From: Arnaud Giersch Date: Mon, 22 Mar 2010 09:22:41 +0000 (+0100) Subject: Added book chapter submitted in 2009 and rejected in 2010. X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/fusion.git/commitdiff_plain/cce4c451f1b7723ccd6f1e1578736f7c82b2e02f?ds=inline Added book chapter submitted in 2009 and rejected in 2010. --- cce4c451f1b7723ccd6f1e1578736f7c82b2e02f diff --git a/chapitre-2009/Density.ps b/chapitre-2009/Density.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..de94357 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/Density.ps @@ -0,0 +1,755 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: Density.ps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Tue Feb 5 17:29:59 2008 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 410 302 +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +/Color false def +/Solid false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/vshift -66 def +/dl {10.0 mul} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +/Rounded false def +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind 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def +/UP {dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def} def +/DL {Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse} def +/BL {stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/AL {stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +/UL {dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def} def +/PL {stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded {1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap} if} def +% Default Line colors +/LCw {1 1 1} def +/LCb {0 0 0} def +/LCa {0 0 0} def +/LC0 {1 0 0} def +/LC1 {0 1 0} def +/LC2 {0 0 1} def +/LC3 {1 0 1} def +/LC4 {0 1 1} def +/LC5 {1 1 0} def +/LC6 {0 0 0} def +/LC7 {1 0.3 0} def +/LC8 {0.5 0.5 0.5} def +% Default Line Types +/LTw {PL [] 1 setgray} def +/LTb {BL [] LCb DL} def +/LTa {AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash LCa setrgbcolor} def +/LT0 {PL [] LC0 DL} def +/LT1 {PL [4 dl1 2 dl2] LC1 DL} def +/LT2 {PL [2 dl1 3 dl2] LC2 DL} def +/LT3 {PL [1 dl1 1.5 dl2] LC3 DL} def +/LT4 {PL [6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC4 DL} def +/LT5 {PL [3 dl1 3 dl2 1 dl1 3 dl2] LC5 DL} def +/LT6 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 6 dl2] LC6 DL} def +/LT7 {PL [1 dl1 2 dl2 6 dl1 2 dl2 1 dl1 2 dl2] LC7 DL} def +/LT8 {PL [2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 2 dl2 2 dl1 4 dl2] LC8 DL} def +/Pnt {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore} def +/Dia {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Pls {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Crs {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke} def +/TriU {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/Star {2 copy Pls Crs} def +/BoxF {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill} def +/TriUF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/TriD {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt} def +/TriDF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill} def +/Pent {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt} def +/PentF {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore} def +/Circle {stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt} def +/CircleF {stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill} def +/C0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc} bind def +/C1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/C14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc} bind def +/C15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath} bind def +/Rec {newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath} bind def +/Square {dup Rec} bind def +/Bsquare {vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square} bind def +/S0 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare} bind def +/S1 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S2 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S3 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S4 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S5 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S6 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S7 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S8 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S9 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S10 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S11 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare} bind def +/S12 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare} bind def +/S13 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S14 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare} bind def +/S15 {BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare} bind def +/D0 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore} bind def +/D1 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore} bind def +/D2 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore} bind def +/D3 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore} bind def +/D4 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore} bind def +/D5 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore} bind def +/D6 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore} bind def +/D7 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore} bind def +/D8 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore} bind def +/D9 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore} bind def +/D10 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore} bind def +/D11 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore} bind def +/D12 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore} bind def +/D13 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore} bind def +/D14 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore} bind def +/D15 {gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +end +%%EndProlog +gnudict begin +gsave +50 50 translate +0.050 0.050 scale +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +854 448 M +63 0 V +6073 0 R +-63 0 V +770 448 M +( 60) Rshow +1.000 UL +LTb +854 1080 M +63 0 V +6073 0 R +-63 0 V +-6157 0 R +( 80) Rshow +1.000 UL +LTb +854 1712 M +63 0 V +6073 0 R +-63 0 V +-6157 0 R +( 100) Rshow +1.000 UL +LTb +854 2344 M +63 0 V +6073 0 R +-63 0 V +-6157 0 R +( 120) Rshow +1.000 UL +LTb +854 2976 M +63 0 V +6073 0 R +-63 0 V +-6157 0 R +( 140) Rshow +1.000 UL +LTb +854 3608 M +63 0 V +6073 0 R +-63 0 V +-6157 0 R +( 160) Rshow +1.000 UL +LTb +854 4240 M +63 0 V +6073 0 R +-63 0 V +-6157 0 R +( 180) Rshow +1.000 UL +LTb +854 4872 M +63 0 V +6073 0 R +-63 0 V +-6157 0 R +( 200) Rshow +1.000 UL +LTb +854 448 M +0 63 V +0 4361 R +0 -63 V +854 308 M +( 0) Cshow +1.000 UL +LTb +2081 448 M +0 63 V +0 4361 R +0 -63 V +0 -4501 R +( 0.1) Cshow +1.000 UL +LTb +3308 448 M +0 63 V +0 4361 R +0 -63 V +0 -4501 R +( 0.2) Cshow +1.000 UL +LTb +4536 448 M +0 63 V +0 4361 R +0 -63 V +0 -4501 R +( 0.3) Cshow +1.000 UL +LTb +5763 448 M +0 63 V +0 4361 R +0 -63 V +0 -4501 R +( 0.4) Cshow +1.000 UL +LTb +6990 448 M +0 63 V +0 4361 R +0 -63 V +0 -4501 R +( 0.5) Cshow +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +854 4872 N +854 448 L +6136 0 V +0 4424 V +-6136 0 V +Z stroke +LCb setrgbcolor +280 2660 M +currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 M +(Number of iterations) Cshow +grestore +LTb +LCb setrgbcolor +3922 98 M +(Probability of link failure) Cshow +LTb +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LT0 +LTb +6339 4739 M +(Our approach) Rshow +LT0 +6423 4739 M +399 0 V +854 764 M +109 32 V +106 31 V +101 32 V +97 31 V +95 32 V +91 31 V +88 31 V +85 31 V +83 32 V +81 31 V +79 31 V +76 31 V +75 31 V +73 31 V +71 32 V +71 31 V +68 32 V +68 31 V +66 32 V +66 32 V +64 32 V +64 32 V +63 33 V +62 32 V +61 33 V +61 33 V +61 33 V +60 34 V +59 34 V +59 34 V +59 34 V +58 34 V +58 35 V +58 35 V +58 35 V +57 36 V +57 35 V +57 36 V +57 36 V +57 36 V +57 37 V +56 37 V +57 37 V +56 37 V +56 37 V +56 38 V +56 38 V +57 38 V +56 38 V +56 39 V +56 38 V +56 39 V +55 40 V +56 39 V +56 40 V +56 41 V +56 41 V +56 41 V +56 41 V +55 42 V +56 43 V +56 43 V +56 44 V +56 45 V +55 45 V +56 47 V +56 47 V +56 48 V +56 49 V +55 51 V +56 52 V +56 53 V +56 54 V +55 57 V +56 58 V +56 60 V +56 62 V +56 64 V +55 66 V +56 69 V +56 71 V +56 74 V +55 78 V +56 80 V +56 83 V +56 87 V +56 91 V +55 94 V +56 99 V +56 103 V +54 103 V +stroke +LT1 +LTb +6339 4599 M +(Metropolis Approach) Rshow +LT1 +6423 4599 M +399 0 V +854 1238 M +109 15 V +106 16 V +101 17 V +97 19 V +95 19 V +91 21 V +88 22 V +85 24 V +83 24 V +81 26 V +79 27 V +76 28 V +75 29 V +73 31 V +71 32 V +71 33 V +68 34 V +68 35 V +66 37 V +66 37 V +64 39 V +64 40 V +63 41 V +62 41 V +61 43 V +61 44 V +61 45 V +60 45 V +59 47 V +59 47 V +59 48 V +58 49 V +58 50 V +58 50 V +58 51 V +57 51 V +57 53 V +57 52 V +57 54 V +57 54 V +57 54 V +56 55 V +57 55 V +56 56 V +56 57 V +56 57 V +56 57 V +57 57 V +56 59 V +56 58 V +56 59 V +56 60 V +55 60 V +56 60 V +56 61 V +56 61 V +56 62 V +56 62 V +56 63 V +55 63 V +56 63 V +56 65 V +56 65 V +56 65 V +55 66 V +56 66 V +56 68 V +56 67 V +56 69 V +55 69 V +56 70 V +56 70 V +56 71 V +55 72 V +32 42 V +stroke +LTb +854 4872 N +854 448 L +6136 0 V +0 4424 V +-6136 0 V +Z stroke +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica diff --git a/chapitre-2009/DynamicTopology.ps b/chapitre-2009/DynamicTopology.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..1997256 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/DynamicTopology.ps @@ -0,0 +1,610 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: DynamicTopology.ps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Tue Feb 5 17:23:08 2008 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 410 302 +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +/Color false def +/Solid false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/vshift -66 def +/dl {10.0 mul} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +/Rounded false def +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 vshift R show } def +/Rshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def +/Cshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def +/UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def +/DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def +/BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def +/PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def +/LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def +/LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def +/LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def +/LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def +/LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def +/LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def +/LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def +/LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def +/LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def +/Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash + gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def +/Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def +/TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def +/BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def +/TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def +/TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def +/Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def +/PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore } def +/Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def +/CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def +/C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def +/C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def +/Square { dup Rec } bind def +/Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def +/S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def +/S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def +/D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def +/D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def +/D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def +/D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def +/D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def +/D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def +/D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def +/D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def +/D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def +/D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def +/D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def +/D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def +/D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def +/D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def +/D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def +/D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def +/DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def +/BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def +/TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore } def +/CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def +/Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def +/DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def +/BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def +/TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore } def +/CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def +/BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def +/BoxColFill { + gsave Rec + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor + fill grestore } def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for + } if + stroke grestore } def +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +end +%%EndProlog +gnudict begin +gsave +50 50 translate +0.050 0.050 scale +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 200 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 600 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +900 600 M +gsave 0 setgray +( 60) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 1067 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 80) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 1533 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 100) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 2000 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 120) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 2467 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 140) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 2933 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 160) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 3400 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 180) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 3867 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 200) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 4333 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 220) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 4800 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 240) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +2188 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.1) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +3356 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.2) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +4524 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.3) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +5692 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.4) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +6860 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.5) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 600 M +5840 0 V +0 4200 V +-5840 0 V +0 -4200 V +LTb +200 2700 M +gsave 0 setgray +currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 M +(number of iterations) Cshow +grestore +grestore +LTb +3940 100 M +gsave 0 setgray +(Probability of link failure) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LT0 +LTb +5957 4637 M +gsave 0 setgray +(Asynchronous Algorithm) Rshow +grestore +LT0 +6077 4637 M +543 0 V +1020 833 M +104 24 V +100 23 V +97 23 V +92 23 V +90 24 V +87 23 V +84 23 V +81 23 V +79 23 V +77 23 V +75 23 V +73 23 V +71 23 V +69 23 V +68 23 V +67 23 V +65 24 V +65 23 V +63 23 V +62 24 V +62 24 V +60 23 V +60 24 V +59 24 V +59 25 V +58 24 V +57 25 V +57 24 V +57 25 V +56 26 V +56 25 V +56 25 V +55 26 V +55 26 V +55 26 V +54 26 V +55 26 V +54 27 V +54 26 V +54 27 V +54 27 V +54 27 V +53 27 V +54 28 V +54 27 V +53 28 V +53 28 V +54 28 V +53 29 V +54 28 V +53 29 V +53 28 V +53 30 V +53 29 V +54 29 V +53 30 V +53 30 V +53 31 V +53 30 V +53 31 V +53 32 V +54 32 V +53 32 V +53 33 V +53 34 V +53 34 V +53 35 V +53 35 V +53 37 V +53 37 V +53 38 V +54 40 V +53 40 V +53 42 V +53 42 V +53 45 V +53 45 V +53 48 V +53 49 V +53 50 V +53 53 V +53 55 V +54 57 V +53 59 V +53 62 V +53 64 V +53 67 V +53 70 V +53 72 V +53 76 V +53 79 V +53 83 V +53 86 V +54 90 V +53 93 V +53 98 V +53 102 V +53 105 V +53 111 V +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LT1 +1020 833 Pls +2188 1090 Pls +2772 1347 Pls +3356 1557 Pls +3940 1907 Pls +4524 2210 Pls +5108 2537 Pls +5692 2770 Pls +6276 3400 Pls +6860 4637 Pls +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 600 M +5840 0 V +0 4200 V +-5840 0 V +0 -4200 V +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica diff --git a/chapitre-2009/DynamicTopologyTime.ps b/chapitre-2009/DynamicTopologyTime.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..c1604c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/DynamicTopologyTime.ps @@ -0,0 +1,590 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: DynamicTopologyTime.ps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Tue Apr 8 13:22:28 2008 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 410 302 +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +/Color false def +/Solid false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/vshift -66 def +/dl {10.0 mul} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +/Rounded false def +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 vshift R show } def +/Rshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def +/Cshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def +/UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def +/DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def +/BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def +/PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def +/LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def +/LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def +/LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def +/LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def +/LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def +/LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def +/LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def +/LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def +/LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def +/Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash + gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def +/Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def +/TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def +/BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def +/TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def +/TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def +/Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def +/PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore } def +/Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def +/CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def +/C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def +/C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def +/Square { dup Rec } bind def +/Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def +/S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def +/S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def +/D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def +/D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def +/D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def +/D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def +/D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def +/D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def +/D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def +/D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def +/D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def +/D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def +/D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def +/D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def +/D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def +/D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def +/D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def +/D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def +/DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def +/BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def +/TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore } def +/CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def +/Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def +/DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def +/BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def +/TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore } def +/CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def +/BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def +/BoxColFill { + gsave Rec + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor + fill grestore } def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for + } if + stroke grestore } def +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +end +%%EndProlog +gnudict begin +gsave +50 50 translate +0.050 0.050 scale +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 200 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +900 600 M +63 0 V +5897 0 R +-63 0 V +780 600 M +gsave 0 setgray +( 15) Rshow 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+0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.2) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +4476 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.3) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +5668 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.4) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +6860 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.5) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +900 600 M +5960 0 V +0 4200 V +-5960 0 V +900 600 L +LTb +200 2700 M +gsave 0 setgray +currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 M +(Simulated time) Cshow +grestore +grestore +LTb +3880 100 M +gsave 0 setgray +(Probability of link failure) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LT0 +LTb +5957 4637 M +gsave 0 setgray +(Asynchronous Algorithm) Rshow +grestore +LT0 +6077 4637 M +543 0 V +900 774 M +106 19 V +102 19 V +99 20 V +95 19 V +91 20 V +89 19 V +85 20 V +83 19 V +81 20 V +78 19 V +77 20 V +74 20 V +72 19 V +71 20 V +70 20 V +68 20 V +67 20 V +65 21 V +65 20 V +63 21 V +63 21 V +62 21 V +61 22 V +60 21 V +60 22 V +59 22 V +59 23 V +58 22 V +58 24 V +57 23 V +57 23 V +57 24 V +56 25 V +57 24 V +56 25 V +55 25 V +56 25 V +55 26 V +56 26 V +55 26 V +55 26 V +54 27 V +55 26 V +55 28 V +55 27 V +54 27 V +55 28 V +54 28 V +55 29 V +54 28 V +54 29 V +55 29 V +54 29 V +54 30 V +55 29 V +54 31 V +54 30 V +54 31 V +55 31 V +54 32 V +54 32 V +54 32 V +54 33 V +55 34 V +54 34 V +54 35 V +54 36 V +54 36 V +55 38 V +54 38 V +54 39 V +54 40 V +54 42 V +54 43 V +55 44 V +54 45 V +54 47 V +54 49 V +54 50 V +55 52 V +54 54 V +54 57 V +54 58 V +54 61 V +54 63 V +55 66 V +54 69 V +54 72 V +54 74 V +54 78 V +55 81 V +54 84 V +54 88 V +54 92 V +54 96 V +54 99 V +55 104 V +54 108 V +54 112 V +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LT1 +900 774 Pls +2092 984 Pls +2688 1219 Pls +3284 1360 Pls +3880 1740 Pls +4476 2048 Pls +5072 2368 Pls +5668 2618 Pls +6264 3270 Pls +6860 4529 Pls +1.000 UL +LTb +900 600 M +5960 0 V +0 4200 V +-5960 0 V +900 600 L +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica diff --git a/chapitre-2009/ErrorNbIteration.ps b/chapitre-2009/ErrorNbIteration.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..05bf9c4 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/ErrorNbIteration.ps @@ -0,0 +1,769 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: ErrorNbIteration.ps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Tue Feb 5 17:27:47 2008 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 410 302 +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +/Color false def +/Solid false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/vshift -66 def +/dl {10.0 mul} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +/Rounded false def +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 vshift R show } def +/Rshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def +/Cshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def +/UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def +/DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def +/BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def +/PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def +/LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def +/LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def +/LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def +/LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def +/LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def +/LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def +/LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def +/LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def +/LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def +/Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash + gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def +/Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def +/TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def +/BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def +/TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def +/TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def +/Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def +/PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore } def +/Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def +/CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def +/C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def +/C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def +/Square { dup Rec } bind def +/Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def +/S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def +/S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def +/D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def +/D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def +/D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def +/D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def +/D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def +/D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def +/D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def +/D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def +/D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def +/D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def +/D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def +/D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def +/D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def +/D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def +/D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def +/D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def +/DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def +/BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def +/TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore } def +/CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def +/Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def +/DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def +/BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def +/TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore } def +/CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def +/BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def +/BoxColFill { + gsave Rec + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor + fill grestore } def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for + } if + stroke grestore } def +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +end +%%EndProlog +gnudict begin +gsave +50 50 translate +0.050 0.050 scale +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 200 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +1260 600 M +63 0 V +5537 0 R +-63 0 V +-5657 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 1e-06) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1260 811 M +31 0 V +5569 0 R +-31 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Lynch. +\newblock Distributed algorithms. +\newblock {\em Morgan Kaufmann Publishers, Inc.}, 1996. + +\bibitem{23} +Y.~Rabani, A.~Sinclair, and R.~Wanka. +\newblock Local divergence of markov chains and the analysis of iterative + load-balancing schemes. +\newblock {\em in Proceedings of the IEEE Symp. on Found. of Comp. Sci., Palo + Alto}, 1998. + +\bibitem{24} +P.A. Bliman and G.~Ferrari-Trecate. +\newblock Average consensus problems in networks of agents with delayed + communications. +\newblock {\em Journal of IFAC}, 44(8):1985--1995, 2008. + +\bibitem{20} +R.~Olfati-Saber and R.~M. Murray. +\newblock Consensus problems in networks of agents with switching topology and + time-delays. +\newblock {\em IEEE Transaction on Automatic Control}, 49(9):1520--1533. + +\bibitem{21} +Jacques Bahi, Arnaud Giersch, and Abdallah Makhoul. +\newblock A scalable fault tolerant diffusion scheme for data fusion in sensor + networks. +\newblock {\em The Third International ICST Conference on Scalable Information + Systems, Infoscale 2008, ACM}, june 2008. + +\bibitem{25} +C.~C. Moallemi and B.~V. Roy. +\newblock Consensus propagation. +\newblock {\em IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory}, 52(11):4753--4766, Nov 2006. + +\bibitem{2} +L.~Xiao, S.~Boyd, and S.~lall. +\newblock A scheme for robust distributed sensor fusion based on average + consensus. +\newblock {\em Proc. of the International Conference on Information processing + in Sensor Networks (IPSN)}, pages 63--70, 2005. + +\bibitem{5} +A.~Speranzon, C.~Fischione, and K.H. Johansson. +\newblock Distributed and collaborative estimation over wireless sensor + networks. +\newblock {\em Proceedings of 45th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control}, + 2006. + +\bibitem{9} +L.~Xiao, S.~Boyd, and S.~Lall. +\newblock A space-time diffusion scheme for peer-to-peer least-squares + estimation. +\newblock {\em Proc. of Fifth International Conf. on Information Processing in + Sensor Networks (IPSN 2006)}, pages 168--176, 2006. + +\bibitem{10} +Mohammad~S. Talebi, Mahdi Kefayati, Babak~H. Khalaj, and Hamid~R. Rabiee. +\newblock Adaptive consensus averaging for information fusion over sensor + networks. +\newblock {\em In the proceedings of The Third IEEE International Conference on + Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Systems (MASS'06)}, 2006. + +\bibitem{16} +D.~Spanos, R.~Olfati-Saber, and R.M. Murray. +\newblock Distributed sensor fusion using dynamic consensus. +\newblock {\em proceedings of IFAC}, 2005. + +\bibitem{17} +D.S. Scherber and H.C. Papadopoulos. +\newblock Distributed computation of averages over ad hoc networks. +\newblock {\em IEEE journal on Selected Areas in Communications}, + 23(4):776--787, April 2005. + +\bibitem{18} +Mohammad~S. Talebi, Mahdi Kefayati, Babak~H. Khalaj, and Hamid~R. Rabiee. +\newblock Adaptive consensus averaging for information fusion over sensor + networks. +\newblock {\em IEEE International Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems + (MASS)}, pages 562--565, 2006. + +\bibitem{1} +J~A. Legg. +\newblock Tracking and sensor fusion issues in the tactical land environement. +\newblock {\em Technical Report TN.0605}, 2005. + +\bibitem{3} +R.~Olfati-Saber and J.~S. Shamma. +\newblock Consensus filters for sensor networks and distributed sensor fusion. +\newblock {\em Proceedings of 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control + CDC-ECC}, 2005. + +\bibitem{4} +R.~Olfati-Saber. +\newblock Distributed kalman filter with embeded consensus filters. +\newblock {\em Proceedings of 44th IEEE Conference on Decision and Control}, + 2005. + +\bibitem{11} +R.~Olfati-Saber, J.A. Fax, and R.M. Murray. +\newblock Consensus and cooperation in networked multi-agent systems. +\newblock {\em Proc. of IEEE}, pages 215--233, 2007. + +\bibitem{6} +Dimitri~P. Bertsekas and John~N. Tsitsiklis. +\newblock {\em Parallel and Distributed Computation: Numerical Methods}. +\newblock Athena Scientific, 1997. + +\bibitem{7} +Jacques Bahi, Raphael Couturier, and Flavien Vernier. +\newblock Synchronous distributed load balancing on dynamic networks. +\newblock {\em Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing}, + 65(11):1397--1405, 2005. + +\bibitem{8} +{OMNeT++}. +\newblock http://www.omnetpp.org/. + +\end{thebibliography} diff --git a/chapitre-2009/Fusion-chapter.blg b/chapitre-2009/Fusion-chapter.blg new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f76c992 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/Fusion-chapter.blg @@ -0,0 +1,47 @@ +This is BibTeX, Version 0.99c (Web2C 7.5.6) +The top-level auxiliary file: Fusion-chapter.aux +The style file: unsrt.bst +Database file #1: references.bib +Warning--empty year in 20 +You've used 21 entries, + 1791 wiz_defined-function locations, + 552 strings with 6650 characters, +and the built_in function-call counts, 4545 in all, are: += -- 397 +> -- 194 +< 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+TeXDict begin/rf{findfont dup length 1 add dict begin{1 index/FID ne 2 +index/UniqueID ne and{def}{pop pop}ifelse}forall[1 index 0 6 -1 roll +exec 0 exch 5 -1 roll VResolution Resolution div mul neg 0 0]/Metrics +exch def dict begin Encoding{exch dup type/integertype ne{pop pop 1 sub +dup 0 le{pop}{[}ifelse}{FontMatrix 0 get div Metrics 0 get div def} +ifelse}forall Metrics/Metrics currentdict end def[2 index currentdict +end definefont 3 -1 roll makefont/setfont cvx]cvx def}def/ObliqueSlant{ +dup sin S cos div neg}B/SlantFont{4 index mul add}def/ExtendFont{3 -1 +roll mul exch}def/ReEncodeFont{CharStrings rcheck{/Encoding false def +dup[exch{dup CharStrings exch known not{pop/.notdef/Encoding true def} +if}forall Encoding{]exch pop}{cleartomark}ifelse}if/Encoding exch def} +def end + +%%EndProcSet +%%BeginProcSet: special.pro 0 0 +%! +TeXDict begin/SDict 200 dict N SDict begin/@SpecialDefaults{/hs 612 N +/vs 792 N/ho 0 N/vo 0 N/hsc 1 N/vsc 1 N/ang 0 N/CLIP 0 N/rwiSeen false N +/rhiSeen false N/letter{}N/note{}N/a4{}N/legal{}N}B/@scaleunit 100 N +/@hscale{@scaleunit div/hsc X}B/@vscale{@scaleunit div/vsc X}B/@hsize{ +/hs X/CLIP 1 N}B/@vsize{/vs X/CLIP 1 N}B/@clip{/CLIP 2 N}B/@hoffset{/ho +X}B/@voffset{/vo X}B/@angle{/ang X}B/@rwi{10 div/rwi X/rwiSeen true N}B +/@rhi{10 div/rhi X/rhiSeen true N}B/@llx{/llx X}B/@lly{/lly X}B/@urx{ +/urx X}B/@ury{/ury X}B/magscale true def end/@MacSetUp{userdict/md known +{userdict/md get type/dicttype eq{userdict begin md length 10 add md +maxlength ge{/md md dup length 20 add dict copy def}if end md begin +/letter{}N/note{}N/legal{}N/od{txpose 1 0 mtx defaultmatrix dtransform S +atan/pa X newpath clippath mark{transform{itransform moveto}}{transform{ +itransform lineto}}{6 -2 roll transform 6 -2 roll transform 6 -2 roll +transform{itransform 6 2 roll itransform 6 2 roll itransform 6 2 roll +curveto}}{{closepath}}pathforall newpath counttomark array astore/gc xdf +pop ct 39 0 put 10 fz 0 fs 2 F/|______Courier fnt invertflag{PaintBlack} +if}N/txpose{pxs pys scale ppr aload pop por{noflips{pop S neg S TR pop 1 +-1 scale}if xflip yflip and{pop S neg S TR 180 rotate 1 -1 scale ppr 3 +get ppr 1 get neg sub neg ppr 2 get ppr 0 get neg sub neg TR}if xflip +yflip not and{pop S neg S TR pop 180 rotate ppr 3 get ppr 1 get neg sub +neg 0 TR}if yflip xflip not and{ppr 1 get neg ppr 0 get neg TR}if}{ +noflips{TR pop pop 270 rotate 1 -1 scale}if xflip yflip and{TR pop pop +90 rotate 1 -1 scale ppr 3 get ppr 1 get neg sub neg ppr 2 get ppr 0 get +neg sub neg TR}if xflip yflip not and{TR pop pop 90 rotate ppr 3 get ppr +1 get neg sub neg 0 TR}if yflip xflip not and{TR pop pop 270 rotate ppr +2 get ppr 0 get neg sub neg 0 S TR}if}ifelse scaleby96{ppr aload pop 4 +-1 roll add 2 div 3 1 roll add 2 div 2 copy TR .96 dup scale neg S neg S +TR}if}N/cp{pop pop showpage pm restore}N end}if}if}N/normalscale{ +Resolution 72 div VResolution 72 div neg scale magscale{DVImag dup scale +}if 0 setgray}N/psfts{S 65781.76 div N}N/startTexFig{/psf$SavedState +save N userdict maxlength dict begin/magscale true def normalscale +currentpoint TR/psf$ury psfts/psf$urx psfts/psf$lly psfts/psf$llx psfts +/psf$y psfts/psf$x psfts currentpoint/psf$cy X/psf$cx X/psf$sx psf$x +psf$urx psf$llx sub div N/psf$sy psf$y psf$ury psf$lly sub div N psf$sx +psf$sy scale psf$cx psf$sx div psf$llx sub psf$cy psf$sy div psf$ury sub +TR/showpage{}N/erasepage{}N/copypage{}N/p 3 def @MacSetUp}N/doclip{ +psf$llx psf$lly psf$urx psf$ury currentpoint 6 2 roll newpath 4 copy 4 2 +roll moveto 6 -1 roll S lineto S lineto S lineto closepath clip newpath +moveto}N/endTexFig{end psf$SavedState restore}N/@beginspecial{SDict +begin/SpecialSave save N gsave normalscale currentpoint TR +@SpecialDefaults count/ocount X/dcount countdictstack N}N/@setspecial{ +CLIP 1 eq{newpath 0 0 moveto hs 0 rlineto 0 vs rlineto hs neg 0 rlineto +closepath clip}if ho vo TR hsc vsc scale ang rotate rwiSeen{rwi urx llx +sub div rhiSeen{rhi ury lly sub div}{dup}ifelse scale llx neg lly neg TR +}{rhiSeen{rhi ury lly sub div dup scale llx neg lly neg TR}if}ifelse +CLIP 2 eq{newpath llx lly moveto urx lly lineto urx ury lineto llx ury +lineto closepath clip}if/showpage{}N/erasepage{}N/copypage{}N newpath}N +/@endspecial{count ocount sub{pop}repeat countdictstack dcount sub{end} +repeat grestore SpecialSave restore end}N/@defspecial{SDict begin}N +/@fedspecial{end}B/li{lineto}B/rl{rlineto}B/rc{rcurveto}B/np{/SaveX +currentpoint/SaveY X N 1 setlinecap newpath}N/st{stroke SaveX SaveY +moveto}N/fil{fill SaveX SaveY moveto}N/ellipse{/endangle X/startangle X +/yrad X/xrad X/savematrix matrix currentmatrix N TR xrad yrad scale 0 0 +1 startangle endangle arc savematrix setmatrix}N end + +%%EndProcSet +%%BeginFont: CMEX10 +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMEX10 1.00 +%%CreationDate: 1992 Jul 23 21:22:48 +% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (1.00) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (CMEX10) readonly def +/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle 0 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /CMEX10 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 0 /parenleftbig put +dup 1 /parenrightbig put +dup 8 /braceleftbig put +dup 9 /bracerightbig put +dup 16 /parenleftBig put +dup 17 /parenrightBig put +dup 18 /parenleftbigg put +dup 19 /parenrightbigg put +dup 26 /braceleftbigg put +dup 32 /parenleftBigg put +dup 33 /parenrightBigg put +dup 48 /parenlefttp put +dup 49 /parenrighttp put +dup 56 /bracelefttp put +dup 58 /braceleftbt put +dup 60 /braceleftmid put +dup 64 /parenleftbt put +dup 65 /parenrightbt put +dup 80 /summationtext put +dup 83 /uniontext put +dup 88 /summationdisplay put +readonly def +/FontBBox{-24 -2960 1454 772}readonly def +currentdict end 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All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (1.0) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (CMSY5) readonly def +/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle -14.035 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /CMSY5 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 0 /minus put +dup 3 /asteriskmath put +dup 54 /negationslash put +readonly def +/FontBBox{21 -944 1448 791}readonly def +currentdict end +currentfile eexec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cleartomark +%%EndFont +%%BeginFont: CMR5 +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR5 1.00B +%%CreationDate: 1992 Feb 19 19:55:02 +% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (1.00B) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (CMR5) readonly def +/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle 0 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /CMR5 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 48 /zero put +dup 49 /one put +dup 50 /two put +dup 51 /three put +dup 52 /four put +dup 61 /equal put +readonly def +/FontBBox{-341 -250 1304 965}readonly def +currentdict end +currentfile eexec +D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052A014267B7904EB3C0D3BD0B83D891 +016CA6CA4B712ADEB258FAAB9A130EE605E61F77FC1B738ABC7C51CD46EF8171 +9098D5FEE67660E69A7AB91B58F29A4D79E57022F783EB0FBBB6D4F4EC35014F +D2DECBA99459A4C59DF0C6EBA150284454E707DC2100C15B76B4C19B84363758 +469A6C558785B226332152109871A9883487DD7710949204DDCF837E6A8708B8 +2BDBF16FBC7512FAA308A093FE5CF7158F1163BC1F3352E22A1452E73FECA8A4 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the American Mathematical Society. +% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (2.1) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (MSAM10) readonly def +/FamilyName (Euler) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle 0 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /MSAM10 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 62 /greaterorequalslant put +readonly def +/FontBBox{8 -463 1331 1003}readonly def +currentdict end +currentfile eexec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cleartomark +%%EndFont +%%BeginFont: CMR6 +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR6 1.0 +%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:02 +% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (1.0) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (CMR6) readonly def +/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle 0 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /CMR6 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 40 /parenleft put +dup 41 /parenright put +readonly def +/FontBBox{-20 -250 1193 750}readonly def +currentdict end +currentfile eexec +D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052A014267B7904EB3C0D3BD0B83D891 +016CA6CA4B712ADEB258FAAB9A130EE605E61F77FC1B738ABC7C51CD46EF8171 +9098D5FEE67660E69A7AB91B58F29A4D79E57022F783EB0FBBB6D4F4EC35014F +D2DECBA99459A4C59DF0C6EBA150284454E707DC2100C15B76B4C19B84363758 +469A6C558785B226332152109871A9883487DD7710949204DDCF837E6A8708B8 +2BDBF16FBC7512FAA308A093FE5CF4E9D2405B169CD5365D6ECED5D768D66D6C +68618B8C482B341F8CA38E9BB9BAFCFAAD9C2F3FD033B62690986ED43D9C9361 +3645B82392D5CAE11A7CB49D7E2E82DCD485CBA17D1AFFF95F4224CF7ECEE45C +BFB7C8C77C22A01C345078D28D3ECBF804CDC2FE5025FA0D05CCC5EFC0C4F87E +CBED13DDDF8F34E404F471C6DD2E43331D73E89BBC71E7BF889F6293793FEF5A +C9DD3792F032E37A364C70914843F7AA314413D022AE3238730B420A7E9D0CF5 +D0E24F501451F9CDECE10AF7E14FF15C4F12F3FCA47DD9CD3C7AEA8D1551017D +23131C09ED104C052054520268A4FA3C6338BA6CF14C3DE3BAF2EA35296EE3D8 +D6496277E11DFF6076FE64C8A8C3419FA774473D63223FFA41CBAE609C3D976B +93DFB4079ADC7C4EF07303F93808DDA9F651F61BCCF79555059A44CBAF84A711 +6D98083CEF58230D54AD486C74C4A257FC703ACF918219D0A597A5F680B606E4 +EF94ADF8BF91A5096A806DB64EC96636A98397D22A74932EB7346A9C4B5EE953 +CB3C80AA634BFC28AA938C704BDA8DC4D13551CCFE2B2784BE8BF54502EBA9AF +D49B79237B9C56310550BC30E9108BB06EAC755D6AA4E688EFE2A0AAB17F20FE +00CD0BFF1B9CB6BDA0FA3A29A3117388B6686657A150CE6421FD5D420F4F7FB5 +B0DAA1BA19D638676E9CF159AC7325EF17B9F74E082BEF75E10A31C7011C0FFA +99B797CE549B5C45238DD0FADD6B99D233AC69282DF0D91EA2DBD08CE0083904 +A6D968D5AE3BD159D01BDFF42D16111BC0A517C66B43972080D9DD4F3B9AE7FB +11B035CE715C1218B2D779761D8D7E9DEBE277531BD58F313EBD27E33BEF9DC5 +50C7821A8BBC3B9FDF899D7EAA0B94493B97AFEAC503EB5ED7A7AB67C3039A0F +BF0BA4B455D035FF3126F33A4DEA730DB0644CCE0E14E89E8F5873C19FAEFA91 +9D14A603CF4D917A6AEDB4301981BAB51630CCACD37CC4A7AEECFA7E8A6A3F22 +E517F781BFBF64CA02D39D6B759536AFA1A1D4C2F82C78C45F4BF81AE4193314 +90EF9297156578BC9F14FA6D4328AA000C3B96C324921C95DB11D9AD73216475 +52B066C2221D5904718F2E84DCEC6652309C58EAE065AE3F072211FDB5C97B97 +6596D115A234B2C48CEA758207F0206C4AFDC0CD642C1473C591DAD250F472B8 +6F8FDDF769B1150B9C9CBFA0C3370561CD16D089392F99A25B518A44B428CCBE +2C57E58016C7F8A68C60E760E11AC94DE463C3EBA0E113B0D88901D5D8423A24 +E73A9255D36E89736F4769475E1A82A0A7BF57DBB8FEB2D2F4F2E6FAB9528C67 +F633939E9A05D02468C1CF3EBE7BB304769F75844E7FDA5FF39EBA3D7ADBC733 +B4A79E6B21849511BD087D192F4ED43F7900928C03D931DF04EBBED296AF1045 +AC2B727A931D4C293CBE0EE977B9243D3EC7E68A +0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000 +cleartomark +%%EndFont +%%BeginFont: CMSY6 +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMSY6 1.0 +%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 15 07:21:34 +% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (1.0) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (CMSY6) readonly def +/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle -14.035 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /CMSY6 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 50 /element put +readonly def +/FontBBox{-4 -948 1329 786}readonly def +currentdict end +currentfile eexec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cleartomark +%%EndFont +%%BeginFont: MSBM7 +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: MSBM7 2.1 +%%CreationDate: 1992 Oct 17 08:30:50 +% Math Symbol fonts were designed by the American Mathematical Society. +% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (2.1) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (MSBM7) readonly def +/FamilyName (Euler) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle 0 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /MSBM7 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 82 /R put +readonly def +/FontBBox{0 -504 2615 1004}readonly def +currentdict end +currentfile eexec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cleartomark +%%EndFont +%%BeginFont: CMMI6 +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMMI6 1.100 +%%CreationDate: 1996 Jul 23 07:53:52 +% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (1.100) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (CMMI6) readonly def +/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle -14.04 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /CMMI6 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 78 /N put +dup 96 /lscript put +dup 105 /i put +dup 106 /j put +dup 108 /l put +dup 116 /t put +readonly def +/FontBBox{11 -250 1241 750}readonly def +currentdict end +currentfile eexec +D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA0529731C99A784CCBE85B4993B2EEBDE +3B12D472B7CF54651EF21185116A69AB1096ED4BAD2F646635E019B6417CC77B +532F85D811C70D1429A19A5307EF63EB5C5E02C89FC6C20F6D9D89E7D91FE470 +B72BEFDA23F5DF76BE05AF4CE93137A219ED8A04A9D7D6FDF37E6B7FCDE0D90B +986423E5960A5D9FBB4C956556E8DF90CBFAEC476FA36FD9A5C8175C9AF513FE +D919C2DDD26BDC0D99398B9F4D03D6A8F05B47AF95EF28A9C561DBDC98C47CF5 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All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (1.100) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (CMMI5) readonly def +/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle -14.04 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /CMMI5 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 66 /B put +dup 105 /i put +dup 106 /j put +dup 107 /k put +dup 108 /l put +dup 110 /n put +dup 116 /t put +readonly def +/FontBBox{37 -250 1349 750}readonly def +currentdict end +currentfile eexec +D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA06DA87FC7163A5A2A756A598FAB07633 +89DE8BB201D5DB4627484A80A431B6AFDBBBF23D4157D4AFE17E6B1C853DD417 +25F84CD55402AB88AB7EEFDEDBF2C2C731BD25567C53B474CCF739188A930039 +098A197F9C4BE7594D79442B2C8A67447DE44698321145D7689B91EF235EA80E +B600AA8E238064F154284096C4C2554EFE8DDF13AFF8D3CE30E0999375C0FEE6 +F992DEA5FC3897E2CC8B7A90238E61E41622DE80F438DD994C73275CC52249D9 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All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (1.0) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (CMSY7) readonly def +/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle -14.035 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /CMSY7 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 0 /minus put +dup 3 /asteriskmath put +dup 20 /lessequal put +dup 33 /arrowright put +dup 48 /prime put +dup 49 /infinity put +dup 50 /element put +dup 54 /negationslash put +readonly def +/FontBBox{-15 -951 1252 782}readonly def +currentdict end +currentfile eexec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cleartomark +%%EndFont +%%BeginFont: CMR7 +%!PS-AdobeFont-1.1: CMR7 1.0 +%%CreationDate: 1991 Aug 20 16:39:21 +% Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (1.0) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. All Rights Reserved) readonly def +/FullName (CMR7) readonly def +/FamilyName (Computer Modern) readonly def +/Weight (Medium) readonly def +/ItalicAngle 0 def +/isFixedPitch false def +end readonly def +/FontName /CMR7 def +/PaintType 0 def +/FontType 1 def +/FontMatrix [0.001 0 0 0.001 0 0] readonly def +/Encoding 256 array +0 1 255 {1 index exch /.notdef put} for +dup 40 /parenleft put +dup 41 /parenright put +dup 43 /plus put +dup 48 /zero put +dup 49 /one put +dup 50 /two put +dup 51 /three put +dup 52 /four put +dup 61 /equal put +readonly def +/FontBBox{-27 -250 1122 750}readonly def +currentdict end +currentfile eexec +D9D66F633B846A97B686A97E45A3D0AA052A014267B7904EB3C0D3BD0B83D891 +016CA6CA4B712ADEB258FAAB9A130EE605E61F77FC1B738ABC7C51CD46EF8171 +9098D5FEE67660E69A7AB91B58F29A4D79E57022F783EB0FBBB6D4F4EC35014F +D2DECBA99459A4C59DF0C6EBA150284454E707DC2100C15B76B4C19B84363758 +469A6C558785B226332152109871A9883487DD7710949204DDCF837E6A8708B8 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All Rights Reserved. +11 dict begin +/FontInfo 7 dict dup begin +/version (2.1) readonly def +/Notice (Copyright (C) 1997 American Mathematical Society. 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Fu(v)3041 394 y FB(ij)3099 382 y +Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))29 b Fx(\024)523 431 y Fr(P)611 +451 y FB(t)p Fo(\000)p Fq(1)611 518 y FB(\034)7 b Fq(=)p +FB(t)p Fo(\000)p FB(B)s Fq(+1)931 493 y Fu(s)970 505 +y FB(ij)1028 493 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))p Fu(;)22 b Fx(8)p +Fu(nodei;)14 b Fx(8)p Fu(j)27 b Fx(2)d Fu(N)1704 505 +y FB(i)1731 493 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))p Fu(:)523 664 +y FD(Lemma)d(1.)j Fy(The)40 b(sequence)e Fu(m)p Ft(\()p +Fu(t)p Ft(\))j Fy(is)f(monotone)o(,)d(nondecr)m(easing)g(and)i(con)m +(ver)m(g)o(es)f(and)523 763 y Fx(8)p Fu(i;)14 b Fx(8)p +Fu(s)23 b Fx(\025)f Ft(0)p Fu(;)1120 924 y(x)1167 936 +y FB(i)1195 924 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)d Ft(+)f Fu(s)p Ft(\))23 +b Fx(\025)g Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))c(+)1810 806 +y Fr(\022)1885 867 y Ft(1)p 1881 904 50 4 v 1881 981 +a Fu(n)1941 806 y Fr(\023)2002 824 y FB(t)2027 832 y +Fd(1)2059 824 y Fo(\000)p FB(t)2136 832 y Fd(0)2187 924 +y Ft(\()p Fu(x)2266 936 y FB(i)2294 924 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p +Ft(\))g Fx(\000)f Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\)\))623 1144 +y FE(Let)i Fu(i)k Fx(2)g Fu(V)5 b(;)14 b(t)1006 1156 +y Fq(0)1067 1144 y Fx(2)24 b Fs(N)p Fu(;)d FE(and)f Fu(t)k +Fx(\025)f Fu(t)1563 1156 y Fq(0)1600 1144 y Fu(;)f(j)28 +b Fx(2)c Fu(V)5 b(;)22 b FE(we)f(say)f(that)h(the)g(e)n(v)o(ent)e +Fu(E)2660 1156 y FB(j)2696 1144 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))i +FE(occurs)f(if)h(there)523 1244 y(e)o(xists)g Fu(j)28 +b Fx(2)p 872 1177 76 4 v 23 w Fu(N)948 1256 y FB(i)975 +1244 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))22 b FE(such)e(that)1187 +1447 y Fu(x)1234 1413 y FB(i)1234 1468 y(j)1270 1447 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))j Fu(<)g(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)1610 +1459 y Fq(0)1647 1447 y Ft(\))c(+)1879 1391 y Fu(\013)p +1791 1428 230 4 v 1791 1504 a Ft(2)p Fu(n)1883 1480 y +FB(t)p Fo(\000)p FB(t)1985 1488 y Fd(0)2045 1447 y Ft(\()p +Fu(x)2124 1459 y FB(i)2152 1447 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2214 1459 +y Fq(0)2252 1447 y Ft(\))g Fx(\000)f Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)2521 +1459 y Fq(0)2558 1447 y Ft(\)\))506 b FE(\(1.6\))523 +1652 y(and)1439 1752 y Fu(s)1478 1764 y FB(ij)1537 1752 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))23 b Fx(\025)g Fu(\013)1809 1685 +y Fr(\000)1847 1752 y Fu(x)1894 1764 y FB(i)1922 1752 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))c Fx(\000)f Fu(x)2165 1718 y FB(i)2165 +1773 y(j)2201 1752 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))2295 1685 y +Fr(\001)2347 1752 y Fu(;)758 b FE(\(1.7\))523 1901 y(where)20 +b Fu(\013)h FE(is)g(de\002ned)e(in)h(assumption)f(2,)h(and)g +Fu(V)40 b FE(is)21 b(the)f(set)h(of)f(all)h(nodes.)523 +2072 y FD(Lemma)g(2.)j Fy(Let)29 b Fu(t)1068 2084 y Fq(1)1143 +2072 y Fx(\025)38 b Fu(t)1276 2084 y Fq(0)1313 2072 y +Fu(;)29 b Fy(if)g Fu(E)1501 2084 y FB(j)1537 2072 y Ft(\()p +Fu(t)1599 2084 y Fq(1)1636 2072 y Ft(\))g Fy(occur)o(s,)g(then)f +Fu(E)2201 2084 y FB(j)2236 2072 y Ft(\()p Fu(\034)9 b +Ft(\))30 b Fy(doesn')n(t)d(occur)h(for)h(any)e Fu(\034)48 +b Fx(\025)523 2172 y Fu(t)553 2184 y Fq(1)609 2172 y +Ft(+)18 b(2)p Fu(B)t Fy(.)523 2342 y FD(Lemma)j(3.)j +Fx(8)p Fu(i)f Fx(2)g Fu(V)5 b(;)14 b Fx(8)p Fu(t)1245 +2354 y Fq(0)1306 2342 y Fx(2)23 b Fs(N)p Fu(;)14 b Fx(8)p +Fu(j)28 b Fx(2)p 1667 2275 76 4 v 23 w Fu(N)1743 2354 +y FB(i)1771 2342 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))p Fu(;)808 2590 +y(t)23 b Fx(\025)g Fu(t)979 2602 y Fq(0)1034 2590 y Ft(+)18 +b(3)p Fu(nB)27 b Fx(\))c Fu(x)1452 2602 y FB(j)1487 2590 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))h Fx(\025)f Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)1828 +2602 y Fq(0)1865 2590 y Ft(\))c(+)f Fu(\021)2057 2473 +y Fr(\022)2132 2534 y Ft(1)p 2128 2571 50 4 v 2128 2647 +a Fu(n)2188 2473 y Fr(\023)2249 2490 y FB(t)p Fo(\000)p +FB(t)2351 2498 y Fd(0)2401 2590 y Ft(\()p Fu(x)2480 2602 +y FB(i)2509 2590 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2571 2602 y Fq(0)2608 +2590 y Ft(\))h Fx(\000)f Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)2877 2602 +y Fq(0)2914 2590 y Ft(\)\))p Fu(:)523 2850 y Fy(wher)m(e)j +Fu(\021)26 b Ft(=)908 2817 y FB(\013)p 908 2831 44 4 +v 913 2879 a Fq(2)975 2783 y Fr(\000)1027 2817 y Fq(1)p +1023 2831 42 4 v 1023 2879 a FB(n)1074 2783 y Fr(\001)1113 +2800 y FB(B)1183 2850 y Fu(:)523 3020 y Fy(Pr)l(oof)o(.)40 +b FE(Let)26 b(us)f(\002x)h Fu(i)f FE(and)g Fu(t)1349 +3032 y Fq(0)1386 3020 y Fu(:)h FE(Let)f(us)h(consider)e +Fu(t)2008 3032 y Fq(1)2045 3020 y Fu(;)14 b(:::;)g(t)2218 +3032 y FB(n)2289 3020 y FE(such)25 b(that)g Fu(t)2647 +3032 y FB(k)q Fo(\000)p Fq(1)2795 3020 y Ft(+)c(2)p Fu(B)36 +b Fx(\024)c Fu(t)3149 3032 y FB(k)3222 3020 y Fx(\024)523 +3120 y Fu(t)553 3132 y FB(k)q Fo(\000)p Fq(1)700 3120 +y Ft(+)21 b(3)p Fu(B)t(:)j FE(Lemma)g(2)g(implies)g(that)g(if)g +Fu(k)34 b Fx(6)p Ft(=)29 b Fu(l)r(;)c FE(then)e Fu(E)2254 +3132 y FB(j)2289 3120 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2351 3132 y FB(k)2392 +3120 y Ft(\))i FE(and)f Fu(E)2655 3132 y FB(j)2690 3120 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2752 3132 y FB(l)2778 3120 y Ft(\))h FE(doesn')o(t)d +(occur)523 3220 y(together)-5 b(.)31 b(Hence,)h(there)g(e)o(xists)i +Fu(t)1561 3232 y FB(k)1634 3220 y FE(for)e(which)g(\(1.6\))g(is)h(not)f +(satis\002ed)i(for)e(all)h Fu(d)3015 3190 y FB(i)3015 +3241 y(j)3050 3220 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)3112 3232 y FB(k)3153 +3220 y Ft(\))46 b Fx(2)523 3329 y(f)p Fu(t)595 3341 y +FB(k)654 3329 y Fx(\000)18 b Fu(B)k Ft(+)c(1)p Fu(;)c(:::;)g(t)1120 +3341 y FB(k)1161 3329 y Fx(g)f Fu(;)21 b FE(and)f Fu(j)28 +b Fx(2)23 b Fu(N)1608 3341 y FB(i)1635 3329 y Ft(\()p +Fu(d)1710 3299 y FB(i)1710 3351 y(j)1746 3329 y Ft(\()p +Fu(t)1808 3341 y FB(k)1849 3329 y Ft(\)\))p Fu(:)623 +3439 y FE(Let)g Fu(j)796 3409 y Fo(\003)864 3439 y Fx(2)29 +b Fu(N)1015 3451 y FB(i)1043 3439 y Ft(\()p Fu(d)1118 +3409 y FB(i)1118 3461 y(j)1153 3439 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)1215 +3451 y FB(k)1256 3439 y Ft(\)\))c FE(such)e(that)h Fu(x)1717 +3409 y FB(i)1717 3461 y(j)1747 3444 y Fc(\003)1787 3439 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)1849 3451 y FB(k)1890 3439 y Ft(\))30 +b Fx(\024)f Fu(x)2093 3409 y FB(i)2093 3461 y(j)2128 +3439 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2190 3451 y FB(k)2231 3439 y Ft(\))p +Fu(;)14 b Fx(8)p Fu(j)35 b Fx(2)29 b Fu(N)2566 3451 y +FB(i)2594 3439 y Ft(\()p Fu(d)2669 3409 y FB(i)2669 3461 +y(j)2704 3439 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2766 3451 y FB(k)2807 3439 +y Ft(\)\))p Fu(:)c FE(Since)f(\(1.6\))523 3539 y(is)d(not)f +(satis\002ed)h(for)e Fu(j)28 b Ft(=)23 b Fu(j)1325 3509 +y Fo(\003)1363 3539 y Fu(;)e FE(we)g(ha)n(v)o(e)787 3800 +y Fu(x)834 3769 y FB(i)834 3821 y(j)869 3800 y Ft(\()p +Fu(t)931 3812 y FB(k)973 3800 y Ft(\))i Fx(\025)h Fu(x)1164 +3769 y FB(i)1164 3821 y(j)1194 3805 y Fc(\003)1235 3800 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)1297 3812 y FB(k)1338 3800 y Ft(\))752 +3919 y Fu(x)799 3888 y FB(i)799 3940 y(j)829 3924 y Fc(\003)869 +3919 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)931 3931 y FB(k)973 3919 y Ft(\))f +Fx(\025)h Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)1252 3931 y Fq(0)1290 3919 +y Ft(\))19 b(+)1434 3886 y FB(\013)p 1434 3900 44 4 v +1439 3947 a Fq(2)1500 3851 y Fr(\000)1552 3886 y Fq(1)p +1549 3900 42 4 v 1549 3947 a FB(n)1600 3851 y Fr(\001)1638 +3868 y FB(t)1663 3877 y Fn(k)1699 3868 y Fo(\000)p FB(t)1776 +3876 y Fd(0)1826 3919 y Ft(\()q Fu(x)1906 3931 y FB(i)1934 +3919 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)1996 3931 y Fq(0)2033 3919 y Ft(\))g +Fx(\000)f Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)2302 3931 y Fq(0)2339 3919 +y Ft(\)\))d Fu(;)34 b Fx(8)p Fu(j)29 b Fx(2)23 b Fu(N)2729 +3931 y FB(i)2756 3919 y Ft(\()p Fu(d)2831 3888 y FB(i)2831 +3940 y(j)2867 3919 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2929 3931 y FB(k)2970 +3919 y Ft(\)\))p Fu(:)623 4111 y FE(F)o(or)c Fu(t)24 +b Fx(\025)e Fu(t)928 4123 y Fq(0)984 4111 y Ft(+)c(3)p +Fu(nB)t(;)i FE(we)h(ha)n(v)o(e)e Fu(t)k Fx(\025)g Fu(t)1732 +4123 y FB(k)1796 4111 y Fx(\025)g Fu(d)1927 4081 y FB(i)1927 +4133 y(j)1962 4111 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2024 4123 y FB(k)2065 +4111 y Ft(\))p Fu(:)e FE(Lemma)e(1)i(gi)n(v)o(es,)e Fx(8)p +Fu(j)28 b Fx(2)c Fu(N)2945 4123 y FB(i)2972 4111 y Ft(\()p +Fu(d)3047 4081 y FB(i)3047 4133 y(j)3082 4111 y Ft(\()p +Fu(t)3144 4123 y FB(k)3186 4111 y Ft(\)\))890 4322 y +Fu(x)937 4334 y FB(j)972 4322 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))g +Fx(\025)g Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(d)1327 4292 y FB(i)1327 4344 +y(j)1363 4322 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)1425 4334 y FB(k)1466 4322 +y Ft(\)\))19 b(+)1632 4255 y Fr(\000)1684 4289 y Fq(1)p +1680 4303 V 1680 4351 a FB(n)1731 4255 y Fr(\001)1769 +4272 y FB(t)p Fo(\000)p FB(d)1881 4247 y Fn(i)1881 4289 +y(j)1911 4272 y Fq(\()p FB(t)1962 4281 y Fn(k)1999 4272 +y Fq(\))2043 4322 y Ft(\()p Fu(x)2122 4334 y FB(j)2157 +4322 y Ft(\()p Fu(d)2232 4292 y FB(i)2232 4344 y(j)2268 +4322 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2330 4334 y FB(k)2371 4322 y Ft(\)\))g +Fx(\000)f Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(d)2685 4292 y FB(i)2685 4344 +y(j)2720 4322 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2782 4334 y FB(k)2823 4322 +y Ft(\)\)\))1090 4445 y Fx(\025)24 b Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)1314 +4457 y Fq(0)1352 4445 y Ft(\))18 b(+)1495 4412 y FB(\013)p +1495 4426 44 4 v 1500 4473 a Fq(2)1562 4377 y Fr(\000)1614 +4412 y Fq(1)p 1610 4426 42 4 v 1610 4473 a FB(n)1661 +4377 y Fr(\001)1699 4395 y FB(B)1770 4377 y Fr(\000)1822 +4412 y Fq(1)p 1818 4426 V 1818 4473 a FB(n)1869 4377 +y Fr(\001)1907 4395 y FB(t)p Fo(\000)p FB(t)2009 4403 +y Fd(0)2060 4445 y Ft(\()p Fu(x)2139 4457 y FB(i)2167 +4445 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2229 4457 y Fq(0)2267 4445 y Ft(\))g +Fx(\000)g Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)2535 4457 y Fq(0)2573 4445 +y Ft(\)\))c Fu(:)523 4611 y FD(De\002nition)20 b(1.)25 +b FE(W)-7 b(e)39 b(say)f(that)g(a)g(sensor)f Fu(j)44 +b FE(is)39 b Fu(l)r FE(-connected)c(to)j(a)g(sensor)f +Fu(i)h FE(if)h(it)f(is)h(logi-)523 4711 y(cally)g(connected)e(to)i +Fu(i)g FE(by)f Fu(l)j FE(communication)36 b(graphs,)h(i.e.)i(if)g +(there)f(e)o(xists)h Fu(r)2999 4681 y FB(i)2997 4735 +y(k)3039 4711 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)3101 4723 y FB(k)3142 4711 +y Ft(\))57 b Fx(2)p eop end +%%Page: 9 9 +TeXDict begin 9 8 bop 523 100 a FA(1)42 b(An)18 b(Asynchronous)j(Dif)n +(fusion)e(Scheme)g(for)g(Data)f(Fusion)h(in)f(Sensor)h(Netw)o(orks)581 +b(9)523 282 y Fx(f)p Fu(t)595 294 y FB(k)654 282 y Fx(\000)18 +b Fu(B)k Ft(+)c(1)p Fu(;)c(:::;)g(t)1120 294 y FB(k)1161 +282 y Fx(g)f Fu(;)23 b FE(where)f Fu(k)30 b Fx(2)d(f)p +Fu(i)1714 294 y Fq(1)1751 282 y Fu(;)14 b(:::;)g(i)1923 +294 y FB(l)1948 282 y Fx(g)o FE(,)23 b(such)f(that)h +Fu(i)j Ft(=)h Fu(i)2532 294 y Fq(1)2596 282 y Fx(2)h +Fu(N)2746 294 y FB(i)2769 302 y Fd(2)2805 282 y Ft(\()p +Fu(r)2876 245 y FB(i)2899 253 y Fd(2)2874 305 y FB(i)2897 +313 y Fd(1)2937 282 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2999 294 y Fq(1)3037 +282 y Ft(\)\))p Fu(;)14 b(i)3167 294 y Fq(2)3231 282 +y Fx(2)523 397 y Fu(N)590 409 y FB(i)613 417 y Fd(3)650 +397 y Ft(\()p Fu(r)721 360 y FB(i)744 368 y Fd(3)719 +421 y FB(i)742 429 y Fd(2)782 397 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)844 +409 y Fq(2)881 397 y Ft(\)\))p Fu(;)g(:::;)523 515 y(i)552 +527 y FB(l)600 515 y Fx(2)24 b Fu(N)746 527 y FB(j)780 +515 y Ft(\()p Fu(r)851 476 y FB(j)849 541 y(l)887 515 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)949 527 y FB(l)975 515 y Ft(\)\))p Fu(:)523 +690 y FD(Lemma)d(4.)j Fy(If)d(sensor)f Fu(j)26 b Fy(is)21 +b Fu(l)r Fy(-connected)c(to)k(sensor)f Fu(i)g Fy(then)746 +908 y Fx(8)p Fu(t)j Fx(\025)g Fu(t)963 920 y Fq(0)1019 +908 y Ft(+)18 b(3)p Fu(nl)r(B)t(;)33 b(x)1391 920 y FB(j)1427 +908 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))23 b Fx(\025)g Fu(m)p Ft(\()p +Fu(t)1767 920 y Fq(0)1804 908 y Ft(\))c(+)f(\()p Fu(\021)s +Ft(\))2047 866 y FB(l)2086 908 y Ft(\()2133 852 y(1)p +2128 889 50 4 v 2128 965 a Fu(n)2188 908 y Ft(\))2220 +874 y Fq(\()p FB(t)p Fo(\000)p FB(t)2348 882 y Fd(0)2381 +874 y Fq(\))2407 849 y Fn(l)2449 908 y Ft(\()p Fu(x)2528 +920 y FB(i)2556 908 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2618 920 y Fq(0)2656 +908 y Ft(\))h Fx(\000)f Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)2925 920 +y Fq(0)2962 908 y Ft(\)\))c Fu(:)523 1114 y Fy(Pr)l(oof)o(.)40 +b FE(By)32 b(induction.)d(Suppose)i(that)g(the)g(lemma)g(is)h(true)f +(for)g Fu(t)2532 1126 y Fq(0)2595 1114 y Ft(+)c(3)p Fu(nl)r(B)34 +b FE(then)d(if)h Fu(j)k FE(is)523 1214 y Fu(l)r FE(-connected)17 +b(to)k Fu(j)5 b FE(,)20 b(we)h(ha)n(v)o(e)819 1462 y +Fu(x)866 1474 y FB(l)892 1462 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)954 1474 +y Fq(0)1010 1462 y Ft(+)d(3)p Fu(nl)r(B)t Ft(\))23 b +Fx(\025)f Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)1556 1474 y Fq(0)1594 1462 +y Ft(\))c(+)g(\()q Fu(\021)s Ft(\))1836 1420 y FB(l)1875 +1345 y Fr(\022)1937 1462 y Ft(\()1983 1405 y(1)p 1979 +1443 V 1979 1519 a Fu(n)2039 1462 y Ft(\))2071 1427 y +Fq(\(3)p FB(nlB)s Fq(\))2275 1345 y Fr(\023)2337 1362 +y FB(l)2376 1462 y Ft(\()p Fu(x)2455 1474 y FB(i)2483 +1462 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2545 1474 y Fq(0)2583 1462 y Ft(\))g +Fx(\000)h Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)2852 1474 y Fq(0)2889 1462 +y Ft(\)\))14 b Fu(:)623 1661 y FE(Consider)23 b(a)i(sensor)f +Fu(k)j FE(connected)22 b(to)j Fu(j)k FE(\()p Fu(k)e FE(is)f +Ft(\()p Fu(l)20 b Ft(+)e(1\))o FE(-connected)k(to)j Fu(i)p +FE(\),)e(Lemma)h(3)g(and)523 1761 y(the)c(abo)o(v)o(e)f(inequality)g +(gi)n(v)o(e)g(\(replacing)f Fu(t)1762 1773 y Fq(0)1820 +1761 y FE(by)i Fu(t)1954 1773 y Fq(0)2010 1761 y Ft(+)e(3)p +Fu(nl)r(B)t Ft(\))p Fu(;)2799 2021 y(x)2846 2033 y FB(k)2887 +2021 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))24 b Fx(\025)716 2147 y Fu(m)p +Ft(\()p Fu(t)851 2159 y Fq(0)907 2147 y Ft(+)18 b(3)p +Fu(nl)r(B)t Ft(\))f(+)h Fu(\021)s Ft(\()1399 2114 y Fq(1)p +1395 2128 42 4 v 1395 2175 a FB(n)1446 2147 y Ft(\))1478 +2091 y Fn(t)p Fc(\000)p Fn(t)1569 2103 y Fd(0)1602 2091 +y Fc(\000)p Fd(3)p Fn(nlB)1799 2054 y Fr(\020)1849 2147 +y Ft(\()p Fu(\021)s Ft(\))1957 2105 y FB(l)1997 2079 +y Fr(\000)2035 2147 y Ft(\()2081 2114 y Fq(1)p 2077 2128 +V 2077 2175 a FB(n)2128 2147 y Ft(\))2160 2116 y Fq(\(3)p +FB(nlB)s Fq(\))2365 2079 y Fr(\001)2403 2093 y FB(l)2442 +2147 y Ft(\()p Fu(x)2521 2159 y FB(i)2549 2147 y Ft(\()p +Fu(t)2611 2159 y Fq(0)2649 2147 y Ft(\))h Fx(\000)f Fu(m)p +Ft(\()p Fu(t)2918 2159 y Fq(0)2955 2147 y Ft(\)\))3020 +2054 y Fr(\021)3005 2270 y Fx(\025)1401 2394 y Fu(m)p +Ft(\()p Fu(t)1536 2406 y Fq(0)1573 2394 y Ft(\))h(+)f(\()p +Fu(\021)s Ft(\))1816 2352 y FB(l)p Fq(+1)1939 2326 y +Fr(\000)1977 2394 y Ft(\()2024 2361 y Fq(1)p 2020 2375 +V 2020 2422 a FB(n)2071 2394 y Ft(\))2103 2364 y Fq(\()p +FB(t)p Fo(\000)p FB(t)2231 2372 y Fd(0)2263 2364 y Fq(\))2293 +2326 y Fr(\001)2331 2341 y FB(l)p Fq(+1)2455 2394 y Ft(\()p +Fu(x)2534 2406 y FB(i)2562 2394 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2624 2406 +y Fq(0)2662 2394 y Ft(\))g Fx(\000)g Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)2930 +2406 y Fq(0)2968 2394 y Ft(\)\))c Fu(:)523 2572 y Fy(Pr)l(oof)41 +b(\(Pr)l(oof)35 b(of)g(Theor)m(em)f(1\).)h FE(Consider)f(a)i(sensor)e +Fu(i)h FE(and)g(a)g(time)h Fu(t)2713 2584 y Fq(0)2750 +2572 y Fu(:)f FE(Assumption)f(1)523 2671 y(implies)40 +b(that)h(sensor)f Fu(i)h FE(is)g Fu(B)t FE(-connected)d(to)j(an)o(y)e +(sensor)i Fu(j:)g FE(Lemma)e(4)i(gi)n(v)o(es:)f Fx(8)p +Fu(t)60 b Fx(2)523 2771 y Ft([)p Fu(t)576 2783 y Fq(0)632 +2771 y Ft(+)18 b(3)p Fu(nM)9 b(B)t(;)14 b(t)1031 2783 +y Fq(0)1085 2771 y Ft(+)k(3)p Fu(nM)9 b(B)22 b Ft(+)c +Fu(B)t Ft(])c Fu(;)21 b Fx(8)p Fu(j)28 b Fx(2)23 b Fu(V)5 +b(;)996 2954 y(x)1043 2966 y FB(j)1079 2954 y Ft(\()p +Fu(t)1141 2966 y Fq(0)1196 2954 y Ft(+)19 b(3)p Fu(nM)9 +b(B)21 b Ft(+)d Fu(B)t Ft(\))24 b Fx(\025)e Fu(m)p Ft(\()p +Fu(t)1974 2966 y Fq(0)2012 2954 y Ft(\))c(+)g Fu(\016)f +Ft(\()q Fu(x)2279 2966 y FB(i)2307 2954 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2369 +2966 y Fq(0)2406 2954 y Ft(\))i Fx(\000)f Fu(m)p Ft(\()p +Fu(t)2675 2966 y Fq(0)2712 2954 y Ft(\)\))d Fu(;)523 +3136 y FE(where)20 b Fu(\016)26 b(>)c Ft(0)p Fu(:)f FE(Thus,)899 +3335 y Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)1034 3347 y Fq(0)1090 3335 +y Ft(+)d(3)p Fu(nM)9 b(B)22 b Ft(+)c Fu(B)t Ft(\))23 +b Fx(\025)g Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)1868 3347 y Fq(0)1905 +3335 y Ft(\))c(+)f Fu(\016)2093 3243 y Fr(\020)2143 3335 +y Ft(max)2208 3387 y FB(i)2311 3335 y Fu(x)2358 3347 +y FB(i)2386 3335 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)2448 3347 y Fq(0)2486 +3335 y Ft(\))g Fx(\000)g Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)2754 3347 +y Fq(0)2792 3335 y Ft(\))2824 3243 y Fr(\021)2887 3335 +y Fu(:)523 3549 y FE(Note)i(that)g Ft(lim)966 3561 y +FB(t)991 3569 y Fd(0)1023 3561 y Fo(!1)1174 3549 y Ft(max)1328 +3561 y FB(i)1370 3549 y Fu(x)1417 3561 y FB(i)1445 3549 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)1507 3561 y Fq(0)1544 3549 y Ft(\))f Fx(\000)f +Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)1813 3561 y Fq(0)1850 3549 y Ft(\))24 +b(=)e(0)f FE(\(otherwise)523 3649 y Ft(lim)638 3661 y +FB(t)663 3669 y Fd(0)696 3661 y Fo(!1)846 3649 y Fu(m)p +Ft(\()p Fu(t)981 3661 y Fq(0)1019 3649 y Ft(\))30 b(=)g(+)p +Fx(1)p FE(\).)23 b(On)h(the)g(other)f(hand,)g(as)h Ft(lim)2259 +3661 y FB(t)p Fo(!1)2434 3649 y Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)p +Ft(\))31 b(=)e Fu(c)c FE(and)e(as)i Fu(m)p Ft(\()p Fu(t)p +Ft(\))30 b Fx(\024)523 3748 y Fu(x)570 3760 y FB(j)605 +3748 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))24 b Fx(\024)f Ft(max)965 +3760 y FB(i)1007 3748 y Fu(x)1054 3760 y FB(i)1082 3748 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))p Fu(;)d FE(we)g(deduce)e(that)h +Fx(8)p Fu(j)28 b Fx(2)c Fu(V)5 b(;)20 b Ft(lim)2133 3760 +y FB(t)p Fo(!1)2309 3748 y Fu(x)2356 3760 y FB(j)2391 +3748 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))k(=)e Fu(c;)e FE(which)f(implies)g(that)523 +3848 y Ft(lim)638 3860 y FB(t)p Fo(!1)814 3848 y Fu(s)853 +3860 y FB(ij)911 3848 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))33 b(=)f(0)p +FE(.)25 b(Thanks)f(to)h(assumption)f(1,)h(we)h(deduce)e(that)h +Ft(lim)2724 3860 y FB(t)p Fo(!1)2900 3848 y Fu(v)2940 +3860 y FB(ij)2999 3848 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))32 b(=)g(0)p +Fu(;)523 3948 y FE(and)c(thanks)h(to)g(\(1.5\),)e(we)i(deduce)f(that)h +Fu(nc)39 b Ft(=)f(lim)2111 3960 y FB(t)p Fo(!1)2286 3948 +y Fu(x)2333 3960 y FB(i)2361 3948 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))i(=)2599 +3885 y Fr(P)2686 3906 y FB(n)2686 3972 y(i)p Fq(=1)2812 +3948 y Fu(x)2859 3960 y FB(i)2887 3948 y Ft(\(0\))p Fu(;)p +FE(i.e.)29 b Fu(c)39 b Ft(=)523 4056 y Fr(P)611 4076 +y FB(n)611 4143 y(i)p Fq(=1)736 4118 y Fu(x)783 4130 +y FB(i)811 4118 y Ft(\(0\))p Fu(=n;)21 b FE(which)e(yields)h(to)h +Ft(lim)1696 4130 y FB(t)p Fo(!1)1871 4118 y Fu(x)1918 +4130 y FB(i)1946 4118 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))j(=)2166 +4085 y Fq(1)p 2162 4099 V 2162 4146 a FB(n)2252 4014 +y(n)2213 4039 y Fr(X)2219 4216 y FB(i)p Fq(=1)2333 4118 +y Fu(x)2380 4130 y FB(i)2408 4118 y Ft(\(0\))d FE(pro)o(ving)c(Theorem) +i(1.)p eop end +%%Page: 10 10 +TeXDict begin 10 9 bop 523 100 a FA(10)976 b(Jacques)20 +b(M.)d(Bahi,)g(Abdallah)i(Makhoul)f(and)h(Ahmed)f(Mostef)o(aoui)523 +282 y Fv(1.3.4)41 b(Practical)24 b(Issues)523 515 y FE(W)-7 +b(e)37 b(no)n(w)e(discuss)h(some)f(practical)g(aspects)h(related)f(to)h +(the)f(implementation)f(of)h(Algo-)523 614 y(rithm)27 +b(1.)g(The)g(main)g(tw)o(o)h(points)f(are)g(ho)n(w)g(to)g(choose)g +Fu(s)2243 626 y FB(ij)2301 614 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))h +FE(and)f(ho)n(w)g(to)h(o)o(v)o(ercome)c(the)523 714 y(loss)d(of)f +(messages?)623 814 y(Each)g(node)g(updates)f(its)j(state)g(follo)n +(wing)d(equation)g(\(1.2\).)g(This)i(is)h(achie)n(v)o(ed,)c(by)j +(updat-)523 913 y(ing)26 b(each)f(sensors)h Fu(s)1144 +925 y FB(ij)1202 913 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))h FE(through)d(time.)i(F)o +(or)f(sak)o(e)h(of)g(simplicity)-5 b(,)25 b(the)g(v)n(alue)h(of)f +Fu(s)3052 925 y FB(ij)3111 913 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))h +FE(is)523 1013 y(chosen)18 b(to)g(be)g(computed)f(by)h(the)g(weighted)g +(dif)n(ference)e(between)i(the)g(states)i(of)e(nodes)f +Fu(i)i FE(and)523 1112 y Fu(j)26 b FE(as)21 b(follo)n(ws:)933 +1342 y Fu(s)972 1354 y FB(ij)1030 1342 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p +Ft(\))j(=)1235 1225 y Fr(\032)1310 1290 y Fu(\013)1363 +1302 y FB(ij)1422 1290 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\)\()p Fu(x)1595 +1302 y FB(i)1624 1290 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))19 b Fx(\000)f +Fu(x)1867 1260 y FB(i)1867 1312 y(j)1902 1290 y Ft(\()p +Fu(t)p Ft(\)\))192 b FE(if)83 b Fu(x)2401 1302 y FB(i)2429 +1290 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))23 b Fu(>)g(x)2681 1260 y +FB(i)2681 1312 y(j)2716 1290 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))f +Fu(;)1310 1393 y Ft(0)868 b FE(otherwise)o Fu(:)623 1543 +y FE(The)15 b(choice)g(of)h Fu(s)1126 1555 y FB(ij)1184 +1543 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))h FE(is)g(then)f(deduced)e(from)h(the)g +(proper)g(choice)g(of)g(the)h(weights)g Fu(\013)3113 +1555 y FB(ij)3172 1543 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))p FE(.)523 +1643 y(Hence,)24 b Fu(\013)834 1655 y FB(ij)893 1643 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))i FE(must)e(be)h(chosen)f(such)h(that)g(the)f +(states)i(of)f(all)g(the)g(nodes)f(con)m(v)o(er)o(ge)d(to)k(the)523 +1742 y(a)n(v)o(erage)799 1680 y Fr(P)887 1701 y FB(n)887 +1767 y(i)p Fq(=1)1012 1742 y Fu(z)1051 1754 y FB(i)1078 +1742 y Fu(=n)p FE(,)20 b(i.e.,)g(assumptions)g(2)g(and)f(3)i(must)f(be) +g(satis\002ed.)623 1842 y(Denote)25 b(by)h Fu(j)1038 +1812 y Fo(\003)1103 1842 y FE(the)g(sensor)g(node)f(satisfying)h +Fu(x)2055 1812 y FB(i)2055 1864 y(j)2085 1847 y Fc(\003)2159 +1842 y Ft(=)34 b(min)2396 1857 y FB(k)q Fo(2)p FB(N)2530 +1865 y Fn(i)2556 1857 y Fq(\()p FB(t)p Fq(\))2651 1842 +y Fu(x)2698 1812 y FB(i)2698 1865 y(k)2740 1842 y Ft(\()p +Fu(t)p Ft(\))27 b FE(\(note)e(that)i Fu(j)3249 1812 y +Fo(\003)523 1942 y FE(depends)20 b(on)g Fu(i)h FE(and)f(time)h +Fu(t)p FE(\))p Fu(:)h FE(The)e(v)n(alues)h(of)f Fu(\013)1909 +1954 y FB(ij)1968 1942 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))i FE(must)f(be)g +(selected)f(so)i(that)f(to)g(a)n(v)n(oid)f(the)523 2041 +y(ping)f(pong)g(condition)g(presented)g(in)h(assumption)f(3.)623 +2141 y(This)i(is)i(equi)n(v)n(alent)c(to)j(choose)e Fu(\013)1625 +2153 y FB(ij)1684 2141 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))j FE(so)e(that)h +Fx(8)p Fu(t)j Fe(>)g Ft(0)p Fu(;)14 b Fx(8)p Fu(i)25 +b Fx(2)g Fu(N)t(;)e FE(and)e Fu(j)30 b Fx(6)p Ft(=)25 +b Fu(j)2945 2111 y Fo(\003)3008 2141 y Fx(2)p 3089 2074 +76 4 v 26 w Fu(N)3165 2153 y FB(i)3192 2141 y Ft(\()p +Fu(t)p Ft(\))523 2240 y FE(satisfying)20 b Fu(x)914 2252 +y FB(i)942 2240 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))j Fu(>)g(x)1194 +2210 y FB(i)1194 2262 y(j)1229 2240 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p +Ft(\))p Fu(;)1015 2494 y Ft(0)f Fx(\024)h Fu(\013)1220 +2506 y FB(ij)1279 2494 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))g Fx(\024)1494 +2438 y Ft(1)p 1494 2475 42 4 v 1494 2551 a(2)1559 2352 +y Fr( )1625 2494 y Ft(1)18 b Fx(\000)1778 2363 y Fr(P)1865 +2450 y FB(j)s Fo(6)p Fq(=)p FB(i)1989 2425 y Fu(\013)2042 +2437 y FB(ik)2106 2425 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\)\()p Fu(x)2279 +2437 y FB(i)2308 2425 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))h Fx(\000)f +Fu(x)2551 2395 y FB(k)2551 2447 y(i)2592 2425 y Ft(\()p +Fu(t)p Ft(\)\))p 1778 2475 942 4 v 1992 2563 a(\()p Fu(x)2071 +2575 y FB(i)2100 2563 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))h Fx(\000)f +Fu(x)2343 2523 y FB(j)2343 2586 y(i)2378 2563 y Ft(\()p +Fu(t)p Ft(\)\))2729 2352 y Fr(!)3128 2494 y FE(\(1.8\))623 +2718 y(The)25 b(weights)g Fu(\013)1115 2730 y FB(ij)1174 +2718 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))h FE(must)g(also)g(be)f(chosen)g(in)g +(order)g(to)g(respect)h(assumption)e(2.)h(This)523 2817 +y(assumption)19 b(can)h(be)g(carried)f(out)h(by)g(\002xing)g(a)g +(constant)g Fu(\014)27 b Fx(2)c Ft([0)p Fu(;)14 b Ft(1])20 +b FE(and)g(choosing)889 2930 y Fr(8)889 3005 y(<)889 +3154 y(:)976 2933 y(P)1063 3020 y FB(k)q Fo(6)p Fq(=)p +FB(j)1180 3003 y Fc(\003)1216 3020 y Fo(2)p FB(N)1314 +3028 y Fn(i)1340 3020 y Fq(\()p FB(t)p Fq(\))1435 2995 +y Fu(\013)1488 3007 y FB(ik)1552 2995 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p +Ft(\)\()p Fu(x)1725 3007 y FB(i)1754 2995 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p +Ft(\))f Fx(\000)f Fu(x)1997 2965 y FB(i)1997 3019 y(k)2039 +2995 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\)\))24 b Fx(\024)e Fu(\014)t +Ft(\()p Fu(x)2406 3007 y FB(i)2435 2995 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p +Ft(\))d Fx(\000)f Fu(x)2678 2965 y FB(i)2678 3017 y(j)2708 +3000 y Fc(\003)2748 2995 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\)\))p Fu(;)976 +3155 y(\013)1029 3167 y FB(ij)1082 3151 y Fc(\003)1122 +3155 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))24 b(=)1337 3122 y Fq(1)p +1337 3136 34 4 v 1337 3184 a(2)1394 3038 y Fr(\022)1455 +3155 y Ft(1)18 b Fx(\000)1608 3059 y Fb(P)1678 3121 y +Fn(k)q Fc(6)p Fd(=)p Fn(j)1779 3109 y Fc(\003)1830 3102 +y FB(\013)1873 3111 y Fn(ik)1931 3102 y Fq(\()p FB(t)p +Fq(\)\()p FB(x)2072 3110 y Fn(i)2098 3102 y Fq(\()p FB(t)p +Fq(\))p Fo(\000)p FB(x)2265 3077 y Fn(i)2265 3119 y(k)2301 +3102 y Fq(\()p FB(t)p Fq(\)\))p 1608 3136 796 4 v 1793 +3187 a(\()p FB(x)1857 3195 y Fn(i)1883 3187 y Fq(\()p +FB(t)p Fq(\))p Fo(\000)p FB(x)2050 3167 y Fn(i)2050 3210 +y(j)2076 3198 y Fc(\003)2116 3187 y Fq(\()p FB(t)p Fq(\)\))2414 +3038 y Fr(\023)3128 3100 y FE(\(1.9\))523 3349 y(Indeed,)g(from)i +(\(1.9\))e(we)j(deduce)839 3588 y Fu(\013)892 3600 y +FB(ij)945 3584 y Fc(\003)986 3588 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))i +Fx(\025)1201 3523 y Ft(\()p Fu(x)1280 3535 y FB(i)1308 +3523 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))c Fx(\000)f Fu(x)1551 3493 +y FB(i)1551 3545 y(j)1581 3528 y Fc(\003)1621 3523 y +Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\)\))i Fx(\000)e Fu(\014)t Ft(\()p +Fu(x)1980 3535 y FB(i)2008 3523 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))h +Fx(\000)f Fu(x)2251 3493 y FB(i)2251 3545 y(j)2281 3528 +y Fc(\003)2322 3523 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\)\))p 1201 3569 +1248 4 v 1530 3646 a(2\()p Fu(x)1651 3658 y FB(i)1679 +3646 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))h Fx(\000)f Fu(x)1922 3618 +y FB(i)1922 3670 y(j)1952 3653 y Fc(\003)1992 3646 y +Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\)\))2481 3588 y(=)2579 3532 y(1)g +Fx(\000)g Fu(\014)p 2579 3569 195 4 v 2655 3645 a Ft(2)2806 +3588 y(=)23 b Fu(\013:)523 3846 y FE(Hence,)d Fx(8)p +Fu(i;)14 b(j)928 3815 y Fo(\003)965 3846 y Fu(;)g(t)21 +b FE(such)f(that)g Fu(j)1410 3815 y Fo(\003)1471 3846 +y Fx(2)p 1550 3779 76 4 v 24 w Fu(N)1626 3858 y FB(i)1653 +3846 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))h FE(and)f Fu(x)1956 3815 +y FB(i)1956 3867 y(j)1986 3851 y Fc(\003)2026 3846 y +Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))k(=)e(min)2370 3861 y FB(k)q Fo(2)p +FB(N)2504 3869 y Fn(i)2530 3861 y Fq(\()p FB(t)p Fq(\))2625 +3846 y Fu(x)2672 3815 y FB(i)2672 3869 y(k)2713 3846 +y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))p Fu(;)943 4042 y(s)982 4054 y +FB(ij)1035 4038 y Fc(\003)1075 4042 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p +Ft(\))h(=)g Fu(\013)1333 4054 y FB(ij)1386 4038 y Fc(\003)1426 +4042 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))1534 3975 y Fr(\000)1573 +4042 y Fu(x)1620 4054 y FB(i)1648 4042 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p +Ft(\))c Fx(\000)f Fu(x)1891 4008 y FB(i)1891 4063 y(j)1921 +4046 y Fc(\003)1961 4042 y Ft(\()p Fu(t)p Ft(\))2055 +3975 y Fr(\001)2117 4042 y Fx(\025)k Fu(\013)2271 3975 +y 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0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def +/Square { dup Rec } bind def +/Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def +/S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def +/S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def +/D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def +/D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def +/D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def +/D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def +/D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def +/D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def +/D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def +/D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def +/D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def +/D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def +/D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def +/D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def +/D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def +/D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def +/D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def +/D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def +/DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def +/BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def +/TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore } def +/CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def +/Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def +/DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def +/BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def +/TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore } def +/CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def +/BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def +/BoxColFill { + gsave Rec + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor + fill grestore } def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for + } if + stroke grestore } def +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +end +%%EndProlog +gnudict begin +gsave +50 50 translate +0.050 0.050 scale +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 200 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +1260 600 M +63 0 V +5537 0 R +-63 0 V +-5657 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 1e-06) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1260 811 M +31 0 V +5569 0 R +-31 0 V +1260 1089 M +31 0 V +5569 0 R +-31 0 V +1260 1232 M +31 0 V +5569 0 R +-31 0 V +-5569 68 R +63 0 V +5537 0 R +-63 0 V +-5657 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 1e-05) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1260 1511 M +31 0 V +5569 0 R +-31 0 V +1260 1789 M +31 0 V +5569 0 R 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b(as)h(follo)n(ws:)f(at)h(each)g(time)g(step,)f(each)h +(edge)f(in)h(the)f(graph)g(is)h(only)f(a)n(v)n(ailable)g(with)523 +3834 y(a)i(selected)f(probability)f Fu(p)p FE(,)h(independent)e(of)i +(the)g(other)g(edges)g(and)g(all)h(pre)n(vious)d(steps.)j(T)-7 +b(o)523 3934 y(ensure)18 b(the)h(jointly)f(connected)e(condition)h(of)h +(the)h(generated)e(graphs,)g(we)i(selected)g(a)g(period)523 +4034 y(of)h(time)g Fu(\034)31 b FE(in)20 b(which)g(an)g(edge)f(cannot)g +(stay)i(disconnected)d(more)i(than)f Fu(\034)31 b FE(time.)623 +4133 y(W)-7 b(e)29 b(\002x)o(ed)e(the)i(number)d(of)i(sensor)g(nodes)f +(to)h(50)g(and)f Fu(")38 b Ft(=)f(10)2543 4103 y Fo(\000)p +Fq(4)2631 4133 y FE(.)29 b(In)f(preliminary)e(re-)523 +4233 y(sults,)i(the)g(period)e Fu(\034)38 b FE(w)o(as)29 +b(chosen)e(in)g(a)i(w)o(ay)e(that)h(is)h(equal)e(to)h(three)f(times)h +(the)g(time)g(of)f(a)523 4333 y(communication.)16 b(W)-7 +b(e)21 b(sho)n(w)e(in)g(\002gure)f(1.4)h(and)g(\002gure)f(1.5)h(the)g +(v)n(ariation)f(of)h(the)g(number)f(of)523 4432 y(iterations)25 +b(and)f(the)h(time)h(simulation)e(with)h(the)g(probability)e(of)i(link) +g(f)o(ailure)f Fu(p)p FE(.)i(W)-7 b(e)26 b(notice)523 +4532 y(that)e(the)g(number)f(of)g(iterations)h(and)g(the)g(o)o(v)o +(erall)f(time)h(increase)f(with)i(the)f(increase)g(of)f(the)523 +4631 y(probability)-5 b(,)18 b(b)n(ut)i(not)g(in)g(an)g(e)o(xponential) +e(w)o(ay)-5 b(.)p eop end +%%Page: 15 15 +TeXDict begin 15 14 bop 523 100 a FA(1)42 b(An)18 b(Asynchronous)j(Dif) +n(fusion)e(Scheme)g(for)g(Data)f(Fusion)h(in)f(Sensor)h(Netw)o(orks)545 +b(15)1080 1354 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 @lly 410 @urx +302 @ury 1980 @rwi @setspecial +%%BeginDocument: DynamicTopology.ps +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: DynamicTopology.ps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Tue Feb 5 17:23:08 2008 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 410 302 +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +/Color false def +/Solid false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/vshift -66 def +/dl {10.0 mul} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +/Rounded false def +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 vshift R show } def +/Rshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def +/Cshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def +/UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def +/DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def +/BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def +/PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def +/LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def +/LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def +/LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def +/LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def +/LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def +/LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def +/LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def +/LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def +/LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def +/Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash + gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def +/Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def +/TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def +/BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def +/TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def +/TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def +/Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def +/PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore } def +/Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def +/CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def +/C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def +/C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def +/Square { dup Rec } bind def +/Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def +/S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def +/S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def +/D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def +/D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def +/D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def +/D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def +/D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def +/D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def +/D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def +/D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def +/D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def +/D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def +/D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def +/D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def +/D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def +/D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def +/D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def +/D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def +/DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def +/BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def +/TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore } def +/CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def +/Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def +/DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def +/BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def +/TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore } def +/CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def +/BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def +/BoxColFill { + gsave Rec + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor + fill grestore } def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for + } if + stroke grestore } def +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +end +%%EndProlog +gnudict begin +gsave +50 50 translate +0.050 0.050 scale +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 200 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 600 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +900 600 M +gsave 0 setgray +( 60) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 1067 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 80) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 1533 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 100) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 2000 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 120) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 2467 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 140) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 2933 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 160) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 3400 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 180) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 3867 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 200) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 4333 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 220) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 4800 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 240) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +2188 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.1) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +3356 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.2) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +4524 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.3) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +5692 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.4) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +6860 600 M +0 63 V +0 4137 R +0 -63 V +0 -4337 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 0.5) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 600 M +5840 0 V +0 4200 V +-5840 0 V +0 -4200 V +LTb +200 2700 M +gsave 0 setgray +currentpoint gsave translate 90 rotate 0 0 M +(number of iterations) Cshow +grestore +grestore +LTb +3940 100 M +gsave 0 setgray +(Probability of link failure) Cshow +grestore +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LT0 +LTb +5957 4637 M +gsave 0 setgray +(Asynchronous Algorithm) Rshow +grestore +LT0 +6077 4637 M +543 0 V +1020 833 M +104 24 V +100 23 V +97 23 V +92 23 V +90 24 V +87 23 V +84 23 V +81 23 V +79 23 V +77 23 V +75 23 V +73 23 V +71 23 V +69 23 V +68 23 V +67 23 V +65 24 V +65 23 V +63 23 V +62 24 V +62 24 V +60 23 V +60 24 V +59 24 V +59 25 V +58 24 V +57 25 V +57 24 V +57 25 V +56 26 V +56 25 V +56 25 V +55 26 V +55 26 V +55 26 V +54 26 V +55 26 V +54 27 V +54 26 V +54 27 V +54 27 V +54 27 V +53 27 V +54 28 V +54 27 V +53 28 V +53 28 V +54 28 V +53 29 V +54 28 V +53 29 V +53 28 V +53 30 V +53 29 V +54 29 V +53 30 V +53 30 V +53 31 V +53 30 V +53 31 V +53 32 V +54 32 V +53 32 V +53 33 V +53 34 V +53 34 V +53 35 V +53 35 V +53 37 V +53 37 V +53 38 V +54 40 V +53 40 V +53 42 V +53 42 V +53 45 V +53 45 V +53 48 V +53 49 V +53 50 V +53 53 V +53 55 V +54 57 V +53 59 V +53 62 V +53 64 V +53 67 V +53 70 V +53 72 V +53 76 V +53 79 V +53 83 V +53 86 V +54 90 V +53 93 V +53 98 V +53 102 V +53 105 V +53 111 V +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LT1 +1020 833 Pls +2188 1090 Pls +2772 1347 Pls +3356 1557 Pls +3940 1907 Pls +4524 2210 Pls +5108 2537 Pls +5692 2770 Pls +6276 3400 Pls +6860 4637 Pls +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 600 M +5840 0 V +0 4200 V +-5840 0 V +0 -4200 V +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica + +%%EndDocument + @endspecial 523 1479 a Fm(Fig)o(.)17 b(1.4)36 b FA(Number)19 +b(of)f(Iterations)1080 2748 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 +@lly 410 @urx 302 @ury 1980 @rwi @setspecial +%%BeginDocument: DynamicTopologyTime.ps +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: DynamicTopologyTime.ps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Tue Apr 8 13:22:28 2008 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 410 302 +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +/Color false def +/Solid false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/vshift -66 def +/dl {10.0 mul} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +/Rounded false def +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 vshift R show } def +/Rshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def +/Cshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def +/UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def +/DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def +/BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def +/PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def +/LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def +/LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def +/LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def +/LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def +/LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def +/LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def +/LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def +/LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def +/LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def +/Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash + gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def +/Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def +/TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def +/BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def +/TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def +/TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def +/Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def +/PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore } def +/Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def +/CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def +/C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def +/C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def +/Square { dup Rec } bind def +/Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def +/S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def +/S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def +/D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def +/D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def +/D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def +/D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def +/D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def +/D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def +/D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def +/D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def +/D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def +/D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def +/D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def +/D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def +/D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def +/D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def +/D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def +/D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def +/DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def +/BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def +/TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore } def +/CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def +/Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def +/DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def +/BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def +/TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore } def +/CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def +/BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def +/BoxColFill { + gsave Rec + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor + fill grestore } def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div 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+%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 410 302 +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +/Color false def +/Solid false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/vshift -66 def +/dl {10.0 mul} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +/Rounded false def +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 vshift R show } def +/Rshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def +/Cshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def +/UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def +/DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def +/BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def +/PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def +/LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def +/LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def +/LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def +/LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def +/LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def +/LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def +/LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def +/LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def +/LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def +/Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash + gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def +/Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def +/TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def +/BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def +/TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def +/TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def +/Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def +/PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore } def +/Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def +/CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def +/C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def +/C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def +/Square { dup Rec } bind def +/Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def +/S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def +/S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def +/D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def +/D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def +/D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def +/D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def +/D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def +/D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def +/D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def +/D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def +/D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def +/D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def +/D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def +/D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def +/D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def +/D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def +/D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def +/D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def +/DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def +/BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def +/TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore } def +/CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def +/Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def +/DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def +/BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def +/TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore } def +/CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def +/BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def +/BoxColFill { + gsave Rec + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor + fill grestore } def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for + } if + stroke grestore } def +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +end +%%EndProlog +gnudict begin +gsave +50 50 translate +0.050 0.050 scale +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 200 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 600 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +900 600 M +gsave 0 setgray +( 20) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 1067 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 30) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 1533 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 40) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 2000 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 50) Rshow +grestore +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 2467 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R +-63 0 V +-5897 0 R +gsave 0 setgray +( 60) Rshow +grestore 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2653 Pls +2689 2093 Pls +3523 1767 Pls +5191 1533 Pls +6860 1487 Pls +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LT3 +1020 4520 Crs +1854 3027 Crs +2689 2700 Crs +3523 2560 Crs +5191 2467 Crs +6860 2420 Crs +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 600 M +5840 0 V +0 4200 V +-5840 0 V +0 -4200 V +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica + +%%EndDocument + @endspecial 523 1940 a Fm(Fig)o(.)f(1.6)36 b FA(Number)19 +b(of)f(iterations)1080 3433 y @beginspecial 50 @llx 50 +@lly 410 @urx 302 @ury 1980 @rwi @setspecial +%%BeginDocument: TimeDensity.ps +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: TimeDensity.ps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Tue Feb 5 17:29:16 2008 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 410 302 +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +/Color false def +/Solid false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/vshift -66 def +/dl {10.0 mul} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +/Rounded false def +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 vshift R show } def +/Rshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def +/Cshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def +/UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def +/DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def +/BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def +/PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def +/LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def +/LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def +/LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def +/LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def +/LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def +/LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def +/LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def +/LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def +/LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def +/Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash + gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def +/Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def +/TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def +/BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def +/TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def +/TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def +/Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def +/PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore } def +/Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def +/CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def +/C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def +/C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def +/Square { dup Rec } bind def +/Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def +/S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def +/S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def +/D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def +/D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def +/D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def +/D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def +/D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def +/D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def +/D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def +/D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def +/D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def +/D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def +/D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def +/D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def +/D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def +/D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def +/D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def +/D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def +/DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def +/BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def +/TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore } def +/CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def +/Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def +/DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def +/BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def +/TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore } def +/CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def +/BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def +/BoxColFill { + gsave Rec + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor + fill grestore } def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for + } if + stroke grestore } def +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict 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y(2005.)523 +4599 y(17.)42 b(OMNeT++.)24 b(http://www)-5 b(.omnetpp.or)o(g/.)p +eop end +%%Trailer + +userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if +%%EOF diff --git a/chapitre-2009/Fusion-chapter.tex b/chapitre-2009/Fusion-chapter.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..67c1e5c --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/Fusion-chapter.tex @@ -0,0 +1,1103 @@ +\documentclass{svmult}% +%\documentclass[]{llncs} +\usepackage{amsmath} + +\usepackage{amsfonts} +\usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{graphicx}% +\usepackage{algorithm} +\usepackage{algorithmic} +\usepackage{amsmath} +%\setcounter{MaxMatrixCols}{30} +%\newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem} +%\newtheorem{acknowledgement}[theorem]{Acknowledgement} +%\newtheorem{algorithm}[theorem]{Algorithm} +%\newtheorem{axiom}[theorem]{Axiom} +%\newtheorem{case}[theorem]{Case} +%\newtheorem{claim}[theorem]{Claim} +\newtheorem{assumption}{Assumption} +%\newtheorem{conclusion}[theorem]{Conclusion} +%\newtheorem{condition}[theorem]{Condition} +%\newtheorem{conjecture}[theorem]{Conjecture} +%\newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary} +%\newtheorem{criterion}[theorem]{Criterion} +%\newtheorem{definition}[theorem]{Definition} +%\newtheorem{example}[theorem]{Example} +%\newtheorem{exercise}[theorem]{Exercise} +%\newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma} +%\newtheorem{notation}[theorem]{Notation} +%\newtheorem{problem}[theorem]{Problem} +%\newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition} +%\newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark} +%\newtheorem{solution}[theorem]{Solution} +%\newtheorem{summary}[theorem]{Summary} +%\newenvironment{proof}[1][Proof]{\noindent\textbf{#1.} }{\ \rule{0.5em}{0.5em}} +% +% +% +%\documentclass[]{llncs} +% +%\smartqed + %\usepackage{graphicx} + \usepackage{amsmath} +% %\usepackage{amsthm} + \usepackage{amssymb} +\usepackage{times} + \usepackage{algorithm} +\usepackage{algorithmic} +% %\newtheorem{definition}{Definition} + +\begin{document} +%\renewcommand{\baselinestretch}{1} +\title{Distributed Average Consensus in Large Asynchronous Sensor Networks} + +\author{Jacques M. Bahi, Arnaud Giersh, Abdallah Makhoul and Ahmed Mostefaoui} + \institute{Computer Science Laboratory, University of Franche-Comt\'e (LIFC) \at + Rue Engel-Gros, BP 527\\ + 90016 Belfort Cedex, France\\ + \email{\{firstname.lastname\}@univ-fcomte.fr} +} + + +\maketitle + +\abstract { One important issue in sensor networks is parameters + estimation based on nodes measurements. Several approaches have been + proposed in the literature (centralized and distributed + ones). Because of the particular noisy environment, usually observed + in sensor networks, centralized approaches are not efficient and + present several drawbacks (important energy consumption, routing + information maintaining, etc.). In distributed approaches however, + nodes exchange data with their neighbours and update their own data + accordingly until reaching convergence to the right parameters + estimate. These approaches, although provide some robustness against + nodes failure, does not address important issues as communication + delay tolerance and asynchronism (i.e., they require that nodes + remain synchronous in communication and processing). In this + chapter, we tackle these issues by proposing a totally asynchronous + scheme that is communication delay tolerant. The extensive + simulations series we conducted have showed the effectiveness of our + approach. } + +%------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ +\section{Introduction} +Recent years have witnessed significant advances in wireless sensor +networks which emerge as one of the most promising technologies for +the 21$^{st}$ century~\cite{12}. In fact, they present huge potential +in several domains ranging from health care applications to military +applications. In general, the primary objective of a wireless sensor +network is to collect data from the monitored area and to transmit it +to a base station (sink) for processing. Many applications envisioned +for sensor networks consist of low–power and low–cost nodes. For +instance, applications such as data fusion and distributed +coordination require distributed function computation/parameter +estimation under topology changes and power constraints. Distributed +average consensus, in ad hoc networks, is an important issue in +distributed agreement and synchronization problems~\cite{22} and is +also a central topic for load balancing (with divisible tasks) in +parallel computers~\cite{23}. More recently, it has also found +applications in distributed coordination of mobile autonomous +agents~\cite{24,20} and distributed data fusion in sensor +networks~\cite{21,25}. In this chapter, we focus on a particular class +of iterative algorithms based on information diffusion for average +consensus, widely used in the applications cited above. Each node +broadcasts its data to its neighbours and updates its estimation +according to a weighted sum of the received data until the algorithm +convergence. + +To illustrate the average consensus problem, let us consider the +example of petrol tanks. We suppose that in a oil station we have +large number of tanks related to each other in mechanical and sensor +networks. The role of sensors is to dectect the level of each oil +tank. The objective of this application is to keep the level of oil +on all tanks the same. When a sensor node detects some changes in its +level, it launchs an average consenus process to calculate the +average level of all tranks and then thanks to the mechanical network +an oil transfer operation is done to regulate the level. The average +consensus process is used to compute the average level, each sensor +node exchanges its information with its neighbors by iterative manner +until the convergence to the average consensus. + +%\subsection {Motivations} The above data processing scheme is usually +%known as {\it centralized data fusion}. In this scheme, each sensor +%sends its data either directly, if it is located in the immediate +%neighbourhood of the sink, or by multi hops relays to the data fusion +%center via wireless communications. Besides the important cost in term +%of energy resources consumption due mainly to wireless communications +%(i.e., sensors that are located very far away from the base station, +%requires an important amount of energy to send/receive data to/from +%the sink), this scheme does not hold good robustness against +%communication loss neither against nodes failures. Furthermore, it +%requires that each node maintains rooting information to reach the +%sink. This is particularly challenging and resources consuming in case +%where network topology is constantly changing due either to nodes +%failures or communications unreliability or nodes mobility. + +%Distributed approaches were proposed as interesting alternates based +%on {\it in-network} processing which may, in many cases, significantly +%decrease the energy consumed. In fact, in such approaches, nodes do +%not need to hold global knowledge about the current network topology +%since each node communicates only with its immediate neighbours. The +%unknown parameter estimate is then successively carried out through +%local computation from the exchanged data. The advantages of such +%approaches are numerous: (a) no central data fusion base station is +%required as every node holds the estimate of the unknown parameter; +%(b) multi-hop communications are avoided (only direct communications +%between neighbours are needed) and consequently maintaining rooting +%data is not needed any more; (c) better behaviour is observed in front +%of communication unreliability; (d) Network scalability is better +%supported than in centralized approach due mainly to direct +%communications between neighbours; etc. + +To calculate the average consensus, many distributed approaches have +been proposed. On the other hand, these existing approaches present +some insufficiencies (see next section). For instance, the flooding +approach requires that each node holds a relatively important storage +space. Other approaches make the unpractical assumption of +communication synchronization between sensors~\cite{2,20} and do not +tolerate communication delays neither nodes failures. These weaknesses +remain very restrictive in sensor network environment where on one +hand nodes are prone to frequent failures as they are driven by +batteries and on the other hand communications are almost unreliable +and prone to delays. Moreover, these two limitative features lead, in +addition to nodes mobility, to dynamically changing network +topologies. + +%\subsection {Contributions} + +In order to overcome the above mentioned weaknesses, we propose and +investigate in this chapter a novel approach for data fusion in sensor +networks. The key idea behind is to develop a consensus algorithm that +allows all nodes of the sensor network to track the average of their +previous measurements~\cite{21,2,20,5,9,10,16,17,18}. More +specifically, our proposition is based on an {\it in-network + asynchronous iterative algorithm}, run by each node and in which +nodes communicate with only their immediate neighbours. + +In this context, let us discuss the primary contributions of this chapter: + +\begin{itemize} + +\item Our approach does not require any synchronization between nodes + as it is basically asynchronous. In other words, each node + communicates its data to its instantaneous neighbours at its own + "rhythm" i.e., no delays between nodes are observed in our + approach. This is particularly important because in the synchronous + schemes, as the one reported in~\cite{2}, any delay between two + nodes in the network will result in a global delay over the whole + network since all the nodes are synchronous. This is particularly + limitative in heterogeneous sensor networks where nodes have + different processing speeds. + +\item As a consequence of its asynchronism, our proposed approach + totally tolerates communication delays. This feature is of an + important matter because sensor networks, as it is commonly known, + are prone to environmental perturbations~\cite{1} when communication + delays occur more frequently. + +\item The proposed distributed algorithm, as proven theoretical and + validated experimentally, supports dynamic topologies and guarantees + that each sensor node will converge to the average consensus. + +\end{itemize} + + +However, as for any iterative approach, our approach could, under +certain environmental conditions, consume more network resources, +mainly communications, than other centralized approaches, specifically +in "perfect environment" where nodes and communications are totally +reliable and the network topology is fixed. Nevertheless, we note +here that our concern is more focused on {\it "noisy environment"} in +which communication unreliability and nodes failures are usual. + +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +\section{Overview of Averaging Problem in Sensor Networks} + +The first and the simplest approach for distributed average estimation +in sensor networks is called {\it flooding} approach~\cite{2}. In this +approach, each sensor node broadcasts all its stored and received data +to its neighbours. After a while, each node will hold all the data of +the network and acts as a fusion center to compute the estimate of the +unknown parameter. This technique has however several +disadvantages~\cite{2}. First, it results in huge amount of exchanged +duplicate messages, which represents a real limitation in environments +like sensor networks. Second, flooding requires that each node stores +at least one message per node (in order to compute the average). This +could lead to an important storage memory requirement in case of a +large sensor network with the associated operations (reads and +writes). Finally, it is obvious that those requirements will consume +much resources leading to an important decrease of the whole network +lifetime. + +Alternatively, in~\cite{3} the authors proposed a scalable sensor +fusion scenario that performs fusion of sensor measurements combined +with local Kalman filtering. They developed a distributed algorithm +that allows the sensor nodes to compute the average of all of their +measurements. It is worthy to note that many other sensor data fusion +approaches are based on Kalman filters and mobile +agents~\cite{4,5,11,16,17}. + +An iterative method for distributed data fusion in sensor networks +based on the calculation of an average consensus~\footnote{In the rest + of the paper, the terms "average consensus" and "parameter + estimation" are used to denote the same mechanism of finding an + estimate of the unknown parameter average.} has been proposed +in~\cite{2}. The authors consider that every node takes a noisy +measurement of the unknown parameter. Each node broadcasts its data to +its neighbours and updates its estimation according to a weighted sum +of the received data. In this scheme all the communications are direct +ones. + +Although the above mentioned works and other existing data fusion +scenarios guarantee some level of robustness to nodes failures and +dynamic topology changes~\cite{2,3,4,10,20}, they either put some +unpractical assumptions like nodes synchronization or do not support +practical issues as the communication delays. + +To the best of our knowledge, the above issues which are extremely +important, especially in noisy environments, are not taken into +account in previous data fusion approaches. In this chapter, we +present an asynchronous data fusion scheme, particularly tailored to +perturbed sensor networks. It focuses on a distributed iterative +algorithm for calculating averages over asynchronous sensor +networks. The sensor nodes exchange and update their data by the mean +of a weighted sum in order to achieve the average consensus. The +suggested algorithm does not rely on synchronization between the nodes +nor does it require any knowledge of the global topology. To round up, +the convergence of the proposed algorithm is proved in a general +asynchronous environment. + +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- + +\section{Asynchronous Distributed Consensus with Messages Loss} + +\subsection{Problem Formulation} + +A sensor network is modelled as a connected undirected graph $G = (V, +E)$. The set of nodes is denoted by $V$ (the set of vertices), and the +links between nodes by $E$ (the set of edges). The nodes are labelled +$i = 1,2, \ldots, n$, and a link between two nodes $i$ and $j$ is +denoted by $(i, j)$. The dynamic topology changes are represented by +the time varying graph $G(t) = (V, E(t))$, where $E(t)$ is the set of +active edges at time $t$. The set of neighbours of node $i$ at time +$t$ is denoted by $N_{i}(t) = \{j\in V \mid (i,j) \in E(t)\}$, and the +degree (number of neighbours) of node $i$ at time $t$ by $\eta_{i}(t) += |N_{i}(t)|$. + +Each node takes initial measurement $z_{i}$. For sake of simplicity +let us suppose that $z_{i}\in\mathbb{R}$. Then, $z$ will refer to the +vector whose $i$th component is $z_{i}$ in case we are concerned with +several parameters. Each node on the network also maintains a dynamic +state $x_{i}(t)\in\mathbb{R}$ which is initially set to $x_{i}(0) = +z_{i}$. + +Intuitively each node's state $x_{i}(t)$ is its current estimate of +the average value $\sum_{i=1}^{n} z_{i} / n$. The goal of the +averaging algorithm, is to let all the states $x_{i}(t)$ go to the +average $\sum_{i=1}^{n} z_{i} / n$, as $t \rightarrow \infty$. This +will be done through data exchange between neighbouring nodes where +each node at every time iteration $t$ performs weighted sum of the +received data as follows~\cite{20,2}: + +\begin{equation} + x_{i}(t+1) = x_{i}(t) - \sum_{j\in{N}_{i}}\alpha_{ij}(t)(x_{i}(t) - x_{j}(t)) , i = 1, \ldots, n. + \label{eqno1} + \end{equation} + +Where $\alpha_{ij}(t)$ is the weight on $x_{j}(t)$ at node $i$, and + $\alpha_{ij}(t) = 0$ for $j \not\in N_{i}(t)$. + +In order to handle communication delays, we consider that at time $t$ +a node $i$ gets the state of its neighbour $j$ at time $d_{j}^{i}(t)$, +where $0\leq d_{j}^{i}(t)\leq t$ + +$d_{j}^{i}(t)$ represents the transmission delay between nodes $i$ and +$j$. Therefore, let us denote +$x_{j}^{i}(t)=x_{j}(d_{j}^{i}(t))\in\mathbb{R}$ the state of node $j$ +at time $d_{j}^{i}(t),$ received at time $t$ by node $i$. Then, we +defined the extended neighbourhood of node $i$ at time $t$ as the set: + +\begin{equation*} +\overline{N}_{i}(t)=\left\{j \mid \text{ }\exists \ d_{j}^{i}(t)\in\left\{ +t-B+1,...,t\right\} ,\text{such that }j\in N_{i}(d_{j}^{i}(t))\right\}; +\end{equation*} + +note that $ N_{i}(t) \subset \overline{N}_{i}(t)$. + + +The problem, as for any distributed algorithmic approach, is how and +under which conditions, will we ensure convergence of the proposed +algorithm? In other terms, are we sure that all the node's $x_{i}$ +will converge to the right estimate of the unknown parameter average +value? Also, how can we choose the parameters $\alpha_{ij}(t)$ so to +improve the convergence speed and the quality of the derived estimate? +Hereafter we present and analyse our proposal. We used the notations +reported in Table~\ref{notations} + + +\begin{table}[h] +\begin{center} +\footnotesize +\begin{tabular}{|c|c|} +\hline +\cline{1-2} +\textbf Notation&Description\\ +\hline +\textbf{$G(t)$}&the time varying graph\\ +\hline +\textbf{$N_{i}(t)$}&the set of neighbors of node $i$ at time $t$\\ +\hline +\textbf{$z_{i}$}&the initial measurement of node $i$\\ +\hline +\textbf{$x_{i}(t)$}&the dynamic state of node $i$\\ +\hline +\textbf{$d_{j}^{i}(t)$}&the transmission delay between nodes $i$ and $j$\\ +\hline +\textbf{$x_{j}^{i}(t)=x_{j}(d_{j}^{i}(t))$}&the state of node $j$ at time $t-d_{j}^{i}(t)$\\ +\hline +\textbf{$\overline{N}_{i}(t)$}&the extended neighborhood of $i$ at time $t$\\ +\hline +\textbf{$s_{ij}(t)$}& the data sent by $i$ to $j$ at time $t$\\ +\hline +\textbf{$r_{ji}(t)$}&the data received by $i$ from $j$ at time $t$\\ +\hline +\end{tabular} +\caption{Notations} +\label{notations} +\end{center} +\end{table} + +%-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\subsection{Asynchronous scheme} + +Our algorithm to compute the average consensus over the network is +based on information diffusion i.e., each node takes a measurement and +then cooperates with its neighbours in a diffusion manner to estimate +the average of all the collected information. It is inspired from the +work of Bertsekas and Tsitsiklis~\cite[section~7.4]{6} on load +balancing and extends it to cope with dynamic topologies and messages +loss and delays. Algorithm~\ref{general} presents the main steps of +our proposed algorithm. + +\begin{algorithm}[H] +\begin{small} +\caption{The General Algorithm.} +\begin{algorithmic}[1] +\label{general} +\STATE Each node maintains an instantaneous state $x_{i}(t) \in +\mathbb{R}$, and at $t=0$ (after all nodes have taken +the measurement), each node initializes its state as $x_{i}(0) = +z_{i}$. \STATE At every step $t$ each node $i$: +\begin{itemize} +\item compares its state to the states of its neighbours; +\item chooses and computes $s_{ij}(t)$. They have to be chosen + carefully in order to ensure the convergence of the algorithm; +\item diffuses its information; +\item receives the information sent by its neighbours $r_{ji}(t)$; +\item updates its state with a combination of its own state and the states at its +instantaneous and extended neighbours ($\overline{N}_{i}(t)$) as follows: +\begin{equation} + x_{i}(t+1)=x_{i}(t)-\sum_{j\in N_{i}(t)}s_{ij}(t)+\sum_{j\in\overline +{N}_{i}(t)}r_{ji}(t). +\label{x_(t+1)}% +\end{equation} +\end{itemize} +\end{algorithmic} +\end{small} +\end{algorithm} + +\subsection{Theoretical Analysis (Convergence)} + +We now introduce three assumptions that ensure the convergence of our algorithm. + +\begin{assumption} +\label{assump:ConnectedGraph} +$\text{There exists}\ B\in\mathbb{N}$ such that $\forall +t\geqslant0,$\\ $t-B0,\forall + t\geqslant0, \\ \forall i\in N,\forall j\in N_{i}(t)$, such that + $\alpha(x_{i}(t)-x_{j}^{i}(t)) \leq s_{ij}(t).$ \\ $\ \left(s_{ij}(t)=0 + \ \text{if} \ (x_{i}(t) \leq x_{j}^{i}(t)) \ \text{for all} \ j + \in N_{i}(t)\right) $. +\end{assumption} + +The second assumption postulates that when a node $i$ detects a +difference between its state and the states of its neighbours, it +therefore computes non negligible $s_{ij}$ to all nodes $j$ where +$(x_{i}(t) > x_{j}^{i}(t))$. + +\begin{assumption} +\label{PingPong}% +\begin{equation} +x_{i}(t)-\sum_{k\in N_{i}(t)}s_{ik}(t)\geq x_{j}^{i}(t)+s_{ij}(t) +\label{h5_2}% +\end{equation} +\end{assumption} +The third assumption prohibits node $i$ to compute very large $s_{ij}$ +which creates a ping-pong state. Recall that, the ping-pong state is +established when two nodes keep sending data to each other back and +forth, without ever reaching equilibrium. Note that these two +assumptions are similar to assumption 4.2 introduced +in~\cite[section~7.4]{6}. + +\begin{theorem} +\label{THE} +if the assumptions \ref{assump:ConnectedGraph}, \ref{Inf Assumption} +and \ref{PingPong} are satisfied, Algorithm~\ref{general} guarantees that + +\begin{equation} +\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}x_{i}(t)=\frac{1}{n} {\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}} x_{i}(0) +\end{equation} + +i.e., all node states converge to the average of the initial measurements of the network. +\end{theorem} + +%------------------------------------------------------------preuve +\noindent{\it Proof} +%\begin{small} + +Let $m(t)=\min_{i}\min_{t-B<\tau\leq t}x_{i}(\tau).$ Note that $x_{j}^{i}% +(\tau)\geq m(t),$ $\forall i,j,t.$\newline Lemma \ref{lemma:1} and +\ref{lemma:2} below can be proven similarly to the lemma of pages 521 and 522 +in~\cite{6}. + +Denote by $v_{ij}(t)=\sum\limits_{s=0}^{t-1}\left( s_{ij}(s)-r_{ij}% + (s)\right) ,$ the data sent by $i$ and not yet received by +$j$ at time $t.$ We suppose that $v_{ij}(0)=0.$ Then by data +conservation, we obtain% +\begin{equation} +\sum_{i=1}^{n}\left( x_{i}(t)+\sum_{j\in N_{i}(t)}v_{ij}(t)\right) +=\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}(0),\qquad\forall t\geqslant0\label{conservation}% +\end{equation} +% +>From assumption~\ref{assump:ConnectedGraph} we can conclude that the +data $v_{ij}(t)$ in the network before time $t$ consists in +data sent in the interval time $\left\{ t-B+1,...,t-1\right\} ,$ so +$v_{ij}(t)\leq\sum_{\tau=t-B+1}^{t-1}s_{ij}(t),$ $\forall node +i,\forall j\in N_{i}(t).$ + +\begin{lemma} +\label{lemma:1}The sequence $m(t)$ is monotone, nondecreasing and converges +and $\forall i,\forall s\geq0,$% +\begin{equation*} +x_{i}(t+s)\geq m(t)+\left( \frac{1}{n}\right) ^{t_{1}-t_{0}}(x_{i}(t)-m(t)) +\end{equation*} + +\end{lemma} + +Let $i\in V,t_{0}\in\mathbb{N},$ and $t\geq t_{0},$ $j\in V,$ we say that the +event $E_{j}(t)$ occurs if there exists $j\in\overline{N}_{i}(t)$ such +that +\begin{equation} +x_{j}^{i}(t)0.$ Thus,% +\begin{equation*} +m(t_{0}+3nMB+B)\geq m(t_{0})+\delta\left( \max_{i}x_{i}(t_{0})-m(t_{0}% +)\right) . +\end{equation*} +Note that $\lim_{t_{0}\rightarrow\infty}\max_{i}x_{i}(t_{0})-m(t_{0})=0$ +(otherwise \\$\lim_{t_{0}\rightarrow\infty}m(t_{0})=+\infty$). On the other +hand, as $\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}m(t)=c$ and as $m(t)\leq x_{j}(t)\leq +\max_{i}x_{i}(t),$ we deduce that $\forall j\in V,$ $\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty +}x_{j}(t)=c,$ which implies that $\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}s_{ij}(t)=0$. +Thanks to assumption 1, we deduce that $\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}v_{ij}(t)=0,$ +and thanks to (\ref{conservation}), we deduce that $nc=\lim_{t\rightarrow +\infty}x_{i}(t)=\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}(0),$i.e. $c=\sum_{i=1}^{n}x_{i}(0)/n,$ +which yields to $\lim_{t\rightarrow\infty}x_{i}(t)=\frac{1}{n}% +%TCIMACRO{\dsum \limits_{i=1}^{n}}% +%BeginExpansion +{\displaystyle\sum\limits_{i=1}^{n}} +%EndExpansion +x_{i}(0)$ proving Theorem 1. +\end{proof} +%\end{small} +%----------------------------------------------------------preuve + + +\subsection{Practical Issues} + +We now discuss some practical aspects related to the implementation of +Algorithm~\ref{general}. The main two points are how to choose +$s_{ij}(t)$ and how to overcome the loss of messages? + +Each node updates its state following equation (\ref{x_(t+1)}). This +is achieved, by updating each sensors $s_{ij}(t)$ through time. For +sake of simplicity, the value of $s_{ij}(t)$ is chosen to be computed +by the weighted difference between the states of nodes $i$ and $j$ as +follows: + +\begin{equation*} + s_{ij}(t) = \left\{ + \begin{array}{ll} + \alpha_{ij}(t) (x_{i}(t) - x_{j}^{i}(t)) & \qquad \text{if} \quad x_{i}(t) > x_{j}^{i}(t) \ ,\\ + 0 & \qquad \text{otherwise}.\\ + \end{array} + \right. +\end{equation*} + +The choice of $s_{ij}(t)$ is then deduced from the proper choice of +the weights $\alpha_{ij}(t)$. Hence, $\alpha_{ij}(t)$ must be chosen +such that the states of all the nodes converge to the average +$\sum_{i=1}^{n} z_{i} / n$, i.e., assumptions \ref{Inf Assumption} and +\ref{PingPong} must be satisfied. + +Denote by $j^{\ast}$ the sensor node satisfying +$x_{j^{\ast}}^{i}=\min_{k\in N_{i}(t)} x_{k}^{i}(t)$ (note that +$j^{\ast}$ depends on $i$ and time $t$)$.$ The values of +$\alpha_{ij}(t)$ must be selected so that to avoid the ping pong +condition presented in assumption~\ref{PingPong}. + +This is equivalent to choose $\alpha_{ij}(t)$ so that $\forall +t\geqslant 0,\forall i\in N,$ and $j\neq +j^{\ast}\in\overline{N}_{i}(t)$ satisfying $x_{i}(t)>x_{j}^{i}(t),$ + +\begin{equation} +0\leq\alpha_{ij}(t)\leq\frac{1}{2}\left( 1-\frac{\sum_{j\neq i}\alpha +_{ik}(t)(x_{i}(t)-x_{i}^{k}(t))}{(x_{i}(t)-x_{i}^{j}(t))}\right) +\label{h5_2bis}% +\end{equation} + +The weights $\alpha_{ij}(t)$ must also be chosen in order to respect +assumption~\ref{Inf Assumption}. This assumption can be carried out by +fixing a constant $\beta\in\left[ 0,1\right] $ and choosing + +\begin{equation} +\left\{ +\begin{array} +[c]{l}% +\sum_{k\neq j^{\ast}\in N_{i}(t)}\alpha_{ik}(t)(x_{i}(t)-x_{k}^{i}% +(t))\leq\beta(x_{i}(t)-x_{j^{\ast}}^{i}(t)),\\ +\alpha_{ij^{\ast}}(t)=\frac{1}{2}\left( 1-\frac{\sum_{k\neq j^{\ast}}% +\alpha_{ik}(t)(x_{i}(t)-x_{k}^{i}(t))}{(x_{i}(t)-x_{j^{\ast}}^{i}(t))}\right) +\end{array} +\right. \label{h6}% +\end{equation} +Indeed, from (\ref{h6}) we deduce% +\begin{equation*} +\alpha_{ij^{\ast}}(t)\geq\frac{(x_{i}(t)-x_{j^{\ast}}^{i}(t))-\beta +(x_{i}(t)-x_{j^{\ast}}^{i}(t))}{2(x_{i}(t)-x_{j^{\ast}}^{i}(t))}=\frac +{1-\beta}{2}=\alpha. +\end{equation*} +Hence, $\forall i,j^{\ast},t$ such that $j^{\ast}\in\overline{N}_{i}(t)$ +and $x_{j^{\ast}}^{i}(t)=\min_{k\in N_{i}(t)}x_{k}^{i}(t),$% +\begin{equation*} +s_{ij^{\ast}}(t)=\alpha_{ij^{\ast}}(t)\left( x_{i}(t)-x_{j^{\ast}}% +^{i}(t)\right) \geq\alpha\left( x_{i}(t)-x_{j^{\ast}}^{i}(t)\right). +\end{equation*} + +The first inequation of (\ref{h6}) can be written as $\sum_{k\neq + j^{\ast}\in + V_{i}(t)}s_{ik}(t)\leq\beta(x_{i}(t)-x_{j^{\ast}}^{i}(t)),$ this +means that the totality of data sent to the neighbours of $i$ (except +$j^{\ast }$) doesn't exceed a portion $\beta$ of +$(x_{i}(t)-x_{j^{\ast}}^{i}(t)).$ + +Equations (\ref{h5_2bis}) and (\ref{h6}) are derived from the +assumptions \ref{Inf Assumption} and \ref{PingPong}. Therefore the +choice of the weights $\alpha_{ij}$ must take into consideration these +two equations. + +First let define the deviation $\Delta_{i}^{j}(t)$ of node $i$ as: + +\begin{equation*} + \Delta_{i}^{j}(t) = \left\{ + \begin{array}{ll} + x_{i}(t) - x_{j}^{i}(t) & \qquad \text{if} j\in N_{i}(t) \ \text{and} \ x_{i}(t) > x_{j}^{i}(t) \ ,\\ + 0 & \qquad \text{otherwise.}\\ + \end{array} + \right. +\end{equation*} + +Algorithm~\ref{WeightUpdate} presents our method for temporally +updating the averaging weights. Node $i$ computes the difference +between its current state and current states of its neighbours. The +positive deviations ($\Delta_{i}^{j} > 0$) are then stored in the +array $Delta_{i}$, in a decreasing order. Then, it sets the weight +$\alpha_{ij}$ to $1/(\eta_{i}(t) + 1)$, where $\eta_{i}(t)$ is the +current number of its neighbours, starting by its neighbours nodes $j$ +whose have the larger deviations while respecting +assumption~\ref{PingPong}. + +\begin{algorithm}[t] +\begin{small} +\caption{Temporally updating weights of node $i$.} +\begin{algorithmic}[1] +\label{WeightUpdate} +\FOR {$j \gets 1$ to $n$} +\IF {$j \neq i$} +\STATE $s_{ij} \gets 0$ +\STATE $\alpha_{ij} \gets 0$ +\ENDIF +\ENDFOR +\STATE $k \gets 0$ +\STATE $Sum \gets 0$ +\STATE find $\ell$ such that $\Delta_{i}^{\ell} = Delta_{i}[k]$ +\STATE $\alpha_{i\ell} = 1/(\eta_{i} + 1)$ +\STATE $s_{i\ell} = \alpha_{i\ell} \times \Delta_{i}^{\ell}$ +\REPEAT +\STATE $Sum \gets Sum + s_{il}$ +\STATE $k \gets k+1$ +\STATE find $\ell$ such that $\Delta_{i}^{\ell} = Delta_{i}[k]$ +\STATE $\alpha_{i\ell} \gets 1/(\eta_{i} + 1)$ +\STATE $s_{i\ell} \gets \alpha_{i\ell} \times \Delta_{i}^{\ell}$ +\UNTIL{ $NOT$ ($(x_{i}- Sum \geq x_{\ell}^{i}+s_{i\ell})$ $AND$ $(k < n)$)} +\end{algorithmic} +\end{small} +\end{algorithm} + + +In order to cope with the problem of message loss, we adopted the +following strategy: instead of sending $s_{ij}(t)$ from node $i$ to +node $j$, it is the sum $\Sigma_{s_{ij}}(t) = \sum_{0\leq \tau\leq t} +s_{ij}(\tau)$ that is sent. Symmetrically the receivers maintains the +sum of the received data $\Sigma_{r_{ji}}(t) = \sum_{0\leq \tau\leq t} +r_{ji}(\tau)$. Upon receiving, at a time $t$, a message from node $i$, +a node $j$ can now recover all the data that was sent before time +$d_i^j(t)$. It has only to calculate the difference between the +received $\Sigma_{s_{ij}}(d_i^j(t))$ and the locally stored +$\Sigma_{r_{ji}}(t)$. + +To conclude, the state messages exchanged during the execution of the +algorithm are composed of two scalar values : the current state of the +node, $x_i(t)$, and the sum of the sent data $\Sigma_{s_{ij}}(t)$. + +\subsection{Illustrative Example} +To illustrate the behaviour of our proposed approach, les us consider +the example presented in Figure~\ref{fig:example}. It consists in a +network of four nodes. The initial measurement of each node $i$ is +known by $z_{i}$ and the initial state $x_{i}(0) = z_{i}$. + +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering + \includegraphics[scale=.55]{exampleFusion} +%\vspace{-1mm} +\caption{An example of a sensor network composed of four nodes with their initial measurements. } +\label{fig:example} +\end{figure} + +Following the second step of Algorithm~\ref{general}, each node computes the weights $\alpha_{ij}$ for its neighbours. This is done by using Algorithm~\ref{WeightUpdate}. + +Let us focus on the case of $node_{4}$ for instance. We notice that it +has three neighbours and the high deviation $\Delta$ corresponds to +$node_{3}$. Therefore, it computes $ \alpha_{43}(0) = +\frac{1}{\eta_{4} + 1} = \frac{1}{4} $ first, such that $\eta_{4}$ is +the number of its neighbours. Then, $s_{43}(0) = \frac{1}{4} (x_{4}(0) +- x_{3}(0)) = 0.175$. For the two reminder neighbours $node_{1}$ and +$node_{2}$, $node_{4}$ computes $\alpha_{42}(0)$ first for the reason +that $\Delta_{4}^{2}$ is higher than $\Delta_{4}^{1}$. We note that +for $node_{2}$ the Assumption~\ref{PingPong} (ping pong condition) is +satisfied while it is not the case for $node_{1}$ which leads to $ +\alpha_{41}(0) = 0 $. + +All the nodes compute their weights and then diffuse their information +to their neighbours to update their states following +Equation~(\ref{x_(t+1)}). For the above example after the first step +we obtain: + +\begin{itemize} +\item[] $x_{1}(1) = 0.7$ +\item[] $x_{2}(1) = 0.5 + 0.1 - 0.1 = 0.5$ +\item[] $x_{3}(1) = 0.2 + 0.1 + 0.175 = 0.475$ +\item[] $x_{4}(1) = 0.9 - 0.1 - 0.175 = 0.625$ +\end{itemize} + +This process is repeated for several iterations until all the states +of the nodes converge to the average of the initial measurements. We +note that our scheme is robust to the topology changes and the loss of +messages as discussed in details in the next section. + +%----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- +\section{Experimental Results} +\label{Exp} +In order to evaluate the performance of our approach, we have +implemented a simulation package using the discrete event simulator +OMNET++~\cite{8}. This package includes our asynchronous algorithm as +well as a synchronous one. As confirmed in previous related +works~\cite{2,20}, distributed approaches out perform centralised +approaches, in particular in noisy networks. For this reason, we have +not included in our comparison centralised approaches, and focuses +instead on synchronous distributed approaches that are more closed to +our work. + + +We performed several runs of the algorithms (an average of 100 +runs). In each experimental run, the network graph is randomly +generated, where the nodes are distributed over a $[0, 100] \times [0, + 100]$ field. The node communication range was set to 30. The initial +node measurements $z_{i}$ were also randomly generated. Each node is +aware of its immediate neighbours through a "hello" message. Once the +neighbourhood is identified, each node run the algorithm i.e., begins +exchanging data until convergence. + +We studied the performance of our algorithm with regard to the following parameters: +\begin{itemize} + +\item Robustness in front of communication failures: we mainly varied + the probability of communication failure, noted $p$. This parameter + allows us to highlight the behaviour of our scheme in noisy + environment and in dynamic topologies. + +\item Scalability: we varied the number of sensor nodes deployed in the same area to see how our proposed approach scales? + +\end{itemize} + +The main metrics we measured in this paper are: (a) the mean error +between the current estimate $x_{i}$ and the average of the initial +data, (b) the mean number of iterations necessary to reach convergence +and (c) the overall time before reaching the global convergence. We +note here that in asynchronous algorithms, there is no direct +correlation between the number of iterations and the total time to +convergence, contrary to synchronous approaches. In fact, as there are +no delays between nodes, the number of iterations could be relatively +high. This does not mean that the total time to convergence could be +long too. For this reason, we have made the distinction between the +number of iterations and the time taken to reach convergence. As we +run a discrete event simulation package, this time is the one given by +the discrete simulator OMNET++~\cite{8}; we named it {\it simulated + time}. For all the experiments, the global convergence state is said +to be reached when $\varepsilon_{i} =| x_{i} - \sum_{i=1}^{n} y_{i} / +n |$ becomes less than some fixed constant $\varepsilon$. + +Note that, in the figures next sections, the points represent the obtained results and the curves are an extrapolation of these points. + + + + +\subsection{Basic Behaviour} +\label{BH} + +First, we show simulation results for the case where we have a fixed +topology with a fixed number of nodes (50 nodes) and $\varepsilon = +10^{-4}$. The mean error of the nodes $\varepsilon' = \sum_{i=1}^{n} +\varepsilon_{i} / n$ was plotted in Figure~\ref{Error}. As expected, +it can be seen that the convergence in the synchronous mode is faster +than the convergence in the asynchronous one. It is also noticed that +the two graphs have the same pace. + +However, in many scenarios an exact average is not required, and one +may be willing to trade precision for simplicity. For instance, +minimizing the number of iterations to reduce the energy consumption +can be privileged in sensor networks applications where exact +averaging is not essential. + +\begin{figure}[h] +\centering + \includegraphics[scale=.55]{ErrorNbIteration.ps} +%\vspace{-1mm} +\caption{The Mean Error $\varepsilon$} +\label{Error} +\end{figure} + + +\subsection{Dynamic topology} +In a next step, we simulated the proposed sensor fusion scheme with +dynamically changing communication graphs. We generated the sequence +of communication graphs as follows: at each time step, each edge in +the graph is only available with a selected probability $p$, +independent of the other edges and all previous steps. To ensure the +jointly connected condition of the generated graphs, we selected a +period of time $\tau$ in which an edge cannot stay disconnected more +than $\tau$ time. + +We fixed the number of sensor nodes to 50 and $\varepsilon = +10^{-4}$. In preliminary results, the period $\tau$ was chosen in a +way that is equal to three times the time of a communication. We show +in figure~\ref{Dynamic} and figure~\ref{DynamicTime} the variation of +the number of iterations and the time simulation with the probability +of link failure $p$. We notice that the number of iterations and the +overall time increase with the increase of the probability, but not in +an exponential way. + +%\begin{figure*}[t] +%\vspace{-5mm} + % \begin{minipage}[t]{.5\textwidth} +\begin{figure}[h] + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=.55]{DynamicTopology.ps} + \caption{Number of Iterations} + \label{Dynamic} + %\end{minipage}% + %\hfill% +%\vspace{-5mm} +\end{figure} + +\begin{figure}[h] + %\begin{minipage}[t]{.5\textwidth} + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=.55]{DynamicTopologyTime.ps} + %\vspace{2.75mm} + \caption{Simulated Time} + \label{DynamicTime} +% \end{minipage}% + % \hfill% +\end{figure} + +Note that we also tried to run the synchronous algorithm with dynamic +topology changes, but the execution times were so prohibitive, that we +abandoned those experiments. These results confirm that synchronous +algorithms are infeasible for real sensor networks. + +\subsection{Larger Sensor Network} + +Our scheme can be applied to sensor networks where a large number of +sensor nodes are deployed, since it is fully distributed and there is +no centralized control. In our simulations we varied the number of +sensor nodes from 20 to 200 nodes, deployed in the region $[0, 100] +\times [0, 100]$, we selected for all nodes $i$, $\varepsilon = +10^{-4}$. + +However, as shown in the two Figures (Figure~\ref{Density} and +Figure~\ref{DensityTime}), as the number of sensor nodes increases, +the average of the iterations number as well as the time needed to +reach global convergence decreases in the two cases synchronous and +asynchronous. We notice that in the synchronous mode we obtained less +number of iterations, on the other hand it takes more time to reach +the global convergence than the asynchronous one. + +%\begin{figure*}[t] +%\vspace{-5mm} + %\begin{minipage}[b]{.5\textwidth} +\begin{figure}[h] + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=.55]{Density.ps} + \caption{Number of iterations} + \label{Density} + %\end{minipage}% + %\hfill% +\end{figure} +%\vspace{-5mm} + % \begin{minipage}[b]{.50\textwidth} +\begin{figure}[h] + \centering + \includegraphics[scale=.55]{TimeDensity.ps} + %\vspace{2.75mm} + \caption{Simulated Time} + \label{DensityTime} + %\end{minipage}% + %\hfill% +\end{figure} + + + \section{Further Discussions and Comparison to Other Existing Works} +\label{DISC} +In this section, we give further consideration to our data fusion +scheme from the viewpoints of robustness to the delays and loss of +messages and energy efficiency in comparison to other existing works. + +Sensor nodes are small-scale devices. Such small devices are very +limited in the amount of energy they can store or harvest from the +environment. Thus, energy efficiency is a major concern in a sensor +network. In addition, many thousands of sensors may have to be +deployed for a given task. An individual sensor's small effective +range relative to a large area of interest makes this a requirement. + +Therefore, scalability is another critical factor in the network +design. Sensor networks are subject to frequent partial failures such +as exhausted batteries, nodes destroyed due to environmental factors, +or communication failures due to obstacles in the environment. Message +delays can be rather high in sensor networks due to their typically +limited communication capacity which is shared by nodes within +communication range of each other. The overall operation of the sensor +network should be robust despite such partial failures. + + In our scheme, we presented a scalable asynchronous method for + averaging data fusion in sensor networks. The simulations we + conducted show that, the higher the density of the deployed nodes, + the more the precise of the estimation would be. On the other hand, + our algorithm is totally asynchronous, where we consider delay + transmission and loss of messages in the proposed model. These + aspects which are highly important are not taken into account in + previous sensor fusion works~\cite{2,18}. + + Another important practical issue in sensor network is the power + efficiency. Optimizing the energy consumption in sensor networks is + related to minimize the number of the network communications as the + radio is the main energy consumer in a sensor + node~\cite{12}. Considering the distributed iterative procedure for + calculating averages, the only way to minimize the energy consumption + is to reduce the number of iterations before attending the + convergence. To show how well our algorithm saves energy, we compared + our obtained results to those reported by another diffusive scheme + for average computation in sensor networks~\cite{2}. For instance, in + a static topology our algorithm converges after $69$ iterations with + a mean error of $10^{-4}$ while the best results in the second + approach reached $85$ iterations for the same mean error. For the + dynamic topology mode, we obtained $105$ iterations, mean error + $10^{-4}$ and probability of link failure $0.25$, while the number of + iterations is very high ($\approx 300$ iterations) in~\cite{2}. In + figure~\ref{} and figure~\ref{} we present a comparison between our + approach and the iterative solution presented + in~\cite{2}. For~\cite{2} we used the metropolis weights that gives + best convergence and number of iterations results. + + + + + + +\section{Conclusion and Future Work} +In this chapter, we introduced a distributed asynchronous average +consensus in sensor networks. Our approach is based on data diffusion; +the nodes cooperate and exchange their information only with their +direct instantaneous neighbours. In contrast to existing works, our +algorithm does not rely on synchronization nor on the knowledge of the +global topology. We prove that under suitable assumptions, our +algorithm achieves the global convergence in the sense that, after +some iterations, each node has an estimation of the average consensus +overall the whole network. To show the effectiveness of our algorithm, +we conducted series of simulations and studied our algorithm under +various metrics. + +In our scenario, we have focused on developing a reliable and robust +algorithm from the view points of asynchronism and fault tolerance in +a dynamically changing topology. We have taken into account two points +which don't have been previously addressed by other authors, namely +the delays between nodes and the loss of messages. Knowing that in +real sensor networks the nodes are prone to failures. One of the near +future goals is to allow nodes to be dynamically added and removed +during the execution of the algorithm. We also plan to test our +algorithm in a real-world sensor network. + +\bibliographystyle{unsrt} +\bibliography{references} + +\end{document} diff --git a/chapitre-2009/NewNbIterations.ps b/chapitre-2009/NewNbIterations.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2495436 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/NewNbIterations.ps @@ -0,0 +1,799 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: NewNbIterations.ps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Tue Feb 5 17:31:30 2008 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 410 302 +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +/Color false def +/Solid false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/vshift -66 def +/dl {10.0 mul} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +/Rounded false def +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/vpt2 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+/PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore } def +/Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def +/CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def +/C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def +/C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def +/Square { dup Rec } bind def +/Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def +/S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def +/S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def +/D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def +/D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def +/D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def +/D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def +/D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def +/D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def +/D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def +/D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def +/D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def +/D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def +/D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def +/D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def +/D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def +/D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def +/D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def +/D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def +/DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def +/BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def +/TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore } def +/CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def +/Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def +/DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def +/BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def +/TriUW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/TriDW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke } def +/PentW { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore } def +/CircW { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke } def +/BoxFill { gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore } def +/BoxColFill { + gsave Rec + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor + fill grestore } def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill { gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V } for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + { PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V } for + } if + stroke grestore } def +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +end +%%EndProlog +gnudict begin +gsave +50 50 translate +0.050 0.050 scale +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 200 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 821 M +63 0 V +5777 0 R 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V +43 -1 V +44 0 V +46 -1 V +47 0 V +48 0 V +49 0 V +51 0 V +52 0 V +54 1 V +55 0 V +56 1 V +59 1 V +59 2 V +62 1 V +63 2 V +65 2 V +67 2 V +69 3 V +70 2 V +73 3 V +74 4 V +76 3 V +78 4 V +81 4 V +82 5 V +83 5 V +86 5 V +87 5 V +89 6 V +91 6 V +92 6 V +93 6 V +95 7 V +96 6 V +96 6 V +98 7 V +98 6 V +99 6 V +99 6 V +99 5 V +100 5 V +100 4 V +100 4 V +101 2 V +100 3 V +100 1 V +100 1 V +101 0 V +100 0 V +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LT2 +1312 1374 Pls +1604 1374 Pls +1896 1374 Pls +2042 1374 Pls +2188 1374 Pls +2334 1374 Pls +2480 1374 Pls +2626 1374 Pls +2772 1374 Pls +3064 1374 Pls +3356 1374 Pls +3648 1374 Pls +3940 1374 Pls +4524 1374 Pls +5108 1374 Pls +5692 1374 Pls +6276 1374 Pls +6860 1374 Pls +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LT3 +1312 4689 Crs +1604 2346 Crs +1896 1772 Crs +2042 1639 Crs +2188 1484 Crs +2334 1418 Crs +2480 1396 Crs +2626 1374 Crs +2772 1374 Crs +3064 1374 Crs +3356 1374 Crs +3648 1374 Crs +3940 1374 Crs +4524 1396 Crs +5108 1440 Crs +5692 1528 Crs +6276 1528 Crs +6860 1528 Crs +1.000 UL +LTb +1020 600 M +5840 0 V +0 4200 V +-5840 0 V +0 -4200 V +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica diff --git a/chapitre-2009/Ratio.ps b/chapitre-2009/Ratio.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2fce237 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/Ratio.ps @@ -0,0 +1,737 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: Ratio.ps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Tue Feb 5 17:26:42 2008 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 410 302 +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +/Color false def +/Solid false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/vshift -66 def +/dl {10.0 mul} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +/Rounded false def +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 vshift R show } def +/Rshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def +/Cshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def +/UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def +/DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def +/BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def +/PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def +/LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def +/LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def +/LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def +/LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def +/LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def +/LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def +/LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def +/LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def +/LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def +/Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash + gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def +/Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def +/TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def +/BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def +/TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def +/TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def +/Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def +/PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore } def +/Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def +/CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def +/C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def +/C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def +/Square { dup Rec } bind def +/Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def +/S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def +/S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill + 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy Bsquare fill Bsquare } bind def +/D0 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S0 stroke grestore } bind def +/D1 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S1 stroke grestore } bind def +/D2 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S2 stroke grestore } bind def +/D3 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S3 stroke grestore } bind def +/D4 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S4 stroke grestore } bind def +/D5 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S5 stroke grestore } bind def +/D6 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S6 stroke grestore } bind def +/D7 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S7 stroke grestore } bind def +/D8 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S8 stroke grestore } bind def +/D9 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S9 stroke grestore } bind def +/D10 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S10 stroke grestore } bind def +/D11 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S11 stroke grestore } bind def +/D12 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S12 stroke grestore } bind def +/D13 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S13 stroke grestore } bind def +/D14 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S14 stroke grestore } bind def +/D15 { gsave translate 45 rotate 0 0 S15 stroke grestore } bind def +/DiaE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke } def +/BoxE { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke } def +/TriUE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/TriDE { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke } def +/PentE { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore } def +/CircE { stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke } def +/Opaque { gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath } def +/DiaW { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke } def +/BoxW { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke } def +/TriUW { stroke [] 0 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UL +LT2 +1198 710 Pls +1496 863 Pls +1794 1032 Pls +2092 1209 Pls +2390 1380 Pls +2688 1558 Pls +3284 1947 Pls +3880 2323 Pls +4476 2734 Pls +5072 3177 Pls +5668 3620 Pls +6264 4064 Pls +6860 4440 Pls +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LT3 +1198 742 Crs +1496 705 Crs +1794 790 Crs +2092 943 Crs +2390 1130 Crs +2688 1349 Crs +3284 1755 Crs +3880 2128 Crs +4476 2652 Crs +5072 3267 Crs +5668 3912 Crs +6264 4280 Crs +6860 4688 Crs +1.000 UL +LTb +900 600 M +5960 0 V +0 4200 V +-5960 0 V +900 600 L +1.000 UP +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica diff --git a/chapitre-2009/TimeDensity.ps b/chapitre-2009/TimeDensity.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2020643 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/TimeDensity.ps @@ -0,0 +1,705 @@ +%!PS-Adobe-2.0 EPSF-2.0 +%%Title: TimeDensity.ps +%%Creator: gnuplot 4.0 patchlevel 0 +%%CreationDate: Tue Feb 5 17:29:16 2008 +%%DocumentFonts: (atend) +%%BoundingBox: 50 50 410 302 +%%Orientation: Portrait +%%EndComments +/gnudict 256 dict def +gnudict begin +/Color false def +/Solid false def +/gnulinewidth 5.000 def +/userlinewidth gnulinewidth def +/vshift -66 def +/dl {10.0 mul} def +/hpt_ 31.5 def +/vpt_ 31.5 def +/hpt hpt_ def +/vpt vpt_ def +/Rounded false def +/M {moveto} bind def +/L {lineto} bind def +/R {rmoveto} bind def +/V {rlineto} bind def +/N {newpath moveto} bind def +/C {setrgbcolor} bind def +/f {rlineto fill} bind def +/vpt2 vpt 2 mul def +/hpt2 hpt 2 mul def +/Lshow { currentpoint stroke M + 0 vshift R show } def +/Rshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop neg vshift R show } def +/Cshow { currentpoint stroke M + dup stringwidth pop -2 div vshift R show } def +/UP { dup vpt_ mul /vpt exch def hpt_ mul /hpt exch def + /hpt2 hpt 2 mul def /vpt2 vpt 2 mul def } def +/DL { Color {setrgbcolor Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash } + {pop pop pop 0 setgray Solid {pop []} if 0 setdash} ifelse } def +/BL { stroke userlinewidth 2 mul setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/AL { stroke userlinewidth 2 div setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/UL { dup gnulinewidth mul /userlinewidth exch def + dup 1 lt {pop 1} if 10 mul /udl exch def } def +/PL { stroke userlinewidth setlinewidth + Rounded { 1 setlinejoin 1 setlinecap } if } def +/LTw { PL [] 1 setgray } def +/LTb { BL [] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LTa { AL [1 udl mul 2 udl mul] 0 setdash 0 0 0 setrgbcolor } def +/LT0 { PL [] 1 0 0 DL } def +/LT1 { PL [4 dl 2 dl] 0 1 0 DL } def +/LT2 { PL [2 dl 3 dl] 0 0 1 DL } def +/LT3 { PL [1 dl 1.5 dl] 1 0 1 DL } def +/LT4 { PL [5 dl 2 dl 1 dl 2 dl] 0 1 1 DL } def +/LT5 { PL [4 dl 3 dl 1 dl 3 dl] 1 1 0 DL } def +/LT6 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0 0 0 DL } def +/LT7 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 1 0.3 0 DL } def +/LT8 { PL [2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 2 dl 4 dl] 0.5 0.5 0.5 DL } def +/Pnt { stroke [] 0 setdash + gsave 1 setlinecap M 0 0 V stroke grestore } def +/Dia { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Pls { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt sub M 0 vpt2 V + currentpoint stroke M + hpt neg vpt neg R hpt2 0 V stroke + } def +/Box { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Crs { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + hpt2 vpt2 neg V currentpoint stroke M + hpt2 neg 0 R hpt2 vpt2 V stroke } def +/TriU { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/Star { 2 copy Pls Crs } def +/BoxF { stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath fill } def +/TriUF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath fill } def +/TriD { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke + Pnt } def +/TriDF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath fill} def +/DiaF { stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath fill } def +/Pent { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore Pnt } def +/PentF { stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath fill grestore } def +/Circle { stroke [] 0 setdash 2 copy + hpt 0 360 arc stroke Pnt } def +/CircleF { stroke [] 0 setdash hpt 0 360 arc fill } def +/C0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto vpt 90 450 arc } bind def +/C1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 270 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 450 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy moveto vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 180 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 180 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 270 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C13 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 0 90 arc closepath fill + 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 180 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/C14 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto + 2 copy vpt 90 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc } bind def +/C15 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt 0 360 arc closepath fill + vpt 0 360 arc closepath } bind def +/Rec { newpath 4 2 roll moveto 1 index 0 rlineto 0 exch rlineto + neg 0 rlineto closepath } bind def +/Square { dup Rec } bind def +/Bsquare { vpt sub exch vpt sub exch vpt2 Square } bind def +/S0 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy moveto 0 vpt rlineto BL Bsquare } bind def +/S1 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S2 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S3 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S4 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S5 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy 2 copy vpt Square fill + exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S6 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S7 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill + 2 copy vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S8 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill Bsquare } bind def +/S9 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt vpt2 Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S10 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt Square fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S11 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy vpt sub vpt Square fill 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt2 vpt Rec fill + Bsquare } bind def +/S12 { BL [] 0 setdash 2 copy exch vpt sub exch vpt sub vpt2 vpt Rec fill Bsquare } bind def +/S13 { 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grestore} bind def +/DiaE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V closepath stroke} def +/BoxE {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V closepath stroke} def +/TriUE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/TriDE {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V closepath stroke} def +/PentE {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + closepath stroke grestore} def +/CircE {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc stroke} def +/Opaque {gsave closepath 1 setgray fill grestore 0 setgray closepath} def +/DiaW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt add M + hpt neg vpt neg V hpt vpt neg V + hpt vpt V hpt neg vpt V Opaque stroke} def +/BoxW {stroke [] 0 setdash exch hpt sub exch vpt add M + 0 vpt2 neg V hpt2 0 V 0 vpt2 V + hpt2 neg 0 V Opaque stroke} def +/TriUW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul add M + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/TriDW {stroke [] 0 setdash vpt 1.12 mul sub M + hpt neg vpt 1.62 mul V + hpt 2 mul 0 V + hpt neg vpt -1.62 mul V Opaque stroke} def +/PentW {stroke [] 0 setdash gsave + translate 0 hpt M 4 {72 rotate 0 hpt L} repeat + Opaque stroke grestore} def +/CircW {stroke [] 0 setdash + hpt 0 360 arc Opaque stroke} def +/BoxFill {gsave Rec 1 setgray fill grestore} def +/Density { + /Fillden exch def + currentrgbcolor + /ColB exch def /ColG exch def /ColR exch def + /ColR ColR Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColG ColG Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + /ColB ColB Fillden mul Fillden sub 1 add def + ColR ColG ColB setrgbcolor} def +/BoxColFill {gsave Rec PolyFill} def +/PolyFill {gsave Density fill grestore grestore} def +/h {rlineto rlineto rlineto gsave closepath fill grestore} bind def +% +% PostScript Level 1 Pattern Fill routine for rectangles +% Usage: x y w h s a XX PatternFill +% x,y = lower left corner of box to be filled +% w,h = width and height of box +% a = angle in degrees between lines and x-axis +% XX = 0/1 for no/yes cross-hatch +% +/PatternFill {gsave /PFa [ 9 2 roll ] def + PFa 0 get PFa 2 get 2 div add PFa 1 get PFa 3 get 2 div add translate + PFa 2 get -2 div PFa 3 get -2 div PFa 2 get PFa 3 get Rec + gsave 1 setgray fill grestore clip + currentlinewidth 0.5 mul setlinewidth + /PFs PFa 2 get dup mul PFa 3 get dup mul add sqrt def + 0 0 M PFa 5 get rotate PFs -2 div dup translate + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 M 0 PFs V} for + 0 PFa 6 get ne { + 0 1 PFs PFa 4 get div 1 add floor cvi + {PFa 4 get mul 0 2 1 roll M PFs 0 V} for + } if + stroke grestore} def +% +/languagelevel where + {pop languagelevel} {1} ifelse + 2 lt + {/InterpretLevel1 true def} + {/InterpretLevel1 Level1 def} + ifelse +% +% PostScript level 2 pattern fill definitions +% +/Level2PatternFill { +/Tile8x8 {/PaintType 2 /PatternType 1 /TilingType 1 /BBox [0 0 8 8] /XStep 8 /YStep 8} + bind def +/KeepColor {currentrgbcolor [/Pattern /DeviceRGB] setcolorspace} bind def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat1 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 8 8 L 0 8 M 8 0 L stroke + 0 4 M 4 8 L 8 4 L 4 0 L 0 4 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat2 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 0 M 0 8 L + 8 8 L 8 0 L 0 0 L fill} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat3 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 8 M 8 -4 L + 0 12 M 12 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat4 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -4 0 M 8 12 L + 0 -4 M 12 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat5 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 8 M 4 -4 L + 0 12 M 8 -4 L 4 12 M 10 0 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat6 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop -2 0 M 4 12 L + 0 -4 M 8 12 L 4 -4 M 10 8 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat7 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 8 -2 M -4 4 L + 12 0 M -4 8 L 12 4 M 0 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat8 exch def +<< Tile8x8 + /PaintProc {0.5 setlinewidth pop 0 -2 M 12 4 L + -4 0 M 12 8 L -4 4 M 8 10 L stroke} +>> matrix makepattern +/Pat9 exch def +/Pattern1 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat1 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern2 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat2 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern3 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Pat3 setpattern} bind def +/Pattern4 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat5} {Pat4} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern5 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat4} {Pat5} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern6 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat9} {Pat6} ifelse setpattern} bind def +/Pattern7 {PatternBgnd KeepColor Landscape {Pat8} {Pat7} ifelse setpattern} bind def +} def +% +% +%End of PostScript Level 2 code +% +/PatternBgnd { + TransparentPatterns {} {gsave 1 setgray fill grestore} ifelse +} def +% +% Substitute for Level 2 pattern fill codes with +% grayscale if Level 2 support is not selected. +% +/Level1PatternFill { +/Pattern1 {0.250 Density} bind def +/Pattern2 {0.500 Density} bind def +/Pattern3 {0.750 Density} bind def +/Pattern4 {0.125 Density} bind def +/Pattern5 {0.375 Density} bind def +/Pattern6 {0.625 Density} bind def +/Pattern7 {0.875 Density} bind def +} def +% +% Now test for support of Level 2 code +% +Level1 {Level1PatternFill} {Level2PatternFill} ifelse +% +/Symbol-Oblique /Symbol findfont [1 0 .167 1 0 0] makefont +dup length dict begin {1 index /FID eq {pop pop} {def} ifelse} forall +currentdict end definefont pop +end +%%EndProlog +gnudict begin +gsave +50 50 translate +0.050 0.050 scale +0 setgray +newpath +(Helvetica) findfont 140 scalefont setfont +1.000 UL +LTb +854 448 M +63 0 V +6073 0 R +-63 0 V +770 448 M +( 60) Rshow +1.000 UL +LTb +854 1080 M +63 0 V +6073 0 R +-63 0 V +-6157 0 R +( 80) Rshow +1.000 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+55 57 V +56 58 V +56 60 V +56 62 V +56 64 V +55 66 V +56 69 V +56 71 V +56 74 V +55 78 V +56 80 V +56 83 V +56 87 V +56 91 V +55 94 V +56 99 V +56 103 V +54 103 V +stroke +LT1 +LTb +6339 4599 M +(Metropolis Approach) Rshow +LT1 +6423 4599 M +399 0 V +854 1238 M +109 15 V +106 16 V +101 17 V +97 19 V +95 19 V +91 21 V +88 22 V +85 24 V +83 24 V +81 26 V +79 27 V +76 28 V +75 29 V +73 31 V +71 32 V +71 33 V +68 34 V +68 35 V +66 37 V +66 37 V +64 39 V +64 40 V +63 41 V +62 41 V +61 43 V +61 44 V +61 45 V +60 45 V +59 47 V +59 47 V +59 48 V +58 49 V +58 50 V +58 50 V +58 51 V +57 51 V +57 53 V +57 52 V +57 54 V +57 54 V +57 54 V +56 55 V +57 55 V +56 56 V +56 57 V +56 57 V +56 57 V +57 57 V +56 59 V +56 58 V +56 59 V +56 60 V +55 60 V +56 60 V +56 61 V +56 61 V +56 62 V +56 62 V +56 63 V +55 63 V +56 63 V +56 65 V +56 65 V +56 65 V +55 66 V +56 66 V +56 68 V +56 67 V +56 69 V +55 69 V +56 70 V +56 70 V +56 71 V +55 72 V +32 42 V +stroke +LTb +854 4872 N +854 448 L +6136 0 V +0 4424 V +-6136 0 V +Z stroke +1.000 UP +1.000 UL +LTb +stroke +grestore +end +showpage +%%Trailer +%%DocumentFonts: Helvetica diff --git a/chapitre-2009/dynamic/DynamicTopologyTime.ps b/chapitre-2009/dynamic/DynamicTopologyTime.ps new file mode 100644 index 0000000..e69de29 diff --git a/chapitre-2009/dynamic/MoyenXiao b/chapitre-2009/dynamic/MoyenXiao new file mode 100644 index 0000000..fb2e2b2 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/dynamic/MoyenXiao @@ -0,0 +1,10 @@ +0 85 +0.1 90 +0.15 100 +0.2 115 +0.25 140 +0.3 155 +0.35 180 +0.4 200 +0.45 235 +0.5 260 diff --git a/chapitre-2009/dynamic/MoyennIterAsynch-50-Proba b/chapitre-2009/dynamic/MoyennIterAsynch-50-Proba new file mode 100644 index 0000000..a2230c8 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/dynamic/MoyennIterAsynch-50-Proba @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +0 70 85 +0.1 81 90 +0.15 92 100 +0.2 101 115 +0.25 116 140 +0.3 129 155 +0.35 143 180 +0.4 153 200 +0.45 180 235 +0.5 233 260 + diff --git a/chapitre-2009/dynamic/pl.plot b/chapitre-2009/dynamic/pl.plot new file mode 100644 index 0000000..38c5aaf --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/dynamic/pl.plot @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +set terminal postscript eps +set output "DynamicComparison.ps" +set xlabel "Probability of link failure"; set ylabel "Number of iterations" +set xrange[0:0.5] +set yrange[60:200] +set xtics 0.1 +set ytics 20 +#set size ratio 1 +#set size square 0.7,1 +#plot "SimulatedTimeAsynch-50-Proba" with lines smooth bezier title "Asynchron Ratio 2 density 50 runs 50" +plot "MoyennIterAsynch-50-Proba" smooth bezier title "Our approach", "MoyenXiao" smooth bezier title "Metropolis Approach" diff --git a/chapitre-2009/editor/edinst.pdf b/chapitre-2009/editor/edinst.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..964011b Binary files /dev/null and b/chapitre-2009/editor/edinst.pdf differ diff --git a/chapitre-2009/editor/edsamp.pdf b/chapitre-2009/editor/edsamp.pdf new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d4f2fe9 Binary files /dev/null and b/chapitre-2009/editor/edsamp.pdf differ diff --git a/chapitre-2009/editor/templates/acknow.tex b/chapitre-2009/editor/templates/acknow.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..5b6afc6 --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/editor/templates/acknow.tex @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%acknow.tex%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% sample acknowledgement chapter +% +% Use this file as a template for your own input. +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Springer %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\extrachap{Acknowledgements} + +Use the template \emph{acknow.tex} together with the Springer document class SVMono (monograph-type books) or SVMult (edited books) if you prefer to set your acknowledgement section as a separate chapter instead of including it as last part of your preface. + diff --git a/chapitre-2009/editor/templates/acronym.tex b/chapitre-2009/editor/templates/acronym.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..42157ce --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/editor/templates/acronym.tex @@ -0,0 +1,18 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%acronym.tex%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% sample list of acronyms +% +% Use this file as a template for your own input. +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Springer %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\extrachap{Acronyms} + +Use the template \emph{acronym.tex} together with the Springer document class SVMono (monograph-type books) or SVMult (edited books) to style your list(s) of abbreviations or symbols in the Springer layout. + +Lists of abbreviations\index{acronyms, list of}, symbols\index{symbols, list of} and the like are easily formatted with the help of the Springer-enhanced \verb|description| environment. + +\begin{description}[CABR] +\item[ABC]{Spelled-out abbreviation and definition} +\item[BABI]{Spelled-out abbreviation and definition} +\item[CABR]{Spelled-out abbreviation and definition} +\end{description} \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/chapitre-2009/editor/templates/appendix.tex b/chapitre-2009/editor/templates/appendix.tex new file mode 100644 index 0000000..b653bcc --- /dev/null +++ b/chapitre-2009/editor/templates/appendix.tex @@ -0,0 +1,79 @@ +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% appendix.tex %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% +% +% sample appendix +% +% Use this file as a template for your own input. +% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% Springer-Verlag %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% + +\chapter{Chapter Heading} +\label{introA} % Always give a unique label +% use \chaptermark{} +% to alter or adjust the chapter heading in the running head + +Use the template \emph{appendix.tex} together with the Springer document class SVMono (monograph-type books) or SVMult (edited books) to style appendix of your book in the Springer layout. + + +\section{Section Heading} +\label{sec:A1} +% Always give a unique label +% and use \ref{