at LOw cost, has been introduced +in this document as an efficient method having comparable, though +somewhat smaller, security than the well-known +Highly Undetectable steGO (HUGO) steganographic scheme. +This edge-based steganographic approach embeds a Canny +detection filter, the Blum-Blum-Shub cryptographically secure +pseudorandom number generator, together with Syndrome-Trellis Codes +for minimizing distortion. +After having introduced with details the proposed method, +we have evaluated it through noise measures (namely, the PSNR, PSNR-HVS-M, +BIQI, and weighted PSNR) and we have used well-established steganalysers. -\section{Conclusion} -The conclusion goes here. +% Of course, other detectors like the fuzzy edge methods +% deserve much further attention, which is why we intend +% to investigate systematically all of these detectors in our next work. -\appendices -\section{Proof of the First Zonklar Equation} -Appendix one text goes here. -% you can choose not to have a title for an appendix -% if you want by leaving the argument blank -\section{} -Appendix two text goes here. +For future work, the authors' intention is to investigate systematically +all the existing edge detection methods, to see if the STABYLO evaluation scores can +be improved by replacing Canny with another edge filter. +% We will try +% to take into account the least significant bits too during all the +% stages of the algorithm, hoping by doing so to be closer to the HUGO scores against +% steganalyzers. +Other steganalysers than the ones used in this document will be +examined for the sake of completeness. Finally, the +systematic replacement of all the LSBs of edges by binary digits provided +by the BBS generator will be investigated, and the consequences of such a +replacement, in terms of security, will be discussed. +Furthermore, we plan to investigate information hiding on other models, such as high frequency for JPEG encoding. -% use section* for acknowledgement -\section*{Acknowledgment} -The authors would like to thank... \bibliographystyle{plain} \bibliography{biblio}