X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/loba-papers.git/blobdiff_plain/6a2c40b9574f7d9550ccfff4a3def72d19c59f7c..50178272468b88cae817c0950ad973d3b8dbca74:/loba-besteffort/loba-besteffort.tex?ds=sidebyside

diff --git a/loba-besteffort/loba-besteffort.tex b/loba-besteffort/loba-besteffort.tex
index fd62857..2d0f414 100644
--- a/loba-besteffort/loba-besteffort.tex
+++ b/loba-besteffort/loba-besteffort.tex
@@ -1,72 +1,87 @@
-\documentclass[smallextended]{svjour3}
+\documentclass[preprint]{elsarticle}
+
 \usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
 \usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
-\usepackage{mathptmx}
+
+%\usepackage{newtxtext}
+%\usepackage[cmintegrals]{newtxmath}
+\usepackage{mathptmx,helvet,courier}
+
 \usepackage{amsmath}
-\usepackage{courier}
 \usepackage{graphicx}
 \usepackage{url}
 \usepackage[ruled,lined]{algorithm2e}
 
-\newcommand{\abs}[1]{\lvert#1\rvert} % \abs{x} -> |x|
-
-\newenvironment{algodata}{%
-  \begin{tabular}[t]{@{}l@{:~}l@{}}}{%
-  \end{tabular}}
-
+%%% Remove this before submission
 \newcommand{\FIXMEmargin}[1]{%
   \marginpar{\textbf{[FIXME]} {\footnotesize #1}}}
 \newcommand{\FIXME}[2][]{%
   \ifx #2\relax\relax \FIXMEmargin{#1}%
   \else \textbf{$\triangleright$\FIXMEmargin{#1}~#2}\fi}
 
+\newcommand{\abs}[1]{\lvert#1\rvert} % \abs{x} -> |x|
+
+\newenvironment{algodata}{%
+  \begin{tabular}[t]{@{}l@{:~}l@{}}}{%
+  \end{tabular}}
+
 \newcommand{\VAR}[1]{\textit{#1}}
 
-\begin{document}
+\newcommand{\besteffort}{\emph{best effort}}
+\newcommand{\makhoul}{\emph{Makhoul}}
 
-\title{Best effort strategy and virtual load
-  for asynchronous iterative load balancing}
+\begin{document}
 
-\author{Raphaël Couturier \and
-        Arnaud Giersch
-}
+\begin{frontmatter}
 
-\institute{R. Couturier \and A. Giersch \at
-              FEMTO-ST, University of Franche-Comté, Belfort, France \\
-              % Tel.: +123-45-678910\\
-              % Fax: +123-45-678910\\
-              \email{%
-                raphael.couturier@femto-st.fr,
-                arnaud.giersch@femto-st.fr}
-}
+\journal{Parallel Computing}
 
-\maketitle
+\title{Best effort strategy and virtual load for\\
+  asynchronous iterative load balancing}
 
+\author{Raphaël Couturier}
+\ead{raphael.couturier@femto-st.fr}
 
-\begin{abstract}
+\author{Arnaud Giersch\corref{cor}}
+\ead{arnaud.giersch@femto-st.fr}
 
-Most of the  time, asynchronous load balancing algorithms  have extensively been
-studied in a theoretical point  of view. The Bertsekas and Tsitsiklis'
-algorithm~\cite[section~7.4]{bertsekas+tsitsiklis.1997.parallel}
-is certainly  the most well known  algorithm for which the  convergence proof is
-given. From a  practical point of view, when  a node wants to balance  a part of
-its  load to some  of its  neighbors, the  strategy is  not described.   In this
-paper, we propose a strategy  called \emph{best effort} which tries to balance
-the load of a node to all  its less loaded neighbors while ensuring that all the
-nodes  concerned by  the load  balancing  phase have  the same  amount of  load.
-Moreover,  asynchronous  iterative  algorithms  in which  an  asynchronous  load
-balancing  algorithm is  implemented most  of the  time can  dissociate messages
-concerning load transfers and message  concerning load information.  In order to
-increase  the  converge of  a  load balancing  algorithm,  we  propose a  simple
-heuristic called \emph{virtual load} which allows a node that receives a load
-information message  to integrate the  load that it  will receive later  in its
-load (virtually) and consequently sends a (real) part of its load to some of its
-neighbors.  In order to  validate our  approaches, we  have defined  a simulator
-based on SimGrid which allowed us to conduct many experiments.
+\address{%
+  Institut FEMTO-ST (UMR 6174),
+  Université de Franche-Comté (UFC),
+  Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS),
+  École Nationale Supérieure de Mécanique et des Microtechniques (ENSMM),
+  Université de Technologie de Belfort Montbéliard (UTBM)\\
+  19 avenue du Maréchal Juin, BP 527, 90016 Belfort cedex, France}
 
+\cortext[cor]{Corresponding author.}
 
+\begin{abstract}
+  Most of the time, asynchronous load balancing algorithms have extensively been
+  studied in a theoretical point of view. The Bertsekas and Tsitsiklis'
+  algorithm~\cite[section~7.4]{bertsekas+tsitsiklis.1997.parallel} is certainly
+  the most well known algorithm for which the convergence proof is given. From a
+  practical point of view, when a node wants to balance a part of its load to
+  some of its neighbors, the strategy is not described.  In this paper, we
+  propose a strategy called \besteffort{} which tries to balance the load
+  of a node to all its less loaded neighbors while ensuring that all the nodes
+  concerned by the load balancing phase have the same amount of load.  Moreover,
+  asynchronous iterative algorithms in which an asynchronous load balancing
+  algorithm is implemented most of the time can dissociate messages concerning
+  load transfers and message concerning load information.  In order to increase
+  the converge of a load balancing algorithm, we propose a simple heuristic
+  called \emph{virtual load} which allows a node that receives a load
+  information message to integrate the load that it will receive later in its
+  load (virtually) and consequently sends a (real) part of its load to some of
+  its neighbors.  In order to validate our approaches, we have defined a
+  simulator based on SimGrid which allowed us to conduct many experiments.
 \end{abstract}
 
+% \begin{keywords}
+%   %% keywords here, in the form: keyword \sep keyword
+% \end{keywords}
+
+\end{frontmatter}
+
 \section{Introduction}
 
 Load  balancing algorithms  are  extensively used  in  parallel and  distributed
@@ -94,7 +109,7 @@ Although  the Bertsekas  and Tsitsiklis'  algorithm describes  the  condition to
 ensure the convergence,  there is no indication or  strategy to really implement
 the load distribution. In other word, a node  can send a part of its load to one
 or   many  of   its  neighbors   while  all   the  convergence   conditions  are
-followed. Consequently,  we propose a  new strategy called  \emph{best effort}
+followed. Consequently,  we propose a  new strategy called  \besteffort{}
 that tries to balance the load of  a node to all its less loaded neighbors while
 ensuring that all the nodes concerned  by the load balancing phase have the same
 amount of  load.  Moreover, when real asynchronous  applications are considered,
@@ -124,20 +139,21 @@ order  to send a  message, a  latency delays  the sending  and according  to the
 network  performance and  the message  size, the  time of  the reception  of the
 message also varies.
 
-In the following of this paper, Section~\ref{BT algo} describes the Bertsekas
-and Tsitsiklis' asynchronous load balancing algorithm. Moreover, we present a
-possible problem in the convergence conditions.  Section~\ref{Best-effort}
-presents the best effort strategy which provides an efficient way to reduce the
-execution times.  This strategy will be compared with other ones, presented in
-Section~\ref{Other}.  In Section~\ref{Virtual load}, the virtual load mechanism
-is proposed.  Simulations allowed to show that both our approaches are valid
-using a quite realistic model detailed in Section~\ref{Simulations}.  Finally we
-give a conclusion and some perspectives to this work.
+In the following of this paper, Section~\ref{sec.bt-algo} describes the
+Bertsekas and Tsitsiklis' asynchronous load balancing algorithm. Moreover, we
+present a possible problem in the convergence conditions.
+Section~\ref{sec.besteffort} presents the best effort strategy which provides an
+efficient way to reduce the execution times.  This strategy will be compared
+with other ones, presented in Section~\ref{sec.other}.  In
+Section~\ref{sec.virtual-load}, the virtual load mechanism is proposed.
+Simulations allowed to show that both our approaches are valid using a quite
+realistic model detailed in Section~\ref{sec.simulations}.  Finally we give a
+conclusion and some perspectives to this work.
 
 
 
 \section{Bertsekas  and Tsitsiklis' asynchronous load balancing algorithm}
-\label{BT algo}
+\label{sec.bt-algo}
 
 In  order  prove  the  convergence  of  asynchronous  iterative  load  balancing
 Bertsekas         and        Tsitsiklis         proposed         a        model
@@ -160,7 +176,7 @@ amount of  load received by processor $j$  from processor $i$ at  time $t$. Then
 the amount of load of processor $i$ at time $t+1$ is given by:
 \begin{equation}
 x_i(t+1)=x_i(t)-\sum_{j\in V(i)} s_{ij}(t) + \sum_{j\in V(i)} r_{ji}(t)
-\label{eq:ping-pong}
+\label{eq.ping-pong}
 \end{equation}
 
 
@@ -183,9 +199,9 @@ x_2(t)=100   \\
 x_3(t)=99.99\\
  x_3^2(t)=99.99\\
 \end{eqnarray*}
-In this case, processor $2$ can  either sends load to processor $1$ or processor
-$3$.   If  it  sends  load  to  processor $1$  it  will  not  satisfy  condition
-(\ref{eq:ping-pong})  because  after the  sending  it  will  be less  loaded  that
+In this case, processor $2$ can either sends load to processor $1$ or processor
+$3$.  If it sends load to processor $1$ it will not satisfy condition
+(\ref{eq.ping-pong}) because after the sending it will be less loaded that
 $x_3^2(t)$.  So we consider that the \emph{ping-pong} condition is probably to
 strong. Currently, we did not try to make another convergence proof without this
 condition or with a weaker condition.
@@ -199,15 +215,15 @@ that they are sufficient to ensure the convergence of the load-balancing
 algorithm.
 
 \section{Best effort strategy}
-\label{Best-effort}
+\label{sec.besteffort}
 
 In this section we describe a new load-balancing strategy that we call
-\emph{best effort}.  First, we explain the general idea behind this strategy,
+\besteffort{}.  First, we explain the general idea behind this strategy,
 and then we describe some variants of this basic strategy.
 
 \subsection{Basic strategy}
 
-The general idea behind the \emph{best effort} strategy is that each processor,
+The general idea behind the \besteffort{} strategy is that each processor,
 that detects it has more load than some of its neighbors, sends some load to the
 most of its less loaded neighbors, doing its best to reach the equilibrium
 between those neighbors and himself.
@@ -271,17 +287,17 @@ potentially wrong decision has a lower impact.
 
 Concretely, once $s_{ij}$ has been evaluated as before, it is simply divided by
 some configurable factor.  That's what we named the ``parameter $k$'' in
-Section~\ref{Results}.  The amount of data to send is then $s_{ij}(t) = (\bar{x}
-- x^i_j(t))/k$.
-\FIXME[check that it's still named $k$ in Sec.~\ref{Results}]{}
+Section~\ref{sec.results}.  The amount of data to send is then $s_{ij}(t) =
+(\bar{x} - x^i_j(t))/k$.
+\FIXME[check that it's still named $k$ in Sec.~\ref{sec.results}]{}
 
 \section{Other strategies}
-\label{Other}
+\label{sec.other}
 
 Another load balancing strategy, working under the same conditions, was
 previously developed by Bahi, Giersch, and Makhoul in
 \cite{bahi+giersch+makhoul.2008.scalable}.  In order to assess the performances
-of the new \emph{best effort}, we naturally chose to compare it to this anterior
+of the new \besteffort{}, we naturally chose to compare it to this anterior
 work.  More precisely, we will use the algorithm~2 from
 \cite{bahi+giersch+makhoul.2008.scalable} and, in the following, we will
 reference it under the name of Makhoul's.
@@ -297,9 +313,9 @@ neighbor.
 
 
 \section{Virtual load}
-\label{Virtual load}
+\label{sec.virtual-load}
 
-In this section,  we present the concept of \texttt{virtual  load}.  In order to
+In this section,  we present the concept of \emph{virtual load}.  In order to
 use this concept, load balancing messages must be sent using two different kinds
 of  messages:  load information  messages  and  load  balancing messages.   More
 precisely, a node  wanting to send a part  of its load to one  of its neighbors,
@@ -309,7 +325,7 @@ Load information  message are really  short, consequently they will  be received
 very quickly.  In opposition, load  balancing messages are often bigger and thus
 require more time to be transferred.
 
-The  concept  of  \texttt{virtual load}  allows  a  node  that received  a  load
+The  concept  of  \emph{virtual load}  allows  a  node  that received  a  load
 information message to integrate the load that it will receive later in its load
 (virtually)  and consequently send  a (real)  part of  its load  to some  of its
 neighbors. In fact,  a node that receives a load  information message knows that
@@ -327,7 +343,7 @@ information of the load they will receive, so they can take in into account.
 \FIXME{describe integer mode}
 
 \section{Simulations}
-\label{Simulations}
+\label{sec.simulations}
 
 In order to test and validate our approaches, we wrote a simulator
 using the SimGrid
@@ -338,13 +354,12 @@ as the initial distribution of load, the interconnection topology, the
 characteristics of the running platform, etc.  Then several metrics
 are issued that permit to compare the strategies.
 
-The simulation model is detailed in the next section (\ref{Sim
-  model}), and the experimental contexts are described in
-section~\ref{Contexts}.  Then the results of the simulations are
-presented in section~\ref{Results}.
+The simulation model is detailed in the next section (\ref{sec.model}), and the
+experimental contexts are described in section~\ref{sec.exp-context}.  Then the
+results of the simulations are presented in section~\ref{sec.results}.
 
 \subsection{Simulation model}
-\label{Sim model}
+\label{sec.model}
 
 In the simulation model the processors exchange messages which are of
 two kinds.  First, there are \emph{control messages} which only carry
@@ -481,10 +496,11 @@ iteratively runs the following operations:
 \end{algorithm}
 
 \paragraph{}\FIXME{ajouter des détails sur la gestion de la charge virtuelle ?
-par ex, donner l'idée générale de l'implémentation.  l'idée générale est déja décrite en section~\ref{Virtual load}}
+  par ex, donner l'idée générale de l'implémentation.  l'idée générale est déja
+  décrite en section~\ref{sec.virtual-load}}
 
 \subsection{Experimental contexts}
-\label{Contexts}
+\label{sec.exp-context}
 
 In order to assess the performances of our algorithms, we ran our
 simulator with various parameters, and extracted several metrics, that
@@ -493,7 +509,7 @@ we will describe in this section.
 \subsubsection{Load balancing strategies}
 
 Several load balancing strategies were compared.  We ran the experiments with
-the \emph{Best effort}, and with the \emph{Makhoul} strategies.  \emph{Best
+the \besteffort{}, and with the \makhoul{} strategies.  \emph{Best
   effort} was tested with parameter $k = 1$, $k = 2$, and $k = 4$.  Secondly,
 each strategy was run in its two variants: with, and without the management of
 \emph{virtual load}.  Finally, we tested each configuration with \emph{real},
@@ -501,7 +517,7 @@ and with \emph{integer} load.
 
 To summarize the different load balancing strategies, we have:
 \begin{description}
-\item[\textbf{strategies:}] \emph{Makhoul}, or \emph{Best effort} with $k\in
+\item[\textbf{strategies:}] \makhoul{}, or \besteffort{} with $k\in
   \{1,2,4\}$
 \item[\textbf{variants:}] with, or without virtual load
 \item[\textbf{domain:}] real load, or integer load
@@ -592,6 +608,7 @@ Anyway, all these the experiments represent more than 240 hours of computing
 time.
 
 \subsubsection{Metrics}
+\label{sec.metrics}
 
 In order to evaluate and compare the different load balancing strategies we had
 to define several metrics.  Our goal, when choosing these metrics, was to have
@@ -633,7 +650,7 @@ With these constraints in mind, we defined the following metrics:
 
 
 \subsection{Experimental results}
-\label{Results}
+\label{sec.results}
 
 In this section, the results for the different simulations will be presented,
 and we'll try to explain our observations.
@@ -650,7 +667,7 @@ Nevertheless their relative performances remain generally identical.
 This suggests that the relative performances of the different strategies are not
 influenced by the characteristics of the physical platform.  The differences in
 the convergence times can be explained by the fact that on the grid platforms,
-distant sites are interconnected by links of smaller bandwith.
+distant sites are interconnected by links of smaller bandwidth.
 
 Therefore, in the following, we'll only discuss the results for the grid
 platforms.
@@ -689,7 +706,7 @@ initially on an only node, while the results on figure~\ref{fig.resultsN} are
 when the load to balance is initially randomly distributed over all nodes.
 
 On both figures, the computation/communication cost ratio is $10/1$ on the left
-column, and $1/10$ on the right column.  With a computatio/communication cost
+column, and $1/10$ on the right column.  With a computation/communication cost
 ratio of $1/1$ the results are just between these two extrema, and definitely
 don't give additional information, so we chose not to show them here.
 
@@ -697,62 +714,84 @@ On each of the figures~\ref{fig.results1} and~\ref{fig.resultsN}, the results
 are given for the process topology being, from top to bottom, a line, a torus or
 an hypercube.
 
-\FIXME{explain how to read the graphs}
+Finally, on the graphs, the vertical bars show the measured times for each of
+the algorithms.  These measured times are, from bottom to top, the average idle
+time, the average convergence date, and the maximum convergence date (see
+Section~\ref{sec.metrics}).  The measurements are repeated for the different
+platform sizes.  Some bars are missing, specially for large platforms.  This is
+either because the algorithm did not reach the convergence state in the
+allocated time, or because we simply decided not to run it.
 
-each bar -> times for an algorithm
-recall the different times
-no bar -> not run or did not converge in allocated time
+\FIXME{annoncer le plan de la suite}
 
-repeated for the different platform sizes.
+\subsubsection{The \besteffort{} strategy with the load initially on only one
+  node}
 
-\FIXME{donner les premières conclusions, annoncer le plan de la suite}
+Before looking at the different variations, we'll first show that the plain
+\besteffort{} strategy is valuable, and may be as good as the \makhoul{}
+strategy.  On the graphs from the figure~\ref{fig.results1}, these strategies
+are respectively labeled ``b'' and ``a''.
 
-\subsubsection{With the virtual load extension}
+twice faster on lines
+almost equivalent on torus
+worse on hcubes
 
-\subsubsection{The $k$ parameter}
+-> interconnection
 
-\subsubsection{With an initial random repartition,  and larger platforms}
+plus c'est connecté, moins bon est BE car à vouloir trop bien équilibrer
+localement, le processeurs se perturbent mutuellement.  Du coup, makhoul qui
+équilibre moins bien localement est moins perturbé par ces interférences.
 
-\subsubsection{With integer load}
+\subsubsection{With the virtual load extension with the load initially on only
+  one node}
 
-\FIXME{what about the amount of data?}
+Dans ce cas légère amélioration de la cvg. max.  Temps moyen de cvg. amélioré,
+mais plus de temps passé en idle, surtout quand les comms coutent cher.
 
-\begin{itshape}
-\FIXME{remove that part}
-Dans cet ordre:
-...
-- comparer be/makhoul -> be tient la route
-        -> en réel uniquement
-- valider l'extension virtual load -> c'est 'achement bien
-- proposer le -k -> ça peut aider dans certains cas
-- conclure avec la version entière -> on n'a pas l'effet d'escalier !
-Q: comment inclure les types/tailles de platesformes ?
-Q: comment faire des moyennes ?
-Q: comment introduire les distrib 1/N ?
-...
+\subsubsection{The \besteffort{} strategy with an initial random load
+  distribution, and larger platforms}
 
-On constate quoi (vérifier avec les chiffres)?
-\begin{itemize}
-\item cluster ou grid, entier ou réel, ne font pas de grosses différences
+Mêmes conclusions pour line et hcube.
+Sur tore, BE se fait exploser quand les comms coutent cher.
 
-\item bookkeeping? améliore souvent les choses, parfois au prix d'un retard au démarrage
+\FIXME{virer les 1024 ?}
 
-\item makhoul? se fait battre sur les grosses plateformes
+\subsubsection{With the virtual load extension with an initial random load
+  distribution}
 
-\item taille de plateforme?
+Soit c'est équivalent, soit on gagne -> surtout quand les comms coutent cher et
+qu'il y a beaucoup de voisins.
 
-\item ratio comp/comm?
+\subsubsection{The $k$ parameter}
 
-\item option $k$? peut-être intéressant sur des plateformes fortement interconnectées (hypercube)
+Dans le cas où les comms coutent cher et ou BE se fait avoir, on peut ameliorer
+les perfs avec le param k.
 
-\item volume de comm? souvent, besteffort/plain en fait plus. pourquoi?
+\subsubsection{With integer load, 1 ou N}
 
-\item répartition initiale de la charge ?
+Cas normal, ligne -> converge pas (effet d'escalier).
+Avec vload, ça converge.
 
-\item integer mode sur topo. line n'a jamais fini en plain? vérifier si ce n'est
-  pas à cause de l'effet d'escalier que bk est capable de gommer.
+Dans les autres cas, résultats similaires au cas réel: redire que vload est
+intéressant.
 
-\end{itemize}
+\FIXME{virer la metrique volume de comms}
+
+\FIXME{ajouter une courbe ou on voit l'évolution de la charge en fonction du
+  temps : avec et sans vload}
+
+% \begin{itemize}
+% \item cluster ou grid, entier ou réel, ne font pas de grosses différences
+% \item bookkeeping? améliore souvent les choses, parfois au prix d'un retard au démarrage
+% \item makhoul? se fait battre sur les grosses plateformes
+% \item taille de plateforme?
+% \item ratio comp/comm?
+% \item option $k$? peut-être intéressant sur des plateformes fortement interconnectées (hypercube)
+% \item volume de comm? souvent, besteffort/plain en fait plus. pourquoi?
+% \item répartition initiale de la charge ?
+% \item integer mode sur topo. line n'a jamais fini en plain? vérifier si ce n'est
+%   pas à cause de l'effet d'escalier que bk est capable de gommer.
+% \end{itemize}}
 
 % On veut montrer quoi ? :
 
@@ -779,20 +818,19 @@ On constate quoi (vérifier avec les chiffres)?
 % Prendre un réseau hétérogène et rendre processeur homogène
 
 % Taille : 10 100 très gros
-\end{itshape}
 
 \section{Conclusion and perspectives}
 
 \FIXME{conclude!}
 
-\begin{acknowledgements}
-  Computations have been performed on the supercomputer facilities of
-  the Mésocentre de calcul de Franche-Comté.
-\end{acknowledgements}
+\section*{Acknowledgments}
 
-\FIXME{find and add more references}
-\bibliographystyle{spmpsci}
+Computations have been performed on the supercomputer facilities of the
+Mésocentre de calcul de Franche-Comté.
+
+\bibliographystyle{elsarticle-num}
 \bibliography{biblio}
+\FIXME{find and add more references}
 
 \end{document}
 
@@ -803,7 +841,8 @@ On constate quoi (vérifier avec les chiffres)?
 %%% ispell-local-dictionary: "american"
 %%% End:
 
-% LocalWords:  Raphaël Couturier Arnaud Giersch Abderrahmane Sider Franche ij
-% LocalWords:  Bertsekas Tsitsiklis SimGrid DASUD Comté Béjaïa asynchronism ji
-% LocalWords:  ik isend irecv Cortés et al chan ctrl fifo Makhoul GFlop xml pre
-% LocalWords:  FEMTO Makhoul's fca bdee cdde Contassot Vivier underlaid
+% LocalWords:  Raphaël Couturier Arnaud Giersch Franche ij Bertsekas Tsitsiklis
+% LocalWords:  SimGrid DASUD Comté asynchronism ji ik isend irecv Cortés et al
+% LocalWords:  chan ctrl fifo Makhoul GFlop xml pre FEMTO Makhoul's fca bdee
+% LocalWords:  cdde Contassot Vivier underlaid du de Maréchal Juin cedex calcul
+% LocalWords:  biblio