X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/hpcc2014.git/blobdiff_plain/2367662d760a73d98ca68d37a3912c211972afe3..91709b7a6a052d8642a6e164d979975941b7ca4c:/hpcc.tex diff --git a/hpcc.tex b/hpcc.tex index 968b235..0fdc787 100644 --- a/hpcc.tex +++ b/hpcc.tex @@ -1,407 +1,110 @@ - -%% bare_conf.tex -%% V1.3 -%% 2007/01/11 -%% by Michael Shell -%% See: -%% http://www.michaelshell.org/ -%% for current contact information. -%% -%% This is a skeleton file demonstrating the use of IEEEtran.cls -%% (requires IEEEtran.cls version 1.7 or later) with an IEEE conference paper. -%% -%% Support sites: -%% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/ -%% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/ -%% and -%% http://www.ieee.org/ - -%%************************************************************************* -%% Legal Notice: -%% This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or -%% implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or -%% FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE! -%% User assumes all risk. -%% In no event shall IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for -%% any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental, -%% consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse -%% of any information contained here. -%% -%% All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not -%% necessarily endorsed by the IEEE. -%% -%% This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL) -%% ( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used, -%% distributed and modified. 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Basically, -% \url{my_url_here}. - -% *** Do not adjust lengths that control margins, column widths, etc. *** -% *** Do not use packages that alter fonts (such as pslatex). *** -% There should be no need to do such things with IEEEtran.cls V1.6 and later. -% (Unless specifically asked to do so by the journal or conference you plan -% to submit to, of course. ) - - \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} \usepackage{amsfonts,amssymb} \usepackage{amsmath} -%\usepackage{amsmath} +\usepackage{algorithm} +\usepackage{algpseudocode} %\usepackage{amsthm} -%\usepackage{amsfonts} -%\usepackage{graphicx} +\usepackage{graphicx} %\usepackage{xspace} \usepackage[american]{babel} -% Extension pour les graphiques EPS -%\usepackage[dvips]{graphicx} -\usepackage[pdftex,final]{graphicx} % Extension pour les liens intra-documents (tagged PDF) % et l'affichage correct des URL (commande \url{http://example.com}) %\usepackage{hyperref} +\algnewcommand\algorithmicinput{\textbf{Input:}} +\algnewcommand\Input{\item[\algorithmicinput]} + +\algnewcommand\algorithmicoutput{\textbf{Output:}} +\algnewcommand\Output{\item[\algorithmicoutput]} + \begin{document} -% -% paper title -% can use linebreaks \\ within to get better formatting as desired -\title{Simulation of Asynchronous Iterative Numerical Algorithms Using SimGrid} +\title{Simulation of Asynchronous Iterative Numerical Algorithms Using SimGrid} -% author names and affiliations -% use a multiple column layout for up to three different -% affiliations -\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Raphaël Couturier and Arnaud Giersch and David Laiymani and Charles-Emile Ramamonjisoa} +\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Raphaël Couturier and Arnaud Giersch and David Laiymani and Charles Emile Ramamonjisoa} \IEEEauthorblockA{Femto-ST Institute - DISC Department\\ Université de Franche-Comté\\ Belfort\\ Email: raphael.couturier@univ-fcomte.fr} -%\and -%\IEEEauthorblockN{Arnaud Giersch} -%\IEEEauthorblockA{Twentieth Century Fox\\ -%Springfield, USA\\ -%Email: homer@thesimpsons.com} -%\and -%\IEEEauthorblockN{James Kirk\\ and Montgomery Scott} -%\IEEEauthorblockA{Starfleet Academy\\ -%San Francisco, California 96678-2391\\ -%Telephone: (800) 555--1212\\ -%Fax: (888) 555--1212 } - - -% make the title area \maketitle - \begin{abstract} -%\boldmath The abstract goes here. \end{abstract} -% IEEEtran.cls defaults to using nonbold math in the Abstract. -% This preserves the distinction between vectors and scalars. However, -% if the conference you are submitting to favors bold math in the abstract, -% then you can use LaTeX's standard command \boldmath at the very start -% of the abstract to achieve this. Many IEEE journals/conferences frown on -% math in the abstract anyway. - -% no keywords - - - - -% For peer review papers, you can put extra information on the cover -% page as needed: -% \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview -% \begin{center} \bfseries EDICS Category: 3-BBND \end{center} -% \fi -% -% For peerreview papers, this IEEEtran command inserts a page break and -% creates the second title. It will be ignored for other modes. -\IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle - - \section{Introduction} -Présenter un bref état de l'art sur la simulation d'algos parallèles. Présenter rapidement les algos itératifs asynchrones et leurs avantages. Parler de leurs inconvénients en particulier la difficulté de déploiement à grande échelle donc il serait bien de simuler. Dire qu'à notre connaissance il n'existe pas de simulation de ce type d'algo. -Présenter les travaux et les résultats obtenus. Annoncer le plan. +Parallel computing and high performance computing (HPC) are becoming +more and more imperative for solving various problems raised by +researchers on various scientific disciplines but also by industrial in +the field. Indeed, the increasing complexity of these requested +applications combined with a continuous increase of their sizes lead to +write distributed and parallel algorithms requiring significant hardware +resources ( grid computing , clusters, broadband network ,etc... ) but +also a non- negligible CPU execution time. We consider in this paper a +class of highly efficient parallel algorithms called iterative executed +in a distributed environment. As their name suggests, these algorithm +solves a given problem that might be NP- complete complex by successive +iterations (X$_{n +1 }$= f (X$_{n}$) ) from an initial value X +$_{0}$ to find an approximate value X* of the solution with a very low +residual error. Several well-known methods demonstrate the convergence +of these algorithms. Generally, to reduce the complexity and the +execution time, the problem is divided into several "pieces" that will +be solved in parallel on multiple processing units. The latter will +communicate each intermediate results before a new iteration starts +until the approximate solution is reached. These distributed parallel +computations can be performed either in "synchronous" communication mode +where a new iteration begin only when all nodes communications are +completed, either "asynchronous" mode where processors can continue +independently without or few synchronization points. Despite the +effectiveness of iterative approach, a major drawback of the method is +the requirement of huge resources in terms of computing capacity, +storage and high speed communication network. Indeed, limited physical +resources are blocking factors for large-scale deployment of parallel +algorithms. + +In recent years, the use of a simulation environment to execute parallel +iterative algorithms found some interests in reducing the highly cost of +access to computing resources: (1) for the applications development life +cycle and in code debugging (2) and in production to get results in a +reasonable execution time with a simulated infrastructure not accessible +with physical resources. Indeed, the launch of distributed iterative +asynchronous algorithms to solve a given problem on a large-scale +simulated environment challenges to find optimal configurations giving +the best results with a lowest residual error and in the best of +execution time. According our knowledge, no testing of large-scale +simulation of the class of algorithm solving to achieve real results has +been undertaken to date. We had in the scope of this work implemented a +program for solving large non-symmetric linear system of equations by +numerical method GMRES (Generalized Minimal Residual ) in the simulation +environment Simgrid . The simulated platform had allowed us to launch +the application from a modest computing infrastructure by simulating +different distributed architectures composed by clusters nodes +interconnected by variable speed networks. In addition, it has been +permitted to show the effectiveness of asynchronous mode algorithm by +comparing its performance with the synchronous mode time. With selected +parameters on the network platforms (bandwidth, latency of inter cluster +network) and on the clusters architecture (number, capacity calculation +power) in the simulated environment , the experimental results have +demonstrated not only the algorithm convergence within a reasonable time +compared with the physical environment performance, but also a time +saving of up to 40 \% in asynchronous mode. + +This article is structured as follows: after this introduction, the next +section will give a brief description of iterative asynchronous model. +Then, the simulation framework SIMGRID will be presented with the +settings to create various distributed architectures. The algorithm of +the multi -splitting method used by GMRES written with MPI primitives +and its adaptation to Simgrid with SMPI (Simulation MPI ) will be in the +next section . At last, the experiments results carried out will be +presented before the conclusion which we will announce the opening of +our future work after the results. \section{The asynchronous iteration model} @@ -417,7 +120,7 @@ Décrire SimGrid (Arnaud) -%%%%% +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% \section{Simulation of the multisplitting method} %Décrire le problème (algo) traité ainsi que le processus d'adaptation à SimGrid. Let $Ax=b$ be a large sparse system of $n$ linear equations in $\mathbb{R}$, where $A$ is a sparse square and nonsingular matrix, $x$ is the solution vector and $y$ is the right-hand side vector. We use a multisplitting method based on the block Jacobi partitioning to solve this linear system on a large scale platform composed of $L$ clusters of processors. In this case, we apply a row-by-row splitting without overlapping @@ -452,7 +155,31 @@ Y_l = B_l - \displaystyle\sum_{i=1,i\neq l}^{L}A_{li}X_i, \label{eq:4.1} \end{equation} is solved independently by a cluster and communication are required to update the right-hand side sub-vectors $Y_l$, such that the sub-vectors $X_i$ represent the data dependencies between the clusters. As each sub-system (\ref{eq:4.1}) is solved in parallel by a cluster of processors, our multisplitting method uses an iterative method as an inner solver which is easier to parallelize and more scalable than a direct method. In this work, we use the parallel GMRES method~\cite{ref1} which is one of the most used iterative method by many researchers. -%%%%% + +\begin{algorithm} +\caption{A multisplitting solver with inner iteration GMRES method} +\begin{algorithmic}[1] +\Input $A_l$ (local sparse matrix), $B_l$ (local right-hand side), $x^0$ (initial guess) +\Output $X_l$ (local solution vector)\vspace{0.2cm} +\State Load $A_l$, $B_l$, $x^0$ +\State Initialize the shared vector $\hat{x}=x^0$ +\For {$k=1,2,3,\ldots$ until the global convergence} +\State $x^0=\hat{x}$ +\State Inner iteration solver: \Call{InnerSolver}{$x^0$, $k$} +\State Exchange the local solution ${X}_l^k$ with the neighboring clusters and copy the shared vector elements in $\hat{x}$ +\EndFor + +\Statex + +\Function {InnerSolver}{$x^0$, $k$} +\State Compute the local right-hand side: $Y_l = B_l - \sum^L_{i=1,i\neq l}A_{li}X_i^0$ +\State Solving the local splitting $A_{ll}X_l^k=Y_l$ using the parallel GMRES method, such that $X_l^0$ is the local initial guess +\State \Return $X_l^k$ +\EndFunction +\end{algorithmic} +\label{algo:01} +\end{algorithm} +%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%% @@ -527,21 +254,22 @@ lat latency , ... ). \centering \caption{2 clusters X 50 nodes} \label{tab.cluster.2x50} - \includegraphics[width=209pt]{img-1.eps} + \includegraphics[width=209pt]{img1.jpg} \end{table} \begin{table} \centering - \caption{3 clusters X 33 n\oe{}uds} + \caption{3 clusters X 33 nodes} \label{tab.cluster.3x33} - \includegraphics[width=209pt]{img-1.eps} + \includegraphics[width=209pt]{img2.jpg} \end{table} \begin{table} \centering - \caption{3 clusters X 67 noeuds} + \caption{3 clusters X 67 nodes} \label{tab.cluster.3x67} - \includegraphics[width=128pt]{img-2.eps} +% \includegraphics[width=160pt]{img3.jpg} + \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{img3.jpg} \end{table} \paragraph*{Interpretations and comments} @@ -579,142 +307,24 @@ with a bandwidth of 1 Mbits/s as shown in Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x67}. \section{Conclusion} - -% An example of a floating figure using the graphicx package. -% Note that \label must occur AFTER (or within) \caption. -% For figures, \caption should occur after the \includegraphics. -% Note that IEEEtran v1.7 and later has special internal code that -% is designed to preserve the operation of \label within \caption -% even when the captionsoff option is in effect. 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