From 9cf953b2bfe1f9fdfbf76e564f4df0ad6f64b4ed Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Arnaud Giersch Date: Thu, 13 Mar 2014 14:11:02 +0100 Subject: [PATCH 1/1] Minor corrections + todos. * typos * fix reference for SimGrid. --- my_reference.bib | 19 +++++++++++++ paper.tex | 74 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---------------- 2 files changed, 68 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-) diff --git a/my_reference.bib b/my_reference.bib index 6b20eac..11fead5 100644 --- a/my_reference.bib +++ b/my_reference.bib @@ -622,4 +622,23 @@ ISSN={0278-0070},} month = "March", year = "2012", publisher= "https://www.nas.nasa.gov/publications/npb.html" +} + +@InProceedings{Casanova:2008:SGF:1397760.1398183, + author = {Casanova, Henri and Legrand, Arnaud and Quinson, + Martin}, + title = {SimGrid: a Generic Framework for Large-Scale + Distributed Experiments}, + booktitle = {Proceedings of the Tenth International Conference on + Computer Modeling and Simulation}, + series = {UKSIM '08}, + year = {2008}, + isbn = {978-0-7695-3114-4}, + pages = {126--131}, + numpages = {6}, + url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/UKSIM.2008.28}, + doi = {10.1109/UKSIM.2008.28}, + acmid = {1398183}, + publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, + address = {Washington, DC, USA}, } \ No newline at end of file diff --git a/paper.tex b/paper.tex index efe0e3e..29f175b 100644 --- a/paper.tex +++ b/paper.tex @@ -26,6 +26,12 @@ \author{A. Badri \and J.-C. Charr \and R. Couturier \and A. Giersch} \maketitle +\AG{``Optimal'' is a bit pretentious in the title} + +\begin{abstract} + \AG{FIXME} +\end{abstract} + \section{Introduction} The need for computing power is still increasing and it is not expected to slow @@ -63,11 +69,11 @@ algorithm has ability to predict both energy consumption and execution time over all available scaling factors. The prediction achieved depends on some computing time information, gathered at the beginning of the runtime. We apply this algorithm to seven MPI benchmarks. These MPI programs are the NAS parallel -penchmarks (NPB v3.3) developed by NASA~\cite{44}. Our experiments are executed -using the simulator Simgrid/SMPI v3.10~\cite{45} over an homogeneous distributed -memory architecture. Furthermore, we compare the proposed algorithm with -Rauber's methods. The comparison's results show that our algorithm gives better -energy-time trade off. +benchmarks (NPB v3.3) developed by NASA~\cite{44}. Our experiments are executed +using the simulator SimGrid/SMPI v3.10~\cite{Casanova:2008:SGF:1397760.1398183} +over an homogeneous distributed memory architecture. Furthermore, we compare the +proposed algorithm with Rauber's methods. The comparison's results show that our +algorithm gives better energy-time trade off. \section{Related Works} @@ -82,7 +88,7 @@ during the compilation phases as an example in Azevedo et al.~\cite{40}. He used intra-task algorithm to choose the DVFS setting when there are dependency points between tasks. While in~\cite{29}, Xie et al. used breadth-first search algorithm to do that. Their goal is saving energy with time limits. Another -approaches gathers and stores the runtime information for each DVFS state , then +approaches gathers and stores the runtime information for each DVFS state, then used their methods offline to select the suitable DVFS that optimize energy-time trade offs. As an example~\cite{8}, Rountree et al. used liner programming algorithm, while in~\cite{38,34}, Cochran et al. used multi logistic regression @@ -107,7 +113,7 @@ program used online for saving energy as in~\cite{1}, Lim et al. developed an algorithm that detects the communication sections and changes the frequency during these sections only. This approach changes the frequency many times because an iteration may contain more than one communication section. The domain -of analytical modeling used for choosing the optimal frequency as in ~\cite{3}, +of analytical modeling used for choosing the optimal frequency as in~\cite{3}, Rauber et al. developed an analytical mathematical model for determining the optimal frequency scaling factor for any number of concurrent tasks, without considering communication times. They set the slowest task to maximum frequency @@ -159,7 +165,7 @@ where $T_i$ is the execution time of process $i$. The energy consumption by the processor consists of two powers metric: the dynamic and the static power. This general power formulation is used by many -researchers see ~\cite{9,3,15,26}. The dynamic power of the CMOS processors +researchers see~\cite{9,3,15,26}. The dynamic power of the CMOS processors $P_{dyn}$ is related to the switching activity $\alpha$, load capacitance $C_L$, the supply voltage $V$ and operational frequency $f$ respectively as follow : \begin{equation} @@ -248,7 +254,7 @@ frequency. Therefore, any DVFS operation for the energy reduction increase the execution time of the parallel program. As shown in EQ~(\ref{eq:energy}) the energy affected by the scaling factor $S$. This factor also has a great impact on the performance. When scaling down the frequency to the new value according -to EQ(~\ref{eq:s}) lead to the value of the scale $S$ has inverse relation with +to EQ~(\ref{eq:s}) lead to the value of the scale $S$ has inverse relation with new frequency value ($S \propto \frac{1}{F_{new}}$). Also when decrease the frequency value, the execution time increase. Then the new frequency value has inverse relation with time ($F_{new} \propto \frac{1}{T}$). This lead to the @@ -274,7 +280,7 @@ with the computation time without affecting the communication time. The communication time consists of the beginning times which an MPI calls for sending or receiving till the message is synchronously sent or received. In this paper we predict the execution time of the program for any new scaling factor -value. Depending on this prediction we can produce our energy-performace scaling +value. Depending on this prediction we can produce our energy-performance scaling method as we will show in the coming sections. In the next section we make an investigation study for the EQ~(\ref{eq:tnew}). @@ -287,7 +293,9 @@ real execution time with the predicted execution time. Each program runs offline with all available scaling factors on 8 or 9 nodes to produce real execution time values. These scaling factors are computed by dividing the maximum frequency by the new one see EQ~(\ref{eq:s}). In all tests, we use the simulator -Simgrid/SMPI v3.10 to run the NAS programs. +SimGrid/SMPI v3.10 to run the NAS programs. +\AG{Fig.~\ref{fig:pred} is hard to read when printed in black and white, + especially the ``Normalize Real Perf.'' curve.} \begin{figure}[width=\textwidth,height=\textheight,keepaspectratio] \centering \includegraphics[scale=0.60]{cg_per.eps} @@ -304,7 +312,7 @@ frequencies. For more details on the characteristics of the platform refer to table~(\ref{table:platform}). This lead to 18 run states for each program. We use seven MPI programs of the NAS parallel benchmarks : CG, MG, EP, FT, BT, LU and SP. The average normalized errors between the predicted execution time and -the real time (Simgrid time) for all programs is between 0.0032 to 0.0133. AS an +the real time (SimGrid time) for all programs is between 0.0032 to 0.0133. AS an example, we are present the execution times of the NAS benchmarks as in the figure~(\ref{fig:pred}). @@ -321,13 +329,20 @@ between the consumed energy with scaled frequency and the consumed energy without scaled frequency : \begin{equation} \label{eq:enorm} - E_{Norm} = \frac{E_{Reduced}}{E_{Orginal}} + E_{Norm} = \frac{E_{Reduced}}{E_{Original}} = \frac{ P_{dyn} \cdot S_i^{-2} \cdot \left( T_1 + \sum_{i=2}^{N}\frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2}\right) + P_{static} \cdot T_1 \cdot S_i \cdot N }{ P_{dyn} \cdot \left(T_1+\sum_{i=2}^{N}\frac{T_i^3}{T_1^2}\right) + - P_{static} \cdot T_1\, \cdot N } + P_{static} \cdot T_1 \cdot N } \end{equation} +\AG{Use \texttt{\textbackslash{}text\{xxx\}} or + \texttt{\textbackslash{}textit\{xxx\}} for all subscripted words in equations + (e.g. \mbox{\texttt{E\_\{\textbackslash{}text\{Norm\}\}}}). + + Don't hesitate to define new commands : + \mbox{\texttt{\textbackslash{}newcommand\{\textbackslash{}ENorm\}\{E\_\{\textbackslash{}text\{Norm\}\}\}}} +} By the same way we can normalize the performance as follows : \begin{equation} \label{eq:pnorm} @@ -378,7 +393,7 @@ Then we can select the optimal scaling factor that satisfy the EQ~(\ref{eq:max}). Our objective function can works with any energy model or static power values stored in a data file. Moreover, this function works in optimal way when the energy function has a convex form with frequency scaling -factor as shown in ~\cite{15,3,19}. Energy measurement model is not the +factor as shown in~\cite{15,3,19}. Energy measurement model is not the objective of this paper and we choose Rauber's model as an example with two reasons that mentioned before. @@ -411,7 +426,7 @@ scaling factor for both energy and performance at the same time. \State $Dist = P_{NormInv} - E_{Norm}$ \EndIf \EndFor - \State $ Return \; \; (S_{optimal})$ + \State Return $S_{optimal}$ \end{algorithmic} \end{algorithm} The proposed EPSA algorithm works online during the execution time of the MPI @@ -426,6 +441,7 @@ system. The algorithm is called just one time during the execution of the program. The following example shows where and when the EPSA algorithm is called in the MPI program : \begin{minipage}{\textwidth} +\AG{Use the same format as for Algorithm~\ref{EPSA}} \begin{lstlisting}[frame=tb] FOR J:=1 to Some_iterations Do -Computations Section. @@ -451,27 +467,28 @@ can calculate the new frequency $F_i$ as follows : According to this equation all the nodes may have the same frequency value if they have balanced workloads. Otherwise, they take different frequencies when have imbalanced workloads. Then EQ~(\ref{eq:fi}) works in adaptive way to change -the freguency according to the nodes workloads. +the frequency according to the nodes workloads. \section{Experimental Results} -The proposed ESPA algorithm was applied to seven MPI programs of the NAS -benchmarks (EP ,CG , MG ,FT , BT, LU and SP). We work on three classes (A, B and +The proposed EPSA algorithm was applied to seven MPI programs of the NAS +benchmarks (EP, CG, MG, FT, BT, LU and SP). We work on three classes (A, B and C) for each program. Each program runs on specific number of processors proportional to the size of the class. Each class represents the problem size ascending from the class A to C. Additionally, depending on some speed up points for each class we run the classes A, B and C on 4, 8 or 9 and 16 nodes -respectively. Our experiments are executed on the simulator Simgrid/SMPI +respectively. Our experiments are executed on the simulator SimGrid/SMPI v3.10. We design a platform file that simulates a cluster with one core per node. This cluster is a homogeneous architecture with distributed memory. The -detailed characteristics of our platform file are shown in -thetable~(\ref{table:platform}). Each node in the cluster has 18 frequency -values from 2.5 GHz to 800 MHz with 100 MHz difference between each two -successive frequencies. +detailed characteristics of our platform file are shown in the +table~(\ref{table:platform}). Each node in the cluster has 18 frequency values +from 2.5 GHz to 800 MHz with 100 MHz difference between each two successive +frequencies. \begin{table}[ht] \caption{Platform File Parameters} % title of Table \centering + \AG{Use e.g. $5\times 10^{-7}$ instead of 5E-7} \begin{tabular}{ | l | l | l |l | l |l |l | p{2cm} |} \hline Max & Min & Backbone & Backbone&Link &Link& Sharing \\ @@ -483,7 +500,7 @@ successive frequencies. \end{table} Depending on the EQ~(\ref{eq:energy}), we measure the energy consumption for all the NAS MPI programs while assuming the power dynamic is equal to 20W and the -power static is equal to 4W for all experiments. We run the proposed ESPA +power static is equal to 4W for all experiments. We run the proposed EPSA algorithm for all these programs. The results showed that the algorithm selected different scaling factors for each program depending on the communication features of the program as in the figure~(\ref{fig:nas}). This figure shows that @@ -515,6 +532,9 @@ same time over all available scales. \caption{Optimal Scaling Factors Results} % title of Table \centering + \AG{Use the same number of decimals for all numbers in a column, + and vertically align the numbers along the decimal points. + The same for all the following tables.} \begin{tabular}{ | l | l | l |l | l | p{2cm} |} \hline Program & Optimal & Energy & Performance&Energy-Perf.\\ @@ -706,6 +726,7 @@ than the first. \label{fig:compare} \end{figure} +\AG{\texttt{bibtex} gives many errors, please correct them} \bibliographystyle{plain} \bibliography{my_reference} \end{document} @@ -716,3 +737,6 @@ than the first. %%% fill-column: 80 %%% ispell-local-dictionary: "american" %%% End: + +% LocalWords: Badri Charr FIXME Tianhe DVFS HPC NAS NPB SMPI Rauber's Rauber +% LocalWords: CMOS EQ EPSA -- 2.39.5