*a* homogeneous

[mpi-energy.git] / paper.tex

diff --git a/paper.tex b/paper.tex
index a7860cde56555bd9840f7476665629365571ae50..da3fb812cc81531afc8ff4ec5448488cf6fe2b94 100644 (file)
--- a/paper.tex
+++ b/paper.tex
@@ -23,6 +23,33 @@
 \newcommand{\JC}[2][inline]{%
   \todo[color=red!10,#1]{\sffamily\textbf{JC:} #2}\xspace}
 
 \newcommand{\JC}[2][inline]{%
   \todo[color=red!10,#1]{\sffamily\textbf{JC:} #2}\xspace}
 

+\newcommand{\Xsub}[2]{\ensuremath{#1_\textit{#2}}}
+
+\newcommand{\Dist}{\textit{Dist}}
+\newcommand{\Eind}{\Xsub{E}{ind}}
+\newcommand{\Enorm}{\Xsub{E}{Norm}}
+\newcommand{\Eoriginal}{\Xsub{E}{Original}}
+\newcommand{\Ereduced}{\Xsub{E}{Reduced}}
+\newcommand{\Fdiff}{\Xsub{F}{diff}}
+\newcommand{\Fmax}{\Xsub{F}{max}}
+\newcommand{\Fnew}{\Xsub{F}{new}}
+\newcommand{\Ileak}{\Xsub{I}{leak}}
+\newcommand{\Kdesign}{\Xsub{K}{design}}
+\newcommand{\MaxDist}{\textit{Max Dist}}
+\newcommand{\Ntrans}{\Xsub{N}{trans}}
+\newcommand{\Pdyn}{\Xsub{P}{dyn}}
+\newcommand{\PnormInv}{\Xsub{P}{NormInv}}
+\newcommand{\Pnorm}{\Xsub{P}{Norm}}
+\newcommand{\Pstates}{\Xsub{P}{states}}
+\newcommand{\Pstatic}{\Xsub{P}{static}}
+\newcommand{\Sopt}{\Xsub{S}{opt}}
+\newcommand{\Tcomp}{\Xsub{T}{comp}}
+\newcommand{\TmaxCommOld}{\Xsub{T}{Max Comm Old}}
+\newcommand{\TmaxCompOld}{\Xsub{T}{Max Comp Old}}
+\newcommand{\Tmax}{\Xsub{T}{max}}
+\newcommand{\Tnew}{\Xsub{T}{New}}
+\newcommand{\Told}{\Xsub{T}{Old}}
+

 \begin{document}
 
 \title{Dynamic Frequency Scaling for Energy Consumption
 \begin{document}
 
 \title{Dynamic Frequency Scaling for Energy Consumption


@@ -109,7 +136,7 @@ the MPI program to choose the scaling factor.  This algorithm has the ability to
 predict both energy consumption and execution time over all available scaling
 factors.  The prediction achieved depends on some computing time information,
 gathered at the beginning of the runtime.  We apply this algorithm to the NAS parallel benchmarks (NPB v3.3)~\cite{44}.  Our experiments are executed using the simulator
 predict both energy consumption and execution time over all available scaling
 factors.  The prediction achieved depends on some computing time information,
 gathered at the beginning of the runtime.  We apply this algorithm to the NAS parallel benchmarks (NPB v3.3)~\cite{44}.  Our experiments are executed using the simulator

-SimGrid/SMPI v3.10~\cite{Casanova:2008:SGF:1397760.1398183} over an homogeneous
+SimGrid/SMPI v3.10~\cite{Casanova:2008:SGF:1397760.1398183} over a homogeneous

 distributed memory architecture.  Furthermore, we compare the proposed algorithm
 with Rauber and Rünger methods~\cite{3}.  The comparison's results show that our
 algorithm gives better energy-time trade-off.
 distributed memory architecture.  Furthermore, we compare the proposed algorithm
 with Rauber and Rünger methods~\cite{3}.  The comparison's results show that our
 algorithm gives better energy-time trade-off.


@@ -201,33 +228,33 @@ our paper is to present a new online scaling factor selection method which has t
 %   paper in homogeneous clusters}
 
 
 %   paper in homogeneous clusters}
 
 

-\section{Energy model for homogeneous platform}
+\section{Energy model for a homogeneous platform}

 \label{sec.exe}
 Many researchers~\cite{9,3,15,26} divide the power consumed by a processor into
 two power metrics: the static and the dynamic power.  While the first one is
 consumed as long as the computing unit is on, the latter is only consumed during
 \label{sec.exe}
 Many researchers~\cite{9,3,15,26} divide the power consumed by a processor into
 two power metrics: the static and the dynamic power.  While the first one is
 consumed as long as the computing unit is on, the latter is only consumed during

-computation times.  The dynamic power $P_{dyn}$ is related to the switching
+computation times.  The dynamic power $\Pdyn$ is related to the switching

 activity $\alpha$, load capacitance $C_L$, the supply voltage $V$ and
 operational frequency $f$, as shown in EQ~\eqref{eq:pd}.
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:pd}
 activity $\alpha$, load capacitance $C_L$, the supply voltage $V$ and
 operational frequency $f$, as shown in EQ~\eqref{eq:pd}.
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:pd}

-  P_\textit{dyn} = \alpha \cdot C_L \cdot V^2 \cdot f
+  \Pdyn = \alpha \cdot C_L \cdot V^2 \cdot f

 \end{equation}
 \end{equation}

-The static power $P_{static}$ captures the leakage power as follows:
+The static power $\Pstatic$ captures the leakage power as follows:

 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:ps}
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:ps}

-   P_\textit{static}  = V \cdot N_{trans} \cdot K_{design} \cdot I_{leak}
+   \Pstatic  = V \cdot \Ntrans \cdot \Kdesign \cdot \Ileak

 \end{equation}
 \end{equation}

-where V is the supply voltage, $N_{trans}$ is the number of transistors,
-$K_{design}$ is a design dependent parameter and $I_{leak}$ is a
+where V is the supply voltage, $\Ntrans$ is the number of transistors,
+$\Kdesign$ is a design dependent parameter and $\Ileak$ is a

 technology-dependent parameter.  The energy consumed by an individual processor
 to execute a given program can be computed as:
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:eind}
 technology-dependent parameter.  The energy consumed by an individual processor
 to execute a given program can be computed as:
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:eind}

-   E_\textit{ind} =  P_\textit{dyn} \cdot T_{Comp} + P_\textit{static} \cdot T
+   \Eind =  \Pdyn \cdot \Tcomp + \Pstatic \cdot T

 \end{equation}
 \end{equation}

-where $T$ is the execution time of the program, $T_{Comp}$ is the computation
-time and $T_{Comp} \leq T$.  $T_{Comp}$ may be equal to $T$ if there is no
+where $T$ is the execution time of the program, $\Tcomp$ is the computation
+time and $\Tcomp \leq T$. $\Tcomp$ may be equal to $T$ if there is no

 communication, no slack time and no synchronization.
 
 DVFS is a process that is allowed in modern processors to reduce the dynamic
 communication, no slack time and no synchronization.
 
 DVFS is a process that is allowed in modern processors to reduce the dynamic


@@ -240,7 +267,7 @@ process of the frequency can be expressed by the scaling factor $S$ which is the
 ratio between the maximum and the new frequency as in EQ~\eqref{eq:s}.
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:s}
 ratio between the maximum and the new frequency as in EQ~\eqref{eq:s}.
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:s}

- S = \frac{F_\textit{max}}{F_\textit{new}}
+  S = \frac{\Fmax}{\Fnew}

 \end{equation}
 The value of the scaling factor $S$ is greater than 1 when changing the
 frequency of the CPU to any new frequency value~(\emph{P-state}) in the
 \end{equation}
 The value of the scaling factor $S$ is greater than 1 when changing the
 frequency of the CPU to any new frequency value~(\emph{P-state}) in the


@@ -254,20 +281,19 @@ function of the scaling factor $S$, as in EQ~\eqref{eq:energy}.
 
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:energy}
 
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:energy}

-  E = P_\textit{dyn} \cdot S_1^{-2} \cdot
+  E = \Pdyn \cdot S_1^{-2} \cdot

     \left( T_1 + \sum_{i=2}^{N} \frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2} \right) +
     \left( T_1 + \sum_{i=2}^{N} \frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2} \right) +

-    P_\textit{static} \cdot T_1 \cdot S_1 \cdot N
- \hfill
+      \Pstatic \cdot T_1 \cdot S_1 \cdot N

 \end{equation}
 where $N$ is the number of parallel nodes, $T_i$ for $i=1,\dots,N$ are
 \end{equation}
 where $N$ is the number of parallel nodes, $T_i$ for $i=1,\dots,N$ are

-the execution times and scaling factors of the sorted tasks.  Therefore, $T1$ is
+the execution times of the sorted tasks.  Therefore, $T_1$ is

 the time of the slowest task, and $S_1$ its scaling factor which should be the
 highest because they are proportional to the time values $T_i$.  The scaling
 the time of the slowest task, and $S_1$ its scaling factor which should be the
 highest because they are proportional to the time values $T_i$.  The scaling

-factors are computed as in EQ~\eqref{eq:si}.
+factors $S_i$ are computed as in EQ~\eqref{eq:si}.

 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:si}
   S_i = S \cdot \frac{T_1}{T_i}
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:si}
   S_i = S \cdot \frac{T_1}{T_i}

-      = \frac{F_\textit{max}}{F_\textit{new}} \cdot \frac{T_1}{T_i}
+      = \frac{\Fmax}{\Fnew} \cdot \frac{T_1}{T_i}

 \end{equation}
 In this paper we use Rauber and Rünger's energy model, EQ~\eqref{eq:energy}, because it can be applied to homogeneous clusters if the communication time is taken in consideration. Moreover, we compare our algorithm with Rauber and Rünger's scaling factor selection
 method which uses the same energy model.  In their method, the optimal scaling factor is
 \end{equation}
 In this paper we use Rauber and Rünger's energy model, EQ~\eqref{eq:energy}, because it can be applied to homogeneous clusters if the communication time is taken in consideration. Moreover, we compare our algorithm with Rauber and Rünger's scaling factor selection
 method which uses the same energy model.  In their method, the optimal scaling factor is


@@ -276,7 +302,7 @@ EQ~\eqref{eq:sopt}.
 
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:sopt}
 
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:sopt}

-  S_\textit{opt} = \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{N} \cdot \frac{P_\textit{dyn}}{P_\textit{static}} \cdot
+  \Sopt = \sqrt[3]{\frac{2}{N} \cdot \frac{\Pdyn}{\Pstatic} \cdot

     \left( 1 + \sum_{i=2}^{N} \frac{T_i^3}{T_1^3} \right) }
 \end{equation}
 
     \left( 1 + \sum_{i=2}^{N} \frac{T_i^3}{T_1^3} \right) }
 \end{equation}
 


@@ -302,7 +328,7 @@ times are used to predict the execution time for any MPI program as a function
 of the new scaling factor as in EQ~\eqref{eq:tnew}.
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:tnew}
 of the new scaling factor as in EQ~\eqref{eq:tnew}.
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:tnew}

- \textit  T_\textit{new} = T_\textit{Max Comp Old} \cdot S + T_{\textit{Max Comm Old}}
+  \Tnew = \TmaxCompOld \cdot S + \TmaxCommOld

 \end{equation}
 In this paper, this prediction method is used to select the best scaling factor
 for each processor as presented in the next section.
 \end{equation}
 In this paper, this prediction method is used to select the best scaling factor
 for each processor as presented in the next section.


@@ -319,20 +345,19 @@ the consumed energy with scaled frequency and the consumed energy without scaled
 frequency:
 \begin{multline}
   \label{eq:enorm}
 frequency:
 \begin{multline}
   \label{eq:enorm}

-  E_\textit{Norm} = \frac{ E_\textit{Reduced}}{E_\textit{Original}} \\
-        {} = \frac{P_\textit{dyn} \cdot S_1^{-2} \cdot
-               \left( T_1 + \sum_{i=2}^{N}\frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2}\right) +
-               P_\textit{static} \cdot T_1 \cdot S_1 \cdot N  }{
-              P_\textit{dyn} \cdot \left(T_1+\sum_{i=2}^{N}\frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2}\right) +
-              P_\textit{static} \cdot T_1 \cdot N }
+  \Enorm = \frac{ \Ereduced}{\Eoriginal} \\
+      {} = \frac{\Pdyn \cdot S_1^{-2} \cdot
+             \left( T_1 + \sum_{i=2}^{N}\frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2}\right) +
+               \Pstatic \cdot T_1 \cdot S_1 \cdot N}{
+             \Pdyn \cdot \left(T_1+\sum_{i=2}^{N}\frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2}\right) +
+               \Pstatic \cdot T_1 \cdot N }

 \end{multline}
 In the same way we can normalize the performance as follows:
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:pnorm}
 \end{multline}
 In the same way we can normalize the performance as follows:
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:pnorm}

-  P_\textit{Norm} = \frac{T_\textit{New}}{T_\textit{Old}}
-          = \frac{T_\textit{Max Comp Old} \cdot S +
-           T_\textit{Max Comm Old}}{T_\textit{Max Comp Old} +
-           T_\textit{Max Comm Old}}
+  \Pnorm = \frac{\Tnew}{\Told}
+         = \frac{\TmaxCompOld \cdot S + \TmaxCommOld}{
+             \TmaxCompOld + \TmaxCommOld}

 \end{equation}
 The second problem is that the optimization operation for both energy and
 performance is not in the same direction.  In other words, the normalized energy
 \end{equation}
 The second problem is that the optimization operation for both energy and
 performance is not in the same direction.  In other words, the normalized energy


@@ -352,10 +377,10 @@ direction.  Therefore, we inverse the equation of the normalized performance as
 follows:
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:pnorm_en}
 follows:
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:pnorm_en}

-  P^{-1}_\textit{Norm} = \frac{ T_\textit{Old}}{ T_\textit{New}}
-               = \frac{T_\textit{Max Comp Old} +
-                 T_\textit{Max Comm Old}}{T_\textit{Max Comp Old} \cdot S +
-                 T_\textit{Max Comm Old}}
+  \Pnorm^{-1} = \frac{ \Told}{ \Tnew}
+               = \frac{\TmaxCompOld +
+                 \TmaxCommOld}{\TmaxCompOld \cdot S +
+                 \TmaxCommOld}

 \end{equation}
 \begin{figure}
   \centering
 \end{equation}
 \begin{figure}
   \centering


@@ -374,9 +399,9 @@ performance) at the same time, see Figure~\ref{fig:rel}\subref{fig:r1}.  Then
 our objective function has the following form:
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:max}
 our objective function has the following form:
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:max}

-  \textit{Max Dist} = \max_{j=1,2,\dots,F}
-      (\overbrace{P^{-1}_\textit{Norm}(S_j)}^{\text{Maximize}} -
-       \overbrace{E_\textit{Norm}(S_j)}^{\text{Minimize}} )
+  \MaxDist = \max_{j=1,2,\dots,F}
+      (\overbrace{\Pnorm^{-1}(S_j)}^{\text{Maximize}} -
+       \overbrace{\Enorm(S_j)}^{\text{Minimize}} )

 \end{equation}
 where $F$ is the number of available frequencies. Then we can select the optimal
 scaling factor that satisfies EQ~\eqref{eq:max}.  Our objective function can
 \end{equation}
 where $F$ is the number of available frequencies. Then we can select the optimal
 scaling factor that satisfies EQ~\eqref{eq:max}.  Our objective function can


@@ -392,32 +417,39 @@ the objective function described above.
 \begin{figure}[tp]
   \begin{algorithmic}[1]
     % \footnotesize
 \begin{figure}[tp]
   \begin{algorithmic}[1]
     % \footnotesize

-    \State  Initialize the variable $Dist=0$
-    \State Set dynamic and static power values.
-    \State Set $P_{states}$ to the number of available frequencies.
-    \State Set the variable $F_{new}$ to max. frequency,  $F_{new} = F_{max} $
-    \State Set the variable $F_{diff}$ to the difference between two successive
-           frequencies.
-    \For {$j:=1$   to   $P_{states} $}
-      \State $F_{new}=F_{new} - F_{diff} $
-      \State $S = \frac{F_\textit{max}}{F_\textit{new}}$
-      \State $S_i = S \cdot \frac{T_1}{T_i}
-                  = \frac{F_\textit{max}}{F_\textit{new}} \cdot \frac{T_1}{T_i}$
+    \Require ~
+    \begin{description}
+    \item[$\Pstatic$] static power value
+    \item[$\Pdyn$] dynamic power value
+    \item[$\Pstates$] number of available frequencies
+    \item[$\Fmax$] maximum frequency
+    \item[$\Fdiff$] difference between two successive freq.
+    \end{description}
+    \Ensure $\Sopt$ is the optimal scaling factor
+
+    \State $\Sopt \gets 1$
+    \State $\Dist \gets 0$
+    \State $\Fnew \gets \Fmax$
+    \For {$j = 2$ to $\Pstates$}
+      \State $\Fnew \gets \Fnew - \Fdiff$
+      \State $S \gets \Fmax / \Fnew$
+      \State $S_i \gets S \cdot \frac{T_1}{T_i}
+                  = \frac{\Fmax}{\Fnew} \cdot \frac{T_1}{T_i}$

              for $i=1,\dots,N$
              for $i=1,\dots,N$

-      \State $E_\textit{Norm} =
-          \frac{P_\textit{dyn} \cdot S_1^{-2} \cdot
+      \State $\Enorm \gets
+          \frac{\Pdyn \cdot S_1^{-2} \cdot

                   \left( T_1 + \sum_{i=2}^{N}\frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2}\right) +
                   \left( T_1 + \sum_{i=2}^{N}\frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2}\right) +

-                  P_\textit{static} \cdot T_1 \cdot S_1 \cdot N }{
-                P_\textit{dyn} \cdot
+                  \Pstatic \cdot T_1 \cdot S_1 \cdot N }{
+                \Pdyn \cdot

                   \left(T_1+\sum_{i=2}^{N}\frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2}\right) +
                   \left(T_1+\sum_{i=2}^{N}\frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2}\right) +

-                  P_\textit{static} \cdot T_1 \cdot N }$
-      \State $P_{NormInv}=T_{old}/T_{new}$
-      \If{$(P_{NormInv}-E_{Norm} > Dist)$}
-        \State $S_{opt} = S$
-        \State $Dist = P_{NormInv} - E_{Norm}$
+                  \Pstatic \cdot T_1 \cdot N }$
+      \State $\PnormInv \gets \Told / \Tnew$
+      \If{$(\PnormInv - \Enorm > \Dist)$}
+        \State $\Sopt \gets S$
+        \State $\Dist \gets \PnormInv - \Enorm$

       \EndIf
     \EndFor
       \EndIf
     \EndFor

-    \State  Return $S_{opt}$
+    \State  Return $\Sopt$

   \end{algorithmic}
   \caption{Scaling factor selection algorithm}
   \label{EPSA}
   \end{algorithmic}
   \caption{Scaling factor selection algorithm}
   \label{EPSA}


@@ -454,7 +486,7 @@ program.
 \begin{figure}[tp]
   \begin{algorithmic}[1]
     % \footnotesize
 \begin{figure}[tp]
   \begin{algorithmic}[1]
     % \footnotesize

-    \For {$k:=1$ to \textit{some iterations}}
+    \For {$k=1$ to \textit{some iterations}}

       \State Computations section.
       \State Communications section.
       \If {$(k=1)$}
       \State Computations section.
       \State Communications section.
       \If {$(k=1)$}


@@ -476,7 +508,7 @@ substitution of EQ~\eqref{eq:s} in EQ~\eqref{eq:si}, we can calculate the new
 frequency $F_i$ as follows:
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:fi}
 frequency $F_i$ as follows:
 \begin{equation}
   \label{eq:fi}

-  F_i = \frac{F_\textit{max} \cdot T_i}{S_\textit{optimal} \cdot T_\textit{max}}
+  F_i = \frac{\Fmax \cdot T_i}{\Sopt \cdot \Tmax}

 \end{equation}
 According to this equation all the nodes may have the same frequency value if
 they have balanced workloads, otherwise, they take different frequencies when
 \end{equation}
 According to this equation all the nodes may have the same frequency value if
 they have balanced workloads, otherwise, they take different frequencies when


@@ -650,7 +682,7 @@ trade-offs such as in BT and EP.
 
 In this paper, we have presented a new online scaling factor selection method
 that optimizes simultaneously the energy and performance of a distributed
 
 In this paper, we have presented a new online scaling factor selection method
 that optimizes simultaneously the energy and performance of a distributed

-application running on an homogeneous cluster.  It uses the computation and
+application running on a homogeneous cluster.  It uses the computation and

 communication times measured at the first iteration to predict energy
 consumption and the performance of the parallel application at every available
 frequency.  Then, it selects the scaling factor that gives the best trade-off
 communication times measured at the first iteration to predict energy
 consumption and the performance of the parallel application at every available
 frequency.  Then, it selects the scaling factor that gives the best trade-off