-DNA analysis techniques have received a lot of attention these last
-years, because they play an important role in understanding
-genomes evolution over time, and in phylogenetic and genetic analyses. Various models
-of genomes evolution are based on the analysis of DNA sequences, SNPs,
-mutations, and so on. We have recently investigated the use of
-core (\emph{i.e.}, common genes) and pan genomes to infer evolutionary information
-on a collection of 107 chloroplasts. In particular,
-we have regarded methods to build a genes content evolutionary tree using
-distances to core genome. However,
-the production of reliable core and pan genomes is not an easy task,
-due to error annotations of the NCBI. The presentation will then
-consist in various compared approaches to construct such a tree using
-fully annotated genomes by NCBI and Dogma, followed by a gene quality
-control among the common genes. We will finally explain how, by comparing
-sequences from Dogma with NCBI contents, we achieved to identify the
-genes that play a key role in the dynamics of genomes evolution. \\
+DNA analysis techniques have received a lot of attention these last
+years, because they play an important role in understanding genomes
+evolution over time, and in phylogenetic and genetic analyses. Various
+models of genomes evolution are based on the analysis of DNA
+sequences, SNPs, mutations, and so on. We have recently investigated
+the use of core (\emph{i.e.}, common genes) and pan genomes to infer
+evolutionary information on a collection of 99~chloroplasts. In
+particular, we have regarded methods to build a genes content
+evolutionary tree using distances to core genome. However, the
+production of reliable core and pan genomes is not an easy task, due
+to error annotations. We will first compare different approaches to
+construct such a tree using fully annoted genomes provided by NCBI and
+Dogma, followed by a gene quality control among the common genes. Then
+we will explain how, by comparing sequences from Dogma with NCBI
+contents, we achieved to identify the genes that play a key role in
+the dynamics of genomes evolution.
