X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/hpcc2014.git/blobdiff_plain/33ff15ea54b83011db5d2392c0e517c0855abce8..0d3de76a4d7b1dae39911fa91801f25f009d3cf9:/hpcc.tex diff --git a/hpcc.tex b/hpcc.tex index fc79391..5e4bea6 100644 --- a/hpcc.tex +++ b/hpcc.tex @@ -1,322 +1,4 @@ - -%% bare_conf.tex -%% V1.3 -%% 2007/01/11 -%% by Michael Shell -%% See: -%% http://www.michaelshell.org/ -%% for current contact information. -%% -%% This is a skeleton file demonstrating the use of IEEEtran.cls -%% (requires IEEEtran.cls version 1.7 or later) with an IEEE conference paper. -%% -%% Support sites: -%% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/ -%% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/IEEEtran/ -%% and -%% http://www.ieee.org/ - -%%************************************************************************* -%% Legal Notice: -%% This code is offered as-is without any warranty either expressed or -%% implied; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or -%% FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE! -%% User assumes all risk. -%% In no event shall IEEE or any contributor to this code be liable for -%% any damages or losses, including, but not limited to, incidental, -%% consequential, or any other damages, resulting from the use or misuse -%% of any information contained here. -%% -%% All comments are the opinions of their respective authors and are not -%% necessarily endorsed by the IEEE. -%% -%% This work is distributed under the LaTeX Project Public License (LPPL) -%% ( http://www.latex-project.org/ ) version 1.3, and may be freely used, -%% distributed and modified. 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Do not use the stfloats baselinefloat ability as IEEE -% does not allow \baselineskip to stretch. Authors submitting work to the -% IEEE should note that IEEE rarely uses double column equations and -% that authors should try to avoid such use. Do not be tempted to use the -% cuted.sty or midfloat.sty packages (also by Sigitas Tolusis) as IEEE does -% not format its papers in such ways. - - - - - -% *** PDF, URL AND HYPERLINK PACKAGES *** -% -%\usepackage{url} -% url.sty was written by Donald Arseneau. It provides better support for -% handling and breaking URLs. url.sty is already installed on most LaTeX -% systems. The latest version can be obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/macros/latex/contrib/misc/ -% Read the url.sty source comments for usage information. Basically, -% \url{my_url_here}. - -% *** Do not adjust lengths that control margins, column widths, etc. *** -% *** Do not use packages that alter fonts (such as pslatex). *** -% There should be no need to do such things with IEEEtran.cls V1.6 and later. -% (Unless specifically asked to do so by the journal or conference you plan -% to submit to, of course. ) - - \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc} @@ -325,16 +7,25 @@ \usepackage{algorithm} \usepackage{algpseudocode} %\usepackage{amsthm} -%\usepackage{graphicx} -%\usepackage{xspace} +\usepackage{graphicx} \usepackage[american]{babel} -% Extension pour les graphiques EPS -%\usepackage[dvips]{graphicx} -\usepackage[pdftex,final]{graphicx} % Extension pour les liens intra-documents (tagged PDF) % et l'affichage correct des URL (commande \url{http://example.com}) %\usepackage{hyperref} +\usepackage{url} +\DeclareUrlCommand\email{\urlstyle{same}} + +\usepackage[autolanguage,np]{numprint} +\AtBeginDocument{% + \renewcommand*\npunitcommand[1]{\text{#1}} + \npthousandthpartsep{}} + +\usepackage{xspace} +\usepackage[textsize=footnotesize]{todonotes} +\newcommand{\AG}[2][inline]{% + \todo[color=green!50,#1]{\sffamily\textbf{AG:} #2}\xspace} + \algnewcommand\algorithmicinput{\textbf{Input:}} \algnewcommand\Input{\item[\algorithmicinput]} @@ -342,74 +33,100 @@ \algnewcommand\Output{\item[\algorithmicoutput]} - - \begin{document} -% -% paper title -% can use linebreaks \\ within to get better formatting as desired -\title{Simulation of Asynchronous Iterative Numerical Algorithms Using SimGrid} +\title{Simulation of Asynchronous Iterative Numerical Algorithms Using SimGrid} -% author names and affiliations -% use a multiple column layout for up to three different -% affiliations -\author{\IEEEauthorblockN{Raphaël Couturier and Arnaud Giersch and David Laiymani and Charles-Emile Ramamonjisoa} -\IEEEauthorblockA{Femto-ST Institute - DISC Department\\ -Université de Franche-Comté\\ -Belfort\\ -Email: raphael.couturier@univ-fcomte.fr} -%\and -%\IEEEauthorblockN{Arnaud Giersch} -%\IEEEauthorblockA{Twentieth Century Fox\\ -%Springfield, USA\\ -%Email: homer@thesimpsons.com} -%\and -%\IEEEauthorblockN{James Kirk\\ and Montgomery Scott} -%\IEEEauthorblockA{Starfleet Academy\\ -%San Francisco, California 96678-2391\\ -%Telephone: (800) 555--1212\\ -%Fax: (888) 555--1212 +\author{% + \IEEEauthorblockN{% + Charles Emile Ramamonjisoa and + David Laiymani and + Arnaud Giersch and + Lilia Ziane Khodja and + Raphaël Couturier + } + \IEEEauthorblockA{% + Femto-ST Institute - DISC Department\\ + Université de Franche-Comté\\ + Belfort\\ + Email: \email{{raphael.couturier,arnaud.giersch,david.laiymani,charles.ramamonjisoa}@univ-fcomte.fr} + } } - - -% make the title area \maketitle - +\AG{Ordre des autheurs pas définitif} \begin{abstract} -%\boldmath The abstract goes here. \end{abstract} -% IEEEtran.cls defaults to using nonbold math in the Abstract. -% This preserves the distinction between vectors and scalars. However, -% if the conference you are submitting to favors bold math in the abstract, -% then you can use LaTeX's standard command \boldmath at the very start -% of the abstract to achieve this. Many IEEE journals/conferences frown on -% math in the abstract anyway. - -% no keywords - - - - -% For peer review papers, you can put extra information on the cover -% page as needed: -% \ifCLASSOPTIONpeerreview -% \begin{center} \bfseries EDICS Category: 3-BBND \end{center} -% \fi -% -% For peerreview papers, this IEEEtran command inserts a page break and -% creates the second title. It will be ignored for other modes. -\IEEEpeerreviewmaketitle - - \section{Introduction} -Présenter un bref état de l'art sur la simulation d'algos parallèles. Présenter rapidement les algos itératifs asynchrones et leurs avantages. Parler de leurs inconvénients en particulier la difficulté de déploiement à grande échelle donc il serait bien de simuler. Dire qu'à notre connaissance il n'existe pas de simulation de ce type d'algo. -Présenter les travaux et les résultats obtenus. Annoncer le plan. +Parallel computing and high performance computing (HPC) are becoming +more and more imperative for solving various problems raised by +researchers on various scientific disciplines but also by industrial in +the field. Indeed, the increasing complexity of these requested +applications combined with a continuous increase of their sizes lead to +write distributed and parallel algorithms requiring significant hardware +resources (grid computing, clusters, broadband network, etc\dots{}) but +also a non-negligible CPU execution time. We consider in this paper a +class of highly efficient parallel algorithms called iterative executed +in a distributed environment. As their name suggests, these algorithm +solves a given problem that might be NP- complete complex by successive +iterations ($X_{n +1} = f(X_{n})$) from an initial value $X_{0}$ to find +an approximate value $X^*$ of the solution with a very low +residual error. Several well-known methods demonstrate the convergence +of these algorithms. Generally, to reduce the complexity and the +execution time, the problem is divided into several \emph{pieces} that will +be solved in parallel on multiple processing units. The latter will +communicate each intermediate results before a new iteration starts +until the approximate solution is reached. These distributed parallel +computations can be performed either in \emph{synchronous} communication mode +where a new iteration begin only when all nodes communications are +completed, either \emph{asynchronous} mode where processors can continue +independently without or few synchronization points. Despite the +effectiveness of iterative approach, a major drawback of the method is +the requirement of huge resources in terms of computing capacity, +storage and high speed communication network. Indeed, limited physical +resources are blocking factors for large-scale deployment of parallel +algorithms. + +In recent years, the use of a simulation environment to execute parallel +iterative algorithms found some interests in reducing the highly cost of +access to computing resources: (1) for the applications development life +cycle and in code debugging (2) and in production to get results in a +reasonable execution time with a simulated infrastructure not accessible +with physical resources. Indeed, the launch of distributed iterative +asynchronous algorithms to solve a given problem on a large-scale +simulated environment challenges to find optimal configurations giving +the best results with a lowest residual error and in the best of +execution time. According our knowledge, no testing of large-scale +simulation of the class of algorithm solving to achieve real results has +been undertaken to date. We had in the scope of this work implemented a +program for solving large non-symmetric linear system of equations by +numerical method GMRES (Generalized Minimal Residual) in the simulation +environment SimGrid. The simulated platform had allowed us to launch +the application from a modest computing infrastructure by simulating +different distributed architectures composed by clusters nodes +interconnected by variable speed networks. In addition, it has been +permitted to show the effectiveness of asynchronous mode algorithm by +comparing its performance with the synchronous mode time. With selected +parameters on the network platforms (bandwidth, latency of inter cluster +network) and on the clusters architecture (number, capacity calculation +power) in the simulated environment, the experimental results have +demonstrated not only the algorithm convergence within a reasonable time +compared with the physical environment performance, but also a time +saving of up to \np[\%]{40} in asynchronous mode. + +This article is structured as follows: after this introduction, the next +section will give a brief description of iterative asynchronous model. +Then, the simulation framework SimGrid will be presented with the +settings to create various distributed architectures. The algorithm of +the multi -splitting method used by GMRES written with MPI primitives +and its adaptation to SimGrid with SMPI (Simulated MPI) will be in the +next section. At last, the experiments results carried out will be +presented before the conclusion which we will announce the opening of +our future work after the results. \section{The asynchronous iteration model} @@ -513,15 +230,15 @@ A priori, obtaining a speedup less than 1 would be difficult in a local area network configuration where the synchronous mode will take advantage on the rapid exchange of information on such high-speed links. Thus, the methodology adopted was to launch the application on clustered network. In this last configuration, -degrading the inter-cluster network performance will "penalize" the synchronous +degrading the inter-cluster network performance will \emph{penalize} the synchronous mode allowing to get a speedup lower than 1. This action simulates the case of clusters linked with long distance network like Internet. As a first step, the algorithm was run on a network consisting of two clusters containing fifty hosts each, totaling one hundred hosts. Various combinations of the above factors have providing the results shown in Table~\ref{tab.cluster.2x50} with a matrix size -ranging from Nx = Ny = Nz = 62 to 171 elements or from 62$^{3}$ = 238328 to -171$^{3}$ = 5,211,000 entries. +ranging from Nx = Ny = Nz = 62 to 171 elements or from $62^{3} = \np{238328}$ to +$171^{3} = \np{5211000}$ entries. Then we have changed the network configuration using three clusters containing respectively 33, 33 and 34 hosts, or again by on hundred hosts for all the @@ -537,10 +254,10 @@ Note that the program was run with the following parameters: \paragraph*{SMPI parameters} \begin{itemize} - \item HOSTFILE : Hosts file description. + \item HOSTFILE: Hosts file description. \item PLATFORM: file description of the platform architecture : clusters (CPU power, -... ) , intra cluster network description, inter cluster network (bandwidth bw , -lat latency , ... ). +\dots{}), intra cluster network description, inter cluster network (bandwidth bw, +lat latency, \dots{}). \end{itemize} @@ -550,7 +267,7 @@ lat latency , ... ). \item Description of the cluster architecture; \item Maximum number of internal and external iterations; \item Internal and external precisions; - \item Matrix size NX , NY and NZ; + \item Matrix size NX, NY and NZ; \item Matrix diagonal value = 6.0; \item Execution Mode: synchronous or asynchronous. \end{itemize} @@ -559,21 +276,25 @@ lat latency , ... ). \centering \caption{2 clusters X 50 nodes} \label{tab.cluster.2x50} - \includegraphics[width=209pt]{img-1.eps} + \AG{Les images manquent dans le dépôt Git. Si ce sont vraiment des tableaux, utiliser un format vectoriel (eps ou pdf), et surtout pas de jpeg!} + \includegraphics[width=209pt]{img1.jpg} \end{table} \begin{table} \centering - \caption{3 clusters X 33 n\oe{}uds} + \caption{3 clusters X 33 nodes} \label{tab.cluster.3x33} - \includegraphics[width=209pt]{img-1.eps} + \AG{Le fichier manque.} + \includegraphics[width=209pt]{img2.jpg} \end{table} \begin{table} \centering - \caption{3 clusters X 67 noeuds} + \caption{3 clusters X 67 nodes} \label{tab.cluster.3x67} - \includegraphics[width=128pt]{img-2.eps} + \AG{Le fichier manque.} +% \includegraphics[width=160pt]{img3.jpg} + \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{img3.jpg} \end{table} \paragraph*{Interpretations and comments} @@ -585,168 +306,50 @@ the effectiveness of the asynchronous performance compared to the synchronous mode. In the case of a two clusters configuration, Table~\ref{tab.cluster.2x50} shows that with a -deterioration of inter cluster network set with 5 Mbits/s of bandwidth, a latency +deterioration of inter cluster network set with \np[Mbits/s]{5} of bandwidth, a latency in order of a hundredth of a millisecond and a system power of one GFlops, an -efficiency of about 40\% in asynchronous mode is obtained for a matrix size of 62 -elements . It is noticed that the result remains stable even if we vary the -external precision from E -05 to E-09. By increasing the problem size up to 100 -elements, it was necessary to increase the CPU power of 50 \% to 1.5 GFlops for a +efficiency of about \np[\%]{40} in asynchronous mode is obtained for a matrix size of 62 +elements. It is noticed that the result remains stable even if we vary the +external precision from \np{E-5} to \np{E-9}. By increasing the problem size up to 100 +elements, it was necessary to increase the CPU power of \np[\%]{50} to \np[GFlops]{1.5} for a convergence of the algorithm with the same order of asynchronous mode efficiency. Maintaining such a system power but this time, increasing network throughput -inter cluster up to 50 Mbits /s, the result of efficiency of about 40\% is -obtained with high external precision of E-11 for a matrix size from 110 to 150 -side elements . +inter cluster up to \np[Mbits/s]{50}, the result of efficiency of about \np[\%]{40} is +obtained with high external precision of \np{E-11} for a matrix size from 110 to 150 +side elements. For the 3 clusters architecture including a total of 100 hosts, Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x33} shows that it was difficult to have a combination which gives an efficiency of -asynchronous below 80 \%. Indeed, for a matrix size of 62 elements, equality +asynchronous below \np[\%]{80}. Indeed, for a matrix size of 62 elements, equality between the performance of the two modes (synchronous and asynchronous) is -achieved with an inter cluster of 10 Mbits/s and a latency of E- 01 ms. To -challenge an efficiency by 78\% with a matrix size of 100 points, it was +achieved with an inter cluster of \np[Mbits/s]{10} and a latency of \np{E-1} ms. To +challenge an efficiency by \np[\%]{78} with a matrix size of 100 points, it was necessary to degrade the inter cluster network bandwidth from 5 to 2 Mbit/s. A last attempt was made for a configuration of three clusters but more power -with 200 nodes in total. The convergence with a speedup of 90 \% was obtained -with a bandwidth of 1 Mbits/s as shown in Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x67}. +with 200 nodes in total. The convergence with a speedup of \np[\%]{90} was obtained +with a bandwidth of \np[Mbits/s]{1} as shown in Table~\ref{tab.cluster.3x67}. \section{Conclusion} - -% An example of a floating figure using the graphicx package. -% Note that \label must occur AFTER (or within) \caption. -% For figures, \caption should occur after the \includegraphics. -% Note that IEEEtran v1.7 and later has special internal code that -% is designed to preserve the operation of \label within \caption -% even when the captionsoff option is in effect. However, because -% of issues like this, it may be the safest practice to put all your -% \label just after \caption rather than within \caption{}. -% -% Reminder: the "draftcls" or "draftclsnofoot", not "draft", class -% option should be used if it is desired that the figures are to be -% displayed while in draft mode. -% -%\begin{figure}[!t] -%\centering -%\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{myfigure} -% where an .eps filename suffix will be assumed under latex, -% and a .pdf suffix will be assumed for pdflatex; or what has been declared -% via \DeclareGraphicsExtensions. -%\caption{Simulation Results} -%\label{fig_sim} -%\end{figure} - -% Note that IEEE typically puts floats only at the top, even when this -% results in a large percentage of a column being occupied by floats. - - -% An example of a double column floating figure using two subfigures. -% (The subfig.sty package must be loaded for this to work.) -% The subfigure \label commands are set within each subfloat command, the -% \label for the overall figure must come after \caption. -% \hfil must be used as a separator to get equal spacing. -% The subfigure.sty package works much the same way, except \subfigure is -% used instead of \subfloat. -% -%\begin{figure*}[!t] -%\centerline{\subfloat[Case I]\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{subfigcase1}% -%\label{fig_first_case}} -%\hfil -%\subfloat[Case II]{\includegraphics[width=2.5in]{subfigcase2}% -%\label{fig_second_case}}} -%\caption{Simulation results} -%\label{fig_sim} -%\end{figure*} -% -% Note that often IEEE papers with subfigures do not employ subfigure -% captions (using the optional argument to \subfloat), but instead will -% reference/describe all of them (a), (b), etc., within the main caption. - - -% An example of a floating table. Note that, for IEEE style tables, the -% \caption command should come BEFORE the table. Table text will default to -% \footnotesize as IEEE normally uses this smaller font for tables. -% The \label must come after \caption as always. -% -%\begin{table}[!t] -%% increase table row spacing, adjust to taste -%\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.3} -% if using array.sty, it might be a good idea to tweak the value of -% \extrarowheight as needed to properly center the text within the cells -%\caption{An Example of a Table} -%\label{table_example} -%\centering -%% Some packages, such as MDW tools, offer better commands for making tables -%% than the plain LaTeX2e tabular which is used here. -%\begin{tabular}{|c||c|} -%\hline -%One & Two\\ -%\hline -%Three & Four\\ -%\hline -%\end{tabular} -%\end{table} - - -% Note that IEEE does not put floats in the very first column - or typically -% anywhere on the first page for that matter. Also, in-text middle ("here") -% positioning is not used. Most IEEE journals/conferences use top floats -% exclusively. Note that, LaTeX2e, unlike IEEE journals/conferences, places -% footnotes above bottom floats. This can be corrected via the \fnbelowfloat -% command of the stfloats package. - - - - - - - -% conference papers do not normally have an appendix - - -% use section* for acknowledgement \section*{Acknowledgment} -The authors would like to thank... - - - +The authors would like to thank\dots{} % trigger a \newpage just before the given reference % number - used to balance the columns on the last page % adjust value as needed - may need to be readjusted if % the document is modified later -%\IEEEtriggeratref{8} -% The "triggered" command can be changed if desired: -%\IEEEtriggercmd{\enlargethispage{-5in}} - -% references section - -% can use a bibliography generated by BibTeX as a .bbl file -% BibTeX documentation can be easily obtained at: -% http://www.ctan.org/tex-archive/biblio/bibtex/contrib/doc/ -% The IEEEtran BibTeX style support page is at: -% http://www.michaelshell.org/tex/ieeetran/bibtex/ \bibliographystyle{IEEEtran} -% argument is your BibTeX string definitions and bibliography database(s) \bibliography{hpccBib} -% -% manually copy in the resultant .bbl file -% set second argument of \begin to the number of references -% (used to reserve space for the reference number labels box) -%\begin{thebibliography}{1} -% -%\bibitem{IEEEhowto:kopka} -%H.~Kopka and P.~W. Daly, \emph{A Guide to \LaTeX}, 3rd~ed.\hskip 1em plus -% 0.5em minus 0.4em\relax Harlow, England: Addison-Wesley, 1999. -% -%\end{thebibliography} - - - -% that's all folks \end{document} - +%%% Local Variables: +%%% mode: latex +%%% TeX-master: t +%%% fill-column: 80 +%%% ispell-local-dictionary: "american" +%%% End: