X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/kahina_paper2.git/blobdiff_plain/53e4e1ca95c2a0805ab15a71eb47157aeb187aed..b12ffe1a9023dfb1e6ae7647f1c84002f4bd0da6:/paper.tex

diff --git a/paper.tex b/paper.tex
index d1ead14..69d42ae 100644
--- a/paper.tex
+++ b/paper.tex
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@
 
 % *** SPECIALIZED LIST PACKAGES ***
 %
-\usepackage{algorithmic}
+
 % algorithmic.sty was written by Peter Williams and Rogerio Brito.
 % This package provides an algorithmic environment fo describing algorithms.
 % You can use the algorithmic environment in-text or within a figure
@@ -409,10 +409,11 @@ using different parallel paradigms: OpenMP or MPI. The experiments
 show a quasi-linear speedup by using up-to 4 GPU devices compared to 1
 GPU to find roots of polynomials of degree up-to 1.4
 million. Moreover, other experiments show it is possible to find roots
-of polynomials of degree up to 5 millions.
+of polynomials of degree up-to 5 millions.
 \end{abstract}
 
 % no keywords
+\LZK{Faut pas mettre des keywords?}
 
 
 
@@ -441,7 +442,7 @@ of polynomials of degree up to 5 millions.
 
 Finding roots of polynomials of very high degrees arises in many complex problems in various domains such as algebra, biology or physics. A polynomial $p(x)$ in $\mathbb{C}$ in one variable $x$ is an algebraic expression in $x$ of the form:
 \begin{equation}
-p(x) = \displaystyle\sum^n_{i=0}{a_ix^i},a_n\neq 0. 
+p(x) = \displaystyle\sum^n_{i=0}{a_ix^i},a_n\neq 0, 
 \end{equation}
 where $\{a_i\}_{0\leq i\leq n}$ are complex coefficients and $n$ is a high integer number. If $a_n\neq0$ then $n$ is called the degree of the polynomial. The root-finding problem consists in finding the $n$ different values of the unknown variable $x$ for which $p(x)=0$. Such values are called roots of $p(x)$. Let $\{z_i\}_{1\leq i\leq n}$ be the roots of polynomial $p(x)$, then $p(x)$ can be written as :
 \begin{equation}
@@ -491,11 +492,11 @@ of parallelization for a shared memory architecture with OpenMP and
 for a distributed memory one with MPI. They are able to compute the
 roots of sparse polynomials of degree 10,000 in 116 seconds with
 OpenMP and 135 seconds with MPI only by using 8 personal computers and
-2 communications per iteration. \RC{si on donne des temps faut donner
-  le proc, comme c'est vieux Ã  mon avis faut supprimer ca, votre avis?} The authors showed an interesting
+2 communications per iteration. The authors showed an interesting
 speedup comparing to the sequential implementation which takes up-to
 3,300 seconds to obtain same results. 
-\LZK{``only by using 8 personal computers and 2 communications per iteration''. Pour MPI? et Pour OpenMP: Rep: c'est MPI seulement}
+\RC{si on donne des temps faut donner le proc, comme c'est vieux Ã  mon avis faut supprimer ca, votre avis?} 
+\LZK{Supprimons ces dÃ©tails et mettons une rÃ©fÃ©rence s'il y en a une}
 
 Very few work had been performed since then until the appearing of the Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA)~\cite{CUDA15}, a parallel computing platform and a programming model invented by NVIDIA. The computing power of GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) has exceeded that of traditional processors CPUs. However, CUDA adopts a totally new computing architecture to use the hardware resources provided by the GPU in order to offer a stronger computing ability to the massive data computing. Ghidouche et al.~\cite{Kahinall14} proposed an implementation of the Durand-Kerner method on a single GPU. Their main results showed that a parallel CUDA implementation is about 10 times faster than the sequential implementation on a single CPU for sparse polynomials of degree 48,000.
 
@@ -503,19 +504,22 @@ Very few work had been performed since then until the appearing of the Compute U
 %\LZK{Cette partie est rÃ©Ã©crite. \\ Sinon qu'est ce qui a Ã©tÃ© fait pour l'accuracy dans ce papier (Finding polynomial roots rapidly and accurately is the main objective of our work.)?}
 %\LZK{Les contributions ne sont pas dÃ©finies !!}
 
-In this paper we propose the parallelization of Ehrlich-Aberth method using two parallel programming paradigms OpenMP and MPI on CUDA multi-GPU platforms. Our CUDA/MPI and CUDA/OpenMP codes are the first implementations of Ehrlich-Aberth method with multiple GPUs for finding roots of polynomials. Our major contributions include:
-\LZK{Pourquoi la mÃ©thode Ehrlich-Aberth et pas autres? the Ehrlich-Aberth have very good convergence  and it is suitable to be implemented in parallel computers.}
+%In this paper we propose the parallelization of Ehrlich-Aberth method using two parallel programming paradigms OpenMP and MPI on CUDA multi-GPU platforms. Our CUDA-MPI and CUDA-OpenMP codes are the first implementations of Ehrlich-Aberth method with multiple GPUs for finding roots of polynomials. Our major contributions include:
+%\LZK{Pourquoi la mÃ©thode Ehrlich-Aberth et pas autres? the Ehrlich-Aberth have very good convergence  and it is suitable to be implemented in parallel computers.}
+In this paper we propose the parallelization of Ehrlich-Aberth method which has a good convergence and it is suitable to be implemented in parallel computers. We use two parallel programming paradigms OpenMP and MPI on CUDA multi-GPU platforms. Our CUDA-MPI and CUDA-OpenMP codes are the first implementations of Ehrlich-Aberth method with multiple GPUs for finding roots of polynomials. Our major contributions include:
+\LZK{J'ai ajoutÃ© une phrase pour justifier notre choix de la mÃ©thode Ehrlich-Aberth. A revÃ©rifier.}
  \begin{itemize}
- \item An improvements for the Ehrlich-Aberth method using the exponential logarithm in order to be able to solve sparse and full polynomial of degree up to 1, 000, 000.\RC{j'ai envie de virer ca, car c'est pas la nouveautÃ© dans ce papier}
- \item A parallel implementation of Ehrlich-Aberth method on single GPU with CUDA.\RC{idem}
+ %\item An improvements for the Ehrlich-Aberth method using the exponential logarithm in order to be able to solve sparse and full polynomial of degree up to 1, 000, 000.\RC{j'ai envie de virer ca, car c'est pas la nouveautÃ© dans ce papier}
+ %\item A parallel implementation of Ehrlich-Aberth method on single GPU with CUDA.\RC{idem}
 \item The parallel implementation of Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm on a multi-GPU platform with a shared memory using OpenMP API. It is based on threads created from the same system process, such that each thread is attached to one GPU. In this case the communications between GPUs are done by OpenMP threads through shared memory.
-\item The parallel implementation of Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm on a multi-GPU platform with a distributed memory using MPI API, such that each GPU is attached and managed by a MPI process. The GPUs exchange their data by message-passing communications. This latter approach is more used on clusters to solve very complex problems that are too large for traditional supercomputers, which are very expensive to build and run.
+\item The parallel implementation of Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm on a multi-GPU platform with a distributed memory using MPI API, such that each GPU is attached and managed by a MPI process. The GPUs exchange their data by message-passing communications. 
  \end{itemize}
-\LZK{Pas d'autres contributions possibles?: j'ai rajoutÃ© 2}
+This latter approach is more used on clusters to solve very complex problems that are too large for traditional supercomputers, which are very expensive to build and run.
+\LZK{Pas d'autres contributions possibles? J'ai supprimÃ© les deux premiers points proposÃ©s prÃ©cÃ©demment.}
 
 %This paper is organized as follows. In Section~\ref{sec2} we recall the Ehrlich-Aberth method. In section~\ref{sec3} we present EA algorithm on single GPU. In section~\ref{sec4} we propose the EA algorithm implementation on Multi-GPU for (OpenMP-CUDA) approach and (MPI-CUDA) approach. In sectionÃ©\ref{sec5} we present our experiments and discus it. Finally, Section~\ref{sec6} concludes this paper and gives some hints for future research directions in this topic.}
 
-The paper is organized as follows. In Section~\ref{sec2} we present three different parallel programming models OpenMP, MPI and CUDA. In Section~\ref{sec3} we present the implementation of the Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm on a single GPU. In Section~\ref{sec4} we present the parallel implementations of the Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm on Multi-GPU using the OpenMP and MPI approaches. In section\ref{sec5} we present our experiments and discus it. Finally, Section~\ref{sec6} concludes this paper and gives some hints for future research directions in this topic. 
+The paper is organized as follows. In Section~\ref{sec2} we present three different parallel programming models OpenMP, MPI and CUDA. In Section~\ref{sec3} we present the implementation of the Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm on a single GPU. In Section~\ref{sec4} we present the parallel implementations of the Ehrlich-Aberth algorithm on multiple GPUs using the OpenMP and MPI approaches. In section~\ref{sec5} we present our experiments and discuss them. Finally, Section~\ref{sec6} concludes this paper and gives some hints for future research directions in this topic. 
 %\LZK{A revoir toute cette organization: je viens de la revoir}
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
@@ -655,11 +659,11 @@ CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture) is a parallel computing architecture
 The Ehrlich-Aberth method is a simultaneous method~\cite{Aberth73} using the following iteration
 \begin{equation}
 \label{Eq:EA1}
-EA: z^{k+1}_{i}=z_{i}^{k}-\frac{\frac{p(z_{i}^{k})}{p'(z_{i}^{k})}}
-{1-\frac{p(z_{i}^{k})}{p'(z_{i}^{k})}\sum_{j=1,j\neq i}^{j=n}{\frac{1}{(z_{i}^{k}-z_{j}^{k})}}}, i=1,. . . .,n
+z^{k+1}_{i}=z_{i}^{k}-\frac{\frac{p(z_{i}^{k})}{p'(z_{i}^{k})}}
+{1-\frac{p(z_{i}^{k})}{p'(z_{i}^{k})}\sum_{j=1,j\neq i}^{j=n}{\frac{1}{(z_{i}^{k}-z_{j}^{k})}}}, i=1,\ldots,n
 \end{equation}
 
-This methods contains 4 steps. The first step consists of the initial
+This method contains 4 steps. The first step consists of the initial
 approximations of all the roots of the polynomial. The second step
 initializes the solution vector $Z$ using the Guggenheimer
 method~\cite{Gugg86} to ensure the distinction of the initial vector
@@ -772,10 +776,10 @@ CUDA running threads like threads on a CPU host. In the following
 paragraph Algorithm~\ref{alg1-cuda} shows the GPU parallel
 implementation of Ehrlich-Aberth method.
 
-\begin{enumerate}
 \begin{algorithm}[htpb]
 \label{alg1-cuda}
-%\LinesNumbered
+\LinesNumbered
+\SetAlgoNoLine
 \caption{CUDA Algorithm to find roots with the Ehrlich-Aberth method}
 
 \KwIn{$Z^{0}$ (Initial root's vector), $\varepsilon$ (Error tolerance
@@ -785,27 +789,19 @@ implementation of Ehrlich-Aberth method.
 
 %\BlankLine
 
-\item Initialization of P\;
-\item Initialization of Pu\;
-\item Initialization of the solution vector $Z^{0}$\;
-\item Allocate and copy initial data to the GPU global memory\;
-\item k=0\;
-\item \While {$\Delta z_{max} > \epsilon$}{
-\item   Let $\Delta z_{max}=0$\;
-\item   $ kernel\_save(ZPrec,Z)$\;
-\item   k=k+1\;
-\item   $ kernel\_update(Z,P,Pu)$\;
-\item $kernel\_testConverge(\Delta z_{max},Z,ZPrec)$\;
+Initialization of P\;
+Initialization of Pu\;
+Initialization of the solution vector $Z^{0}$\;
+Allocate and copy initial data to the GPU global memory\;
+\While {$\Delta z_{max} > \epsilon$}{
+   $ kernel\_save(ZPrec,Z)$\;
+   $ kernel\_update(Z,P,Pu)$\;
+ $\Delta z_{max}=kernel\_testConverge(Z,ZPrec)$\;
 
 }
-\item Copy results from GPU memory to CPU memory\;
+Copy results from GPU memory to CPU memory\;
 \end{algorithm}
-\end{enumerate}
-~\\ 
 
-\RC{Au final, on laisse ce code, on l'explique, si c'est kahina qui
-  rajoute l'explication, il faut absolument ajouter \KG{dfsdfsd}, car
-  l'anglais sera Ã  relire et je ne veux pas tout relire... }
  
 \section{The EA algorithm on Multiple GPUs}
 \label{sec4}
@@ -862,43 +858,40 @@ shared memory arrays containing all the roots.
 %% roots sufficiently converge.
 
 
-%% \begin{enumerate}
-%% \begin{algorithm}[htpb]
-%% \label{alg2-cuda-openmp}
-%% %\LinesNumbered
-%% \caption{CUDA-OpenMP Algorithm to find roots with the Ehrlich-Aberth method}
-
-%% \KwIn{$Z^{0}$ (Initial root's vector), $\varepsilon$ (Error tolerance
-%%   threshold), P (Polynomial to solve), Pu (Derivative of P), $n$ (Polynomial degree), $\Delta z$ ( Vector of errors for stop condition), $num_gpus$ (number of OpenMP threads/ Number of GPUs), $Size$ (number of roots)}
-
-%% \KwOut {$Z$ ( Root's vector), $ZPrec$ (Previous root's vector)}
-
-%% \BlankLine
+\begin{algorithm}[htpb]
+\label{alg2-cuda-openmp}
+\LinesNumbered
+\SetAlgoNoLine
+\caption{CUDA-OpenMP Algorithm to find roots with the Ehrlich-Aberth method}
 
-%% \item Initialization of P\;
-%% \item Initialization of Pu\;
-%% \item Initialization of the solution vector $Z^{0}$\;
-%% \verb=omp_set_num_threads(num_gpus);=
-%% \verb=#pragma omp parallel shared(Z,$\Delta$ z,P);=
-%% \verb=cudaGetDevice(gpu_id);=
-%% \item Allocate and copy initial data from CPU memory to the GPU global memories\;
-%% \item index= $Size/num\_gpus$\;
-%% \item k=0\;
-%% \While {$error > \epsilon$}{
-%% \item Let $\Delta z=0$\;
-%% \item $ kernel\_save(ZPrec,Z)$\;
-%% \item  k=k+1\;
-%% \item $ kernel\_update(Z,P,Pu,index)$\;
-%% \item $kernel\_testConverge(\Delta z[gpu\_id],Z,ZPrec)$\;
-%% %\verb=#pragma omp barrier;=
-%% \item error= Max($\Delta z$)\;
-%% }
+\KwIn{$Z^{0}$ (Initial root's vector), $\varepsilon$ (Error tolerance
+  threshold), P (Polynomial to solve), Pu (Derivative of P), $n$ (Polynomial degree), $\Delta z$ ( Vector of errors for stop condition), $num\_gpus$ (number of OpenMP threads/ Number of GPUs), $Size$ (number of roots)}
+
+\KwOut {$Z$ ( Root's vector), $ZPrec$ (Previous root's vector)}
+
+\BlankLine
+
+Initialization of P\;
+Initialization of Pu\;
+Initialization of the solution vector $Z^{0}$\;
+omp\_set\_num\_threads(num\_gpus)\;
+\#pragma omp parallel shared(Z,$\Delta$ z,P)\;
+\Indp
+{
+gpu\_id=cudaGetDevice()\;
+Allocate memory on GPU\;
+Compute local size and offet according to gpu\_id\;
+\While {$error > \epsilon$}{
+  copy Z from CPU to GPU\;
+$ ZPrec_{loc}=kernel\_save(Z_{loc})$\;
+$ Z_{loc}=kernel\_update(Z,P,Pu)$\;
+$\Delta z[gpu\_id] = kernel\_testConv(Z_{loc},ZPrec_{loc})$\;
+$  error= Max(\Delta z)$\;
+  copy $Z_{loc}$ from GPU to Z in CPU
+}
+\Indm}
+\end{algorithm}
 
-%% \item Copy results from GPU memories to CPU memory\;
-%% \end{algorithm}
-%% \end{enumerate}
-%% ~\\ 
-%% \RC{C'est encore pire ici, on ne voit pas les comm CPU <-> GPU }
 
 
 \subsection{Multi-GPU : an MPI-CUDA approach}
@@ -1110,11 +1103,12 @@ sparse and full polynomials ranging from 1,000,000 to 5,000,000.
 \label{fig:09}
 \end{figure}
 In Figure~\ref{fig:09} we can see that both approaches are scalable
-and can solve very high degree polynomials. With full polynomial both
-approaches give very similar results. However, for sparse polynomials
-there are a noticeable difference in favour of MPI when the degree is
-above 4 millions. Between 1  and 3 millions, OpenMP is more effecient.
-Under 1 million, OpenMPI and MPI are almost equivalent.
+and can solve very high degree polynomials. In addition, with full polynomial as well as sparse ones, both
+approaches give very similar results.
+
+%SIDER JE viens de virer \c ca For sparse polynomials here are a noticeable difference in favour of MPI when the degree is
+%above 4 millions. Between 1  and 3 millions, OpenMP is more effecient.
+%Under 1 million, OpenMPI and MPI are almost equivalent.
 
 %SIDER : il faut une explication sur les diffÃ©rences ici aussi.
  
