la figure 3 en noir et blanc....

[kahina_paper1.git] / paper.tex

diff --git a/paper.tex b/paper.tex
index 357094db6fd98c707695ef1e39ba277280f8c2c7..e3dde6e9caa09e9e64e50476180d0bdb7dd8f12c 100644 (file)
--- a/paper.tex
+++ b/paper.tex
@@ -218,18 +218,18 @@ In this paper, we focus on the implementation of the Ehrlich-Aberth
 method for high degree polynomials on GPU. We propose an adaptation of
 the exponential logarithm in order to be able to solve sparse and full
 polynomial of degree up to $1,000,000$. The paper is organized as
 method for high degree polynomials on GPU. We propose an adaptation of
 the exponential logarithm in order to be able to solve sparse and full
 polynomial of degree up to $1,000,000$. The paper is organized as

-follows. Initially, we recall the Ehrlich-Aberth method in Section
-\ref{sec1}. Improvements for the Ehrlich-Aberth method are proposed in
-Section \ref{sec2}. Related work to the implementation of simultaneous
-methods using a parallel approach is presented in Section
-\ref{secStateofArt}.  In Section \ref{sec5} we propose a parallel
+follows. Initially, we recall the Ehrlich-Aberth method in
+Section~\ref{sec1}. Improvements for the Ehrlich-Aberth method are
+proposed in Section \ref{sec2}. Related work to the implementation of
+simultaneous methods using a parallel approach is presented in Section
+\ref{secStateofArt}.  In Section~\ref{sec5} we propose a parallel

 implementation of the Ehrlich-Aberth method on GPU and discuss
 implementation of the Ehrlich-Aberth method on GPU and discuss

-it. Section \ref{sec6} presents and investigates our implementation
-and experimental study results. Finally, Section\ref{sec7} 6 concludes
+it. Section~\ref{sec6} presents and investigates our implementation
+and experimental study results. Finally, Section~\ref{sec7} 6 concludes

 this paper and gives some hints for future research directions in this
 topic.
 
 this paper and gives some hints for future research directions in this
 topic.
 

-\section{The Sequential Ehrlich-Aberth method}
+\section{Ehrlich-Aberth method}

 \label{sec1}
 A cubically convergent iteration method for finding zeros of
 polynomials was proposed by O. Aberth~\cite{Aberth73}. In the
 \label{sec1}
 A cubically convergent iteration method for finding zeros of
 polynomials was proposed by O. Aberth~\cite{Aberth73}. In the


@@ -268,7 +268,7 @@ The initialization of a polynomial p(z) is done by setting each of the $n$ compl
 
 
 \subsection{Vector $z^{(0)}$ Initialization}
 
 
 \subsection{Vector $z^{(0)}$ Initialization}

-
+\label{sec:vec_initialization}

 As for any iterative method, we need to choose $n$ initial guess points $z^{(0)}_{i}, i = 1, . . . , n.$
 The initial guess is very important since the number of steps needed by the iterative method to reach
 a given approximation strongly depends on it.
 As for any iterative method, we need to choose $n$ initial guess points $z^{(0)}_{i}, i = 1, . . . , n.$
 The initial guess is very important since the number of steps needed by the iterative method to reach
 a given approximation strongly depends on it.


@@ -306,7 +306,7 @@ EA2: z^{k+1}=z_{i}^{k}-\frac{\frac{p(z_{i}^{k})}{p'(z_{i}^{k})}}
 It can be noticed that this equation is equivalent to Eq.~\ref{Eq:EA},
 but we prefer the latter one because we can use it to improve the
 Ehrlich-Aberth method and find the roots of very high degrees polynomials. More
 It can be noticed that this equation is equivalent to Eq.~\ref{Eq:EA},
 but we prefer the latter one because we can use it to improve the
 Ehrlich-Aberth method and find the roots of very high degrees polynomials. More

-details are given in Section ~\ref{sec2}.
+details are given in Section~\ref{sec2}.

 \subsection{Convergence Condition}
 The convergence condition determines the termination of the algorithm. It consists in stopping the iterative function  when the roots are sufficiently stable. We consider that the method converges sufficiently when:
 
 \subsection{Convergence Condition}
 The convergence condition determines the termination of the algorithm. It consists in stopping the iterative function  when the roots are sufficiently stable. We consider that the method converges sufficiently when:
 


@@ -496,47 +496,54 @@ polynomials of 48000.
 
 
 
 
 
 

-\subsection{Sequential Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm}
-The main steps of Ehrlich-Aberth method are shown in Algorithm.~\ref{alg1-seq} :
-%\LinesNumbered  
-\begin{algorithm}[H]
-\label{alg1-seq}
+%% \subsection{Sequential Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm}
+%% The main steps of Ehrlich-Aberth method are shown in Algorithm.~\ref{alg1-seq} :
+%% %\LinesNumbered  
+%% \begin{algorithm}[H]
+%% \label{alg1-seq}

 
 

-\caption{A sequential algorithm to find roots with the Ehrlich-Aberth method}
+%% \caption{A sequential algorithm to find roots with the Ehrlich-Aberth method}

 
 

-\KwIn{$Z^{0}$ (Initial root's vector), $\varepsilon$ (error tolerance
-  threshold), P (Polynomial to solve), $\Delta z_{max}$ (maximum value
-  of stop condition), k (number of iteration), n (Polynomial's degrees)}
-\KwOut {Z (The solution root's vector), ZPrec (the previous solution root's vector)}
+%% \KwIn{$Z^{0}$ (Initial root's vector), $\varepsilon$ (error tolerance
+%%   threshold), $P$ (Polynomial to solve),$Pu$ (the derivative of P) $\Delta z_{max}$ (maximum value
+%%   of stop condition), k (number of iteration), n (Polynomial's degrees)}
+%% \KwOut {$Z$ (The solution root's vector), $ZPrec$ (the previous solution root's vector)}

 
 

-\BlankLine
+%% \BlankLine

 
 

-Initialization of the coefficients of the polynomial to solve\;
-Initialization of the solution vector $Z^{0}$\;
-$\Delta z_{max}=0$\;
- k=0\;
+%% Initialization of $P$\;
+%% Initialization of $Pu$\;
+%% Initialization of the solution vector $Z^{0}$\;
+%% $\Delta z_{max}=0$\;
+%%  k=0\;

 
 

-\While {$\Delta z_{max} > \varepsilon$}{
- Let $\Delta z_{max}=0$\;
-\For{$j \gets 0 $ \KwTo $n$}{
-$ZPrec\left[j\right]=Z\left[j\right]$;// save Z at the iteration k.\
+%% \While {$\Delta z_{max} > \varepsilon$}{
+%%  Let $\Delta z_{max}=0$\;
+%% \For{$j \gets 0 $ \KwTo $n$}{
+%% $ZPrec\left[j\right]=Z\left[j\right]$;// save Z at the iteration k.\

 
 

-$Z\left[j\right]=H\left(j,Z\right)$;//update Z with the iterative function.\
-}
-k=k+1\;
+%% $Z\left[j\right]=H\left(j, Z, P, Pu\right)$;//update Z with the iterative function.\
+%% }
+%% k=k+1\;

 
 

-\For{$i \gets 0 $ \KwTo $n-1$}{
-$c= testConverge(\Delta z_{max},ZPrec\left[j\right],Z\left[j\right])$\;
-\If{$c > \Delta z_{max}$ }{
-$\Delta z_{max}$=c\;}
-}
+%% \For{$i \gets 0 $ \KwTo $n-1$}{
+%% $c= testConverge(\Delta z_{max},ZPrec\left[j\right],Z\left[j\right])$\;
+%% \If{$c > \Delta z_{max}$ }{
+%% $\Delta z_{max}$=c\;}
+%% }

 
 

-}
-\end{algorithm}
+%% }
+%% \end{algorithm}

 
 

-~\\ 
-In this sequential algorithm, one CPU thread  executes all the steps. Let us look to the $3^{rd}$ step i.e. the execution of the iterative function, 2 sub-steps are needed. The first sub-step \textit{save}s the solution vector of the previous iteration, the second sub-step \textit{update}s or computes the new values of the roots vector.
-There exists two ways to execute the iterative function that we call a Jacobi one and a Gauss-Seidel one. With the Jacobi iteration, at iteration $k+1$ we need all the previous values $z^{(k)}_{i}$ to compute the new values $z^{(k+1)}_{i}$, that is :
+%% ~\\ 
+%% In this sequential algorithm, one CPU thread  executes all the steps. Let us look to the $3^{rd}$ step i.e. the execution of the iterative function, 2 sub-steps are needed. The first sub-step \textit{save}s the solution vector of the previous iteration, the second sub-step \textit{update}s or computes the new values of the roots vector.
+
+\subsection{Parallel implementation with CUDA }
+
+In order to implement the Ehrlich-Aberth method in CUDA, it is
+possible to use the Jacobi scheme or the Gauss Seidel one.  With the
+Jacobi iteration, at iteration $k+1$ we need all the previous values
+$z^{(k)}_{i}$ to compute the new values $z^{(k+1)}_{i}$, that is :

 
 \begin{equation}
 EAJ: z^{k+1}_{i}=\frac{p(z^{k}_{i})}{p'(z^{k}_{i})-p(z^{k}_{i})\sum^{n}_{j=1 j\neq i}\frac{1}{z^{k}_{i}-z^{k}_{j}}}, i=1,...,n.
 
 \begin{equation}
 EAJ: z^{k+1}_{i}=\frac{p(z^{k}_{i})}{p'(z^{k}_{i})-p(z^{k}_{i})\sum^{n}_{j=1 j\neq i}\frac{1}{z^{k}_{i}-z^{k}_{j}}}, i=1,...,n.


@@ -548,22 +555,22 @@ With the Gauss-Seidel iteration, we have:
 EAGS: z^{k+1}_{i}=\frac{p(z^{k}_{i})}{p'(z^{k}_{i})-p(z^{k}_{i})(\sum^{i-1}_{j=1}\frac{1}{z^{k}_{i}-z^{k+1}_{j}}+\sum^{n}_{j=i+1}\frac{1}{z^{k}_{i}-z^{k}_{j}})}, i=1,...,n.
 \end{equation}
 %%Here a finiched my revision %%
 EAGS: z^{k+1}_{i}=\frac{p(z^{k}_{i})}{p'(z^{k}_{i})-p(z^{k}_{i})(\sum^{i-1}_{j=1}\frac{1}{z^{k}_{i}-z^{k+1}_{j}}+\sum^{n}_{j=i+1}\frac{1}{z^{k}_{i}-z^{k}_{j}})}, i=1,...,n.
 \end{equation}
 %%Here a finiched my revision %%

-Using Equation.~\ref{eq:Aberth-H-GS} to update the vector solution
+Using Eq.~\ref{eq:Aberth-H-GS} to update the vector solution

 \textit{Z}, we expect the Gauss-Seidel iteration to converge more
 quickly because, just as any Jacobi algorithm (for solving linear systems of equations), it uses the most fresh computed roots $z^{k+1}_{i}$.
 
 \textit{Z}, we expect the Gauss-Seidel iteration to converge more
 quickly because, just as any Jacobi algorithm (for solving linear systems of equations), it uses the most fresh computed roots $z^{k+1}_{i}$.
 

-The $4^{th}$ step of the algorithm checks the convergence condition using Equation.~\ref{eq:Aberth-Conv-Cond}.
-Both steps 3 and 4 use 1 thread to compute all the $n$ roots on CPU, which is very harmful for performance in case of the large degree polynomials.
+%The $4^{th}$ step of the algorithm checks the convergence condition using Eq.~\ref{eq:Aberth-Conv-Cond}.
+%Both steps 3 and 4 use 1 thread to compute all the $n$ roots on CPU, which is very harmful for performance in case of the large degree polynomials.

 
 
 
 

-\subsection{Parallel implementation with CUDA }
-On the CPU,  both steps 3 and 4 contain the loop \verb=for= and a single thread executes all the instructions in the loop $n$ times. In this subsection, we explain how the GPU architecture can compute this loop and reduce the execution time.
-In the GPU, the scheduler assigns the execution of this loop to a
-group of threads organised as a grid of blocks with block containing a
-number of threads. All threads within a block are executed
-concurrently in parallel. The instructions run on the GPU are grouped
-in special function called kernels. With CUDA, a programmer must
-describe the kernel execution context:  the size of the Grid, the number of blocks and the number of threads per block.
+
+%On the CPU,  both steps 3 and 4 contain the loop \verb=for= and a single thread executes all the instructions in the loop $n$ times. In this subsection, we explain how the GPU architecture can compute this loop and reduce the execution time.
+%In the GPU, the scheduler assigns the execution of this loop to a
+%group of threads organised as a grid of blocks with block containing a
+%number of threads. All threads within a block are executed
+%concurrently in parallel. The instructions run on the GPU are grouped
+%in special function called kernels. With CUDA, a programmer must
+%describe the kernel execution context:  the size of the Grid, the number of blocks and the number of threads per block.

 
 %In CUDA programming, all the instructions of the  \verb=for= loop are executed by the GPU as a kernel. A kernel is a function written in CUDA and defined by the  \verb=__global__= qualifier added before a usual \verb=C= function, which instructs the compiler to generate appropriate code to pass it to the CUDA runtime in order to be executed on the GPU. 
 
 
 %In CUDA programming, all the instructions of the  \verb=for= loop are executed by the GPU as a kernel. A kernel is a function written in CUDA and defined by the  \verb=__global__= qualifier added before a usual \verb=C= function, which instructs the compiler to generate appropriate code to pass it to the CUDA runtime in order to be executed on the GPU. 
 


@@ -574,31 +581,34 @@ Algorithm~\ref{alg2-cuda} shows a sketch of the Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm using C
 %\LinesNumbered
 \caption{CUDA Algorithm to find roots with the Ehrlich-Aberth method}
 
 %\LinesNumbered
 \caption{CUDA Algorithm to find roots with the Ehrlich-Aberth method}
 

-\KwIn{$Z^{0}$ (Initial root's vector), $\varepsilon$ (error tolerance threshold), P(Polynomial to solve), $\Delta z_{max}$ (maximum value of stop condition)}
+\KwIn{$Z^{0}$ (Initial root's vector), $\varepsilon$ (error tolerance
+  threshold), P(Polynomial to solve), Pu (the derivative of P), $n$ (Polynomial's degrees),$\Delta z_{max}$ (maximum value of stop condition)}

 
 

-\KwOut {Z (The solution root's vector)}
+\KwOut {$Z$ (The solution root's vector), $ZPrec$ (the previous solution root's vector)}

 
 \BlankLine
 
 
 \BlankLine
 

-Initialization of the coefficients of the polynomial to solve\;
+Initialization of the of P\;
+Initialization of the of Pu\;

 Initialization of the solution vector $Z^{0}$\;
 Initialization of the solution vector $Z^{0}$\;

-Allocate and copy initial data to the GPU global memory\;
+Allocate and copy initial data to the GPU global memory ($d\_Z,d\_ZPrec,d\_P,d\_Pu$)\;

 k=0\;
 k=0\;

-\While {$\Delta z_{max}\succ \epsilon$}{
+\While {$\Delta z_{max} > \epsilon$}{

  Let $\Delta z_{max}=0$\;
  Let $\Delta z_{max}=0$\;

-$ kernel\_save(d\_Z^{k-1})$\;
+$ kernel\_save(d\_ZPrec,d\_Z)$\;

 k=k+1\;
 k=k+1\;

-$ kernel\_update(d\_Z^{k})$\;
-$kernel\_testConverge(\Delta z_{max},d\_Z^{k},d\_Z^{k-1})$\;
+$ kernel\_update(d\_Z,d\_P,d\_Pu)$\;
+$kernel\_testConverge(\Delta z_{max},d\_Z,d\_ZPrec)$\;

 
 }
 
 }

+Copy results from GPU memory to CPU memory\;

 \end{algorithm}
 ~\\ 
 
 \end{algorithm}
 ~\\ 
 

-After the initialisation step, all data of the root finding problem to be solved must be copied from the CPU memory to the GPU global memory, because the GPUs only access data already present in their memories. Next, all the data-parallel arithmetic operations inside the main loop \verb=(do ... while(...))= are executed as kernels by the GPU. The first kernel named \textit{save} in line 6 of Algorithm~\ref{alg2-cuda} consists in saving the vector of polynomial's root found at the previous time-step in GPU memory, in order to check the convergence of the roots after each iteration (line 8, Algorithm~\ref{alg2-cuda}).
+After the initialization step, all data of the root finding problem to be solved must be copied from the CPU memory to the GPU global memory, because the GPUs only access data already present in their memories. Next, all the data-parallel arithmetic operations inside the main loop \verb=(do ... while(...))= are executed as kernels by the GPU. The first kernel named \textit{save} in line 6 of Algorithm~\ref{alg2-cuda} consists in saving the vector of polynomial's root found at the previous time-step in GPU memory, in order to check the convergence of the roots after each iteration (line 8, Algorithm~\ref{alg2-cuda}).

 
 The second kernel executes the iterative function $H$ and updates
 
 The second kernel executes the iterative function $H$ and updates

-$z^{k}$, according to Algorithm~\ref{alg3-update}. We notice that the
+$d\_Z$, according to Algorithm~\ref{alg3-update}. We notice that the

 update kernel is called in two forms, separated with the value of
 \emph{R} which determines the radius beyond which we apply the
 exponential logarithm algorithm. 
 update kernel is called in two forms, separated with the value of
 \emph{R} which determines the radius beyond which we apply the
 exponential logarithm algorithm. 


@@ -608,14 +618,14 @@ exponential logarithm algorithm.
 %\LinesNumbered
 \caption{Kernel update}
 
 %\LinesNumbered
 \caption{Kernel update}
 

-\eIf{$(\left|Z^{(k)}\right|<= R)$}{
-$kernel\_update(d\_z^{k})$\;}
+\eIf{$(\left|d\_Z\right|<= R)$}{
+$kernel\_update((d\_Z,d\_P,d\_Pu)$\;}

 {
 {

-$kernel\_update\_ExpoLog(d\_z^{k})$\;
+$kernel\_update\_ExpoLog((d\_Z,d\_P,\_Pu))$\;

 }
 \end{algorithm}
 
 }
 \end{algorithm}
 

-The first form executes formula \ref{eq:SimplePolynome} if the modulus
+The first form executes formula the EA function Eq.~\ref{Eq:Hi} if the modulus

 of the current complex is less than the a certain value called the
 radius i.e. ($ |z^{k}_{i}|<= R$), else the kernel executes the EA.EL
 function Eq.~\ref{Log_H2}
 of the current complex is less than the a certain value called the
 radius i.e. ($ |z^{k}_{i}|<= R$), else the kernel executes the EA.EL
 function Eq.~\ref{Log_H2}


@@ -627,17 +637,18 @@ The last kernel checks the convergence of the roots after each update
 of $Z^{(k)}$, according to formula Eq.~\ref{eq:Aberth-Conv-Cond}. We used the functions of the CUBLAS Library (CUDA Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines) to implement this kernel. 
 
 The kernel terminates its computations when all the roots have
 of $Z^{(k)}$, according to formula Eq.~\ref{eq:Aberth-Conv-Cond}. We used the functions of the CUBLAS Library (CUDA Basic Linear Algebra Subroutines) to implement this kernel. 
 
 The kernel terminates its computations when all the roots have

-converged. Many important remarks should be noticed. First, as blocks
-of threads are scheduled automatically by the GPU, we have absolutely
-no control on the order of the blocks. Consequently, our algorithm is
-executed more or less in an asynchronous iterations way, where blocks
-of roots are updated in a non deterministic way. As the Durand-Kerner
-method has been proved to convergence with asynchronous iterations, we
-think it is similar with the Ehrlich-Aberth method, but we did not try
-to prove this in that paper. Another consequence of that, is that
-several executions of our algorithm with the same polynomials do no
-give necessarily the same result with the same number of iterations
-(even if the variation is not very significant).
+converged. It should be noticed that, as blocks of threads are
+scheduled automatically by the GPU, we have absolutely no control on
+the order of the blocks. Consequently, our algorithm is executed more
+or less in an asynchronous iteration model, where blocks of roots are
+updated in a non deterministic way. As the Durand-Kerner method has
+been proved to converge with asynchronous iterations, we think it is
+similar with the Ehrlich-Aberth method, but we did not try to prove
+this in that paper. Another consequence of that, is that several
+executions of our algorithm with the same polynomial do no give
+necessarily the same result (but roots have the same accuracy) and the
+same number of iterations (even if the variation is not very
+significant).

 
 
 
 
 
 


@@ -647,14 +658,14 @@ give necessarily the same result with the same number of iterations
 \section{Experimental study}
 \label{sec6}
 %\subsection{Definition of the used polynomials }
 \section{Experimental study}
 \label{sec6}
 %\subsection{Definition of the used polynomials }

-We study two categories of polynomials : the sparse polynomials and the full polynomials.
-\paragraph{A sparse polynomial}:is a polynomial for which only some coefficients are not null. We use in the following polynomial for which the roots are distributed on 2 distinct circles :
+We study two categories of polynomials: sparse polynomials and the full polynomials.\\
+{\it A sparse polynomial} is a polynomial for which only some
+coefficients are not null. In this paper, we consider sparse polynomials for which the roots are distributed on 2 distinct circles:

 \begin{equation}
        \forall \alpha_{1} \alpha_{2} \in C,\forall n_{1},n_{2} \in N^{*}; P(z)= (z^{n_{1}}-\alpha_{1})(z^{n_{2}}-\alpha_{2})
 \begin{equation}
        \forall \alpha_{1} \alpha_{2} \in C,\forall n_{1},n_{2} \in N^{*}; P(z)= (z^{n_{1}}-\alpha_{1})(z^{n_{2}}-\alpha_{2})

-\end{equation}
-
-
-\paragraph{A full polynomial}:is in contrast, a polynomial for which all the coefficients are not null. the second form used to obtain a full polynomial is:
+\end{equation}\noindent
+{\it A full polynomial} is, in contrast, a polynomial for which
+all the coefficients are not null. A full polynomial is defined by:

 %%\begin{equation}
        %%\forall \alpha_{i} \in C,\forall n_{i}\in N^{*}; P(z)= \sum^{n}_{i=1}(z^{n^{i}}.a_{i})
 %%\end{equation}
 %%\begin{equation}
        %%\forall \alpha_{i} \in C,\forall n_{i}\in N^{*}; P(z)= \sum^{n}_{i=1}(z^{n^{i}}.a_{i})
 %%\end{equation}


@@ -662,45 +673,56 @@ We study two categories of polynomials : the sparse polynomials and the full pol
 \begin{equation}
      {\Large \forall a_{i} \in C, i\in N;  p(x)=\sum^{n}_{i=0} a_{i}.x^{i}} 
 \end{equation}
 \begin{equation}
      {\Large \forall a_{i} \in C, i\in N;  p(x)=\sum^{n}_{i=0} a_{i}.x^{i}} 
 \end{equation}

-With this form, we can have until \textit{n} non zero terms whereas the sparse ones have just two non zero terms.
+%With this form, we can have until \textit{n} non zero terms whereas the sparse ones have just two non zero terms.

 
 %\subsection{The study condition} 
 
 %\subsection{The study condition} 

-The our experiences results concern two parameters which are
-the polynomial degree and the execution time of our program
-to converge on the solution. The polynomial degree allows us
-to validate that our algorithm is powerful with high degree
-polynomials. The execution time remains the
-element-key which justifies our work of parallelization.
-       For our tests we used a CPU Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU
-E5620@2.40GHz and a GPU K40 (with 6 Go of ram).
+%Two parameters are studied are
+%the polynomial degree and the execution time of our program
+%to converge on the solution. The polynomial degree allows us
+%to validate that our algorithm is powerful with high degree
+%polynomials. The execution time remains the
+%element-key which justifies our work of parallelization.
+For our tests, a CPU Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU
+E5620@2.40GHz and a GPU K40 (with 6 Go of ram) is used. 

 
 
 %\subsection{Comparative study}
 
 
 %\subsection{Comparative study}

-In this section, we discuss the performance Ehrlich-Aberth method  of root finding polynomials implemented on CPUs and on GPUs.
+%First, performances of the Ehrlich-Aberth method  of root finding polynomials
+%implemented on CPUs and on GPUs are studied.

 
 

-We performed a set of experiments on the sequential and the parallel algorithms, for both sparse and full polynomials and different sizes. We took into account the execution time, the  polynomial size and the number of threads per block performed by sum or each experiment on CPUs and on GPUs.
+We performed a set of experiments on the sequential and the parallel algorithms, for both sparse and full polynomials and different sizes. We took into account the execution times, the  polynomial size and the number of threads per block performed by sum or each experiment on CPUs and on GPUs.

 
 

-All experimental results obtained from the simulations are made in double precision data, for a convergence tolerance of the methods set to $10^{-7}$. Since we were more interested in the comparison of the performance behaviors of Ehrlich-Aberth and Durand-Kerner methods on CPUs versus on GPUs. The initialization values of the vector solution of the Ehrlich-Aberth method are given in section 2.2. 
-\subsection{The execution time in seconds of Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm on CPU OpenMP (1 core, 4 cores) vs. on a Tesla GPU}
+All experimental results obtained from the simulations are made in
+double precision data, the convergence threshold of the methods is set
+to $10^{-7}$.
+%Since we were more interested in the comparison of the
+%performance behaviors of Ehrlich-Aberth and Durand-Kerner methods on
+%CPUs versus on GPUs.
+The initialization values of the vector solution
+of the methods are given in Section~\ref{sec:vec_initialization}.

 
 

+\subsection{Comparison of execution times of the Ehrlich-Aberth method
+  on a CPU with OpenMP (1 core and 4 cores) vs. on a Tesla GPU}

 
 
 
 

-\begin{figure}[H]
+
+\begin{figure}[htbp]

 \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figures/openMP-GPU}
 \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figures/openMP-GPU}

-\caption{The execution time in seconds of Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm on CPU OpenMP (1 core, 4 cores) vs. on a Tesla GPU}
+\caption{Comparison of execution times  of the Ehrlich-Aberth method
+  on a CPU with OpenMP (1 core, 4 cores) and on a Tesla GPU}

 \label{fig:01}
 \end{figure}
 \label{fig:01}
 \end{figure}

-Figure 1 %%show a comparison of execution time between the parallel and sequential version of the Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm with sparse polynomial exceed 100000, 
-We report respectively the execution time of the Ehrlich-Aberth method implemented initially on one core of the Quad-Core Xeon E5620 CPU than on four cores of the same machine with \textit{OpenMP} platform and the execution time of the same method implemented on one Nvidia Tesla K40c GPU, with sparse polynomial degrees ranging from 100,000 to 1,000,000. We can see that the method implemented on the GPU are faster than those implemented on the CPU (4 cores). This is due to the GPU ability to compute the data-parallel functions faster than its CPU counterpart. However, the execution time for the CPU(4 cores) implementation exceed 5,000 s for 250,000 degrees polynomials, in counterpart  the GPU implementation for the same polynomials not reach 100 s, more than again, with an execution time under to 2500 s CPU (4 cores) implementation can resolve polynomials degrees of only 200,000, whereas GPU implementation can resolve polynomials more than 1,000,000 degrees. We can also notice that the GPU implementation are almost 47 faster then those implementation on the CPU(4 cores). However the CPU(4 cores) implementation are almost 4 faster then his implementation on CPU (1 core). Furthermore, we verify that the number of iterations and the convergence precision is the same for the both CPU and GPU implementation. %This reduction of time allows us to compute roots of polynomial of more important degree at the same time than with a CPU.
+%%Figure 1 %%show a comparison of execution time between the parallel and sequential version of the Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm with sparse polynomial exceed 100000, 
+In Figure~\ref{fig:01}, we report respectively the execution time of the Ehrlich-Aberth method implemented initially on one core of the Quad-Core Xeon E5620 CPU than on four cores of the same machine with \textit{OpenMP} platform and the execution time of the same method implemented on one Nvidia Tesla K40c GPU, with sparse polynomial degrees ranging from 100,000 to 1,000,000. We can see that the method implemented on the GPU are faster than those implemented on the CPU (4 cores). This is due to the GPU ability to compute the data-parallel functions faster than its CPU counterpart. However, the execution time for the CPU(4 cores) implementation exceed 5,000 s for 250,000 degrees polynomials, in counterpart  the GPU implementation for the same polynomials not reach 100 s, more than again, with an execution time under to 2,500 s CPU (4 cores) implementation can resolve polynomials degrees of only 200,000, whereas GPU implementation can resolve polynomials more than 1,000,000 degrees. We can also notice that the GPU implementation are almost 47 faster then those implementation on the CPU(4 cores). However the CPU(4 cores) implementation are almost 4 faster then his implementation on CPU (1 core). Furthermore, we verify that the number of iterations and the convergence precision is the same for the both CPU and GPU implementation. %This reduction of time allows us to compute roots of polynomial of more important degree at the same time than with a CPU.

  
  %We notice that the convergence precision is a round $10^{-7}$ for the both implementation on CPU and GPU. Consequently, we can conclude that Ehrlich-Aberth on GPU are faster and accurately then CPU implementation.
 
 \subsection{Influence of the number of threads on the execution times of different polynomials (sparse and full)}
 To optimize the performances of an algorithm on a GPU, it is necessary to maximize the use of cores GPU (maximize the number of threads executed in parallel) and to optimize the use of the various memoirs GPU. In fact, it is interesting to see the influence of the number of threads per block on the execution time of Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm. 
  
  %We notice that the convergence precision is a round $10^{-7}$ for the both implementation on CPU and GPU. Consequently, we can conclude that Ehrlich-Aberth on GPU are faster and accurately then CPU implementation.
 
 \subsection{Influence of the number of threads on the execution times of different polynomials (sparse and full)}
 To optimize the performances of an algorithm on a GPU, it is necessary to maximize the use of cores GPU (maximize the number of threads executed in parallel) and to optimize the use of the various memoirs GPU. In fact, it is interesting to see the influence of the number of threads per block on the execution time of Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm. 

-For that, we notice that the maximum number of threads per block for the Nvidia Tesla K40 GPU is 1024, so we varied the number of threads per block from 8 to 1024. We took into account the execution time for both sparse and full of 10 different polynomials of size 50000 and 10 different polynomials of size 500000 degrees.
+For that, we notice that the maximum number of threads per block for the Nvidia Tesla K40 GPU is 1024, so we varied the number of threads per block from 8 to 1024. We took into account the execution time for both sparse and full of 10 different polynomials of size 50,000 and 10 different polynomials of size 500,000 degrees.

 
 

-\begin{figure}[H]
+\begin{figure}[htbp]

 \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figures/influence_nb_threads}
 \caption{Influence of the number of threads on the execution times of different polynomials (sparse and full)}
 \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figures/influence_nb_threads}
 \caption{Influence of the number of threads on the execution times of different polynomials (sparse and full)}


@@ -712,7 +734,7 @@ The figure 2 show that, the best execution time for both sparse and full polynom
 \subsection{The impact of exp-log solution to compute very high degrees of  polynomial}
 
 In this experiment we report the performance of log.exp solution describe in ~\ref{sec2} to compute very high degrees polynomials.   
 \subsection{The impact of exp-log solution to compute very high degrees of  polynomial}
 
 In this experiment we report the performance of log.exp solution describe in ~\ref{sec2} to compute very high degrees polynomials.   

-\begin{figure}[H]
+\begin{figure}[htbp]

 \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figures/sparse_full_explog}
 \caption{The impact of exp-log solution to compute very high degrees of  polynomial.}
 \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figures/sparse_full_explog}
 \caption{The impact of exp-log solution to compute very high degrees of  polynomial.}


@@ -728,7 +750,7 @@ in fact, when the modulus of the roots are up than \textit{R} given in ~\ref{R},
 \subsection{A comparative study between Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm and Durand-kerner algorithm}
 In this part, we are interesting to compare the simultaneous methods, Ehrlich-Aberth and Durand-Kerner in parallel computer using GPU. We took into account the execution time, the number of iteration and the polynomial's size. for the both sparse and full polynomials.  
 
 \subsection{A comparative study between Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm and Durand-kerner algorithm}
 In this part, we are interesting to compare the simultaneous methods, Ehrlich-Aberth and Durand-Kerner in parallel computer using GPU. We took into account the execution time, the number of iteration and the polynomial's size. for the both sparse and full polynomials.  
 

-\begin{figure}[H]
+\begin{figure}[htbp]

 \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figures/EA_DK}
 \caption{The execution time of Ehrlich-Aberth versus Durand-Kerner algorithm on GPU}
 \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figures/EA_DK}
 \caption{The execution time of Ehrlich-Aberth versus Durand-Kerner algorithm on GPU}


@@ -737,7 +759,7 @@ In this part, we are interesting to compare the simultaneous methods, Ehrlich-Ab
 
 This figure show the execution time of the both algorithm EA and DK with sparse polynomial degrees ranging from 1000 to 1000000. We can see that the Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm are faster than Durand-Kerner algorithm, with an average of 25 times as fast. Then, when degrees of polynomial exceed 500000 the execution time with EA is of the order 100 whereas DK passes in the order 1000. %with double precision not exceed $10^{-5}$.
 
 
 This figure show the execution time of the both algorithm EA and DK with sparse polynomial degrees ranging from 1000 to 1000000. We can see that the Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm are faster than Durand-Kerner algorithm, with an average of 25 times as fast. Then, when degrees of polynomial exceed 500000 the execution time with EA is of the order 100 whereas DK passes in the order 1000. %with double precision not exceed $10^{-5}$.
 

-\begin{figure}[H]
+\begin{figure}[htbp]

 \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figures/EA_DK_nbr}
 \caption{The iteration number of Ehrlich-Aberth versus Durand-Kerner algorithm}
 \centering
   \includegraphics[width=0.8\textwidth]{figures/EA_DK_nbr}
 \caption{The iteration number of Ehrlich-Aberth versus Durand-Kerner algorithm}


@@ -746,6 +768,7 @@ This figure show the execution time of the both algorithm EA and DK with sparse
 
 This figure show the evaluation of the number of iteration according to degree of polynomial from both EA and DK algorithms, we can see that the iteration number of DK is of order 100 while EA is of order 10. Indeed the computing of derivative of P (the polynomial to resolve) in the iterative function(Eq.~\ref{Eq:Hi}) executed by EA, offers him a possibility to converge more quickly. In counterpart the DK operator(Eq.~\ref{DK}) need low operation, consequently low execution time per iteration,but it need lot of iteration to converge.
 
 
 This figure show the evaluation of the number of iteration according to degree of polynomial from both EA and DK algorithms, we can see that the iteration number of DK is of order 100 while EA is of order 10. Indeed the computing of derivative of P (the polynomial to resolve) in the iterative function(Eq.~\ref{Eq:Hi}) executed by EA, offers him a possibility to converge more quickly. In counterpart the DK operator(Eq.~\ref{DK}) need low operation, consequently low execution time per iteration,but it need lot of iteration to converge.
 

+

  \section{Conclusion and perspective}
 \label{sec7}
 In this paper we have presented the parallel implementation Ehrlich-Aberth method on GPU and on CPU (openMP) for the problem of finding roots polynomial. Moreover, we have improved the classical Ehrlich-Aberth method witch suffer of overflow problems, the exp.log solution applying to the iterative function to resolve high degree polynomial.
  \section{Conclusion and perspective}
 \label{sec7}
 In this paper we have presented the parallel implementation Ehrlich-Aberth method on GPU and on CPU (openMP) for the problem of finding roots polynomial. Moreover, we have improved the classical Ehrlich-Aberth method witch suffer of overflow problems, the exp.log solution applying to the iterative function to resolve high degree polynomial.