X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/mpi-energy2.git/blobdiff_plain/f3cf0704d3eda961da14e645ece3de366285e123..af7fb590e267eb74efdf62ecceb980c1ce7f3eb8:/Heter_paper.tex?ds=sidebyside diff --git a/Heter_paper.tex b/Heter_paper.tex index 80a148f..a9a1e6d 100644 --- a/Heter_paper.tex +++ b/Heter_paper.tex @@ -59,7 +59,9 @@ \begin{document} -\title{Energy Consumption Reduction for Message Passing Iterative Applications in Heterogeneous Architecture Using DVFS} +\title{Energy Consumption Reduction with DVFS for \\ + Message Passing Iterative Applications on \\ + Heterogeneous Architectures} \author{% \IEEEauthorblockN{% @@ -69,7 +71,7 @@ Arnaud Giersch } \IEEEauthorblockA{% - FEMTO-ST Institute, University of Franche-Comte\\ + FEMTO-ST Institute, University of Franche-Comté\\ IUT de Belfort-Montbéliard, 19 avenue du Maréchal Juin, BP 527, 90016 Belfort cedex, France\\ % Telephone: \mbox{+33 3 84 58 77 86}, % Raphaël @@ -85,7 +87,7 @@ number of nodes composing them. To minimize the operating costs of these platforms many techniques have been used. Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) is one of them. It reduces the frequency of a CPU to lower its - energy consumption. However, lowering the frequency of a CPU might increase + energy consumption. However, lowering the frequency of a CPU may increase the execution time of an application running on that processor. Therefore, the frequency that gives the best trade-off between the energy consumption and the performance of an application must be selected. @@ -110,7 +112,7 @@ The need for more computing power is continually increasing. To partially satisfy this need, most supercomputers constructors just put more computing -nodes in their platform. The resulting platforms might achieve higher floating +nodes in their platform. The resulting platforms may achieve higher floating point operations per second (FLOPS), but the energy consumption and the heat dissipation are also increased. As an example, the Chinese supercomputer Tianhe-2 had the highest FLOPS in November 2014 according to the Top500 list @@ -131,7 +133,7 @@ to lower the energy consumption of these platforms, such as scheduling, DVFS, \dots{} DVFS is a widely used process to reduce the energy consumption of a processor by lowering its frequency \cite{Rizvandi_Some.Observations.on.Optimal.Frequency}. However, it also reduces -the number of FLOPS executed by the processor which might increase the execution +the number of FLOPS executed by the processor which may increase the execution time of the application running over that processor. Therefore, researchers use different optimization strategies to select the frequency that gives the best trade-off between the energy reduction and performance degradation ratio. In @@ -166,7 +168,7 @@ in Section~\ref{sec.concl} the paper ends with a summary and some future works. DVFS is a technique used in modern processors to scale down both the voltage and the frequency of the CPU while computing, in order to reduce the energy consumption of the processor. DVFS is also allowed in GPUs to achieve the same -goal. Reducing the frequency of a processor lowers its number of FLOPS and might +goal. Reducing the frequency of a processor lowers its number of FLOPS and may degrade the performance of the application running on that processor, especially if it is compute bound. Therefore selecting the appropriate frequency for a processor to satisfy some objectives while taking into account all the @@ -174,7 +176,7 @@ constraints, is not a trivial operation. Many researchers used different strategies to tackle this problem. Some of them developed online methods that compute the new frequency while executing the application, such as~\cite{Hao_Learning.based.DVFS,Spiliopoulos_Green.governors.Adaptive.DVFS}. -Others used offline methods that might need to run the application and profile +Others used offline methods that may need to run the application and profile it before selecting the new frequency, such as~\cite{Rountree_Bounding.energy.consumption.in.MPI,Cochran_Pack_and_Cap_Adaptive_DVFS}. The methods could be heuristics, exact or brute force methods that satisfy @@ -268,7 +270,7 @@ have the same network bandwidth and latency. The overall execution time of a distributed iterative synchronous application over a heterogeneous platform consists of the sum of the computation time and the communication time for every iteration on a node. However, due to the -heterogeneous computation power of the computing nodes, slack times might occur +heterogeneous computation power of the computing nodes, slack times may occur when fast nodes have to wait, during synchronous communications, for the slower nodes to finish their computations (see Figure~\ref{fig:heter}). Therefore, the overall execution time of the program is the execution time of the slowest task @@ -278,7 +280,7 @@ Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) is a process, implemented in modern processors, that reduces the energy consumption of a CPU by scaling down its voltage and frequency. Since DVFS lowers the frequency of a CPU and consequently its computing power, the execution time of a program running -over that scaled down processor might increase, especially if the program is +over that scaled down processor may increase, especially if the program is compute bound. The frequency reduction process can be expressed by the scaling factor S which is the ratio between the maximum and the new frequency of a CPU as in (\ref{eq:s}). @@ -413,11 +415,11 @@ processor after scaling its frequency is computed as follows: \Es = \Ps \cdot (\Tcp \cdot S + \Tcm) \end{equation} -In the considered heterogeneous platform, each processor $i$ might have +In the considered heterogeneous platform, each processor $i$ may have different dynamic and static powers, noted as $\Pd[i]$ and $\Ps[i]$ respectively. Therefore, even if the distributed message passing iterative application is load balanced, the computation time of each CPU $i$ noted -$\Tcp[i]$ might be different and different frequency scaling factors might be +$\Tcp[i]$ may be different and different frequency scaling factors may be computed in order to decrease the overall energy consumption of the application and reduce slack times. The communication time of a processor $i$ is noted as $\Tcm[i]$ and could contain slack times when communicating with slower nodes, @@ -729,9 +731,9 @@ cluster composed of four different types of nodes having the characteristics presented in Table~\ref{table:platform}, it takes on average \np[ms]{0.04} for 4 nodes and \np[ms]{0.15} on average for 144 nodes to compute the best scaling factors vector. The algorithm complexity is $O(F\cdot N)$, where $F$ is the -number of iterations and $N$ is the number of computing nodes. The algorithm -needs from 12 to 20 iterations to select the best vector of frequency scaling -factors that gives the results of the next sections. +maximum number of available frequencies, and $N$ is the number of computing +nodes. The algorithm needs from 12 to 20 iterations to select the best vector of +frequency scaling factors that gives the results of the next sections. \begin{table}[!t] \caption{Heterogeneous nodes characteristics} @@ -778,7 +780,7 @@ highest frequency, each node consumed an amount of power proportional to its computing power (which corresponds to \np[\%]{80} of its dynamic power and the remaining \np[\%]{20} to the static power), the same assumption was made in \cite{Our_first_paper,Rauber_Analytical.Modeling.for.Energy}. Finally, These -nodes were connected via an Ethernet network with 1 Gbit/s bandwidth. +nodes were connected via an Ethernet network with \np[Gbit/s]{1} bandwidth. \subsection{The experimental results of the scaling algorithm} @@ -1002,11 +1004,11 @@ Algorithm~\ref{HSA} is less effective in reducing the overall energy savings. It can also be noticed that for the benchmarks EP and SP that contain little or no communications, the energy savings are not significantly affected by the high number of nodes. No experiments were conducted using bigger classes than D, -because they require a lot of memory (more than 64GB) when being executed by the -simulator on one machine. The maximum distance between the normalized energy -curve and the normalized performance for each instance is also shown in the -result tables. It decrease in the same way as the energy saving percentage. The -tables also show that the performance degradation percentage is not +because they require a lot of memory (more than \np[GB]{64}) when being executed +by the simulator on one machine. The maximum distance between the normalized +energy curve and the normalized performance for each instance is also shown in +the result tables. It decrease in the same way as the energy saving percentage. +The tables also show that the performance degradation percentage is not significantly increased when the number of computing nodes is increased because the computation times are small when compared to the communication times. @@ -1247,7 +1249,7 @@ the iterative system. \section*{Acknowledgment} This work has been partially supported by the Labex -ACTION project (contract “ANR-11-LABX-01-01”). As a PhD student, +ACTION project (contract ``ANR-11-LABX-01-01''). As a PhD student, Mr. Ahmed Fanfakh, would like to thank the University of Babylon (Iraq) for supporting his work.