+\subsection{Chaotic iterations}
+\label{sec:chaotic iterations}
+
+
+Let us consider a \emph{system} with a finite number $\mathsf{N} \in
+\mathds{N}^*$ of elements (or \emph{cells}), so that each cell has a
+Boolean \emph{state}. Having $\mathsf{N}$ Boolean values for these
+ cells leads to the definition of a particular \emph{state of the
+system}. A sequence which elements belong to $\llbracket 1;\mathsf{N}
+\rrbracket $ is called a \emph{strategy}. The set of all strategies is
+denoted by $\mathbb{S}.$
+
+\begin{definition}
+\label{Def:chaotic iterations}
+The set $\mathds{B}$ denoting $\{0,1\}$, let
+$f:\mathds{B}^{\mathsf{N}}\longrightarrow \mathds{B}^{\mathsf{N}}$ be
+a function and $S\in \mathbb{S}$ be a strategy. The so-called
+\emph{chaotic iterations} are defined by $x^0\in
+\mathds{B}^{\mathsf{N}}$ and
+$$
+\forall n\in \mathds{N}^{\ast }, \forall i\in
+\llbracket1;\mathsf{N}\rrbracket ,x_i^n=\left\{
+\begin{array}{ll}
+ x_i^{n-1} & \text{ if }S^n\neq i \\
+ \left(f(x^{n-1})\right)_{S^n} & \text{ if }S^n=i.
+\end{array}\right.
+$$
+\end{definition}
+
+In other words, at the $n^{th}$ iteration, only the $S^{n}-$th cell is
+\textquotedblleft iterated\textquotedblright . Note that in a more
+general formulation, $S^n$ can be a subset of components and
+$\left(f(x^{n-1})\right)_{S^{n}}$ can be replaced by
+$\left(f(x^{k})\right)_{S^{n}}$, where $k<n$, describing for example,
+delays transmission~\cite{Robert1986,guyeux10}. Finally, let us remark that
+the term ``chaotic'', in the name of these iterations, has \emph{a
+priori} no link with the mathematical theory of chaos, recalled above.
+
+
+Let us now recall how to define a suitable metric space where chaotic iterations are continuous. For further explanations, see, e.g., \cite{guyeux10}.
+
+Let $\delta $ be the \emph{discrete Boolean metric}, $\delta (x,y)=0\Leftrightarrow x=y.$ Given a function $f$, define the function:
+\begin{equation*}
+\begin{array}{lrll}
+F_{f}: & \llbracket1;\mathsf{N}\rrbracket\times \mathds{B}^{\mathsf{N}} &
+\longrightarrow & \mathds{B}^{\mathsf{N}} \\
+& (k,E) & \longmapsto & \left( E_{j}.\delta (k,j)+f(E)_{k}.\overline{\delta
+(k,j)}\right) _{j\in \llbracket1;\mathsf{N}\rrbracket},%
+\end{array}%
+\end{equation*}%
+\noindent where + and . are the Boolean addition and product operations.
+Consider the phase space:
+\begin{equation*}
+\mathcal{X} = \llbracket 1 ; \mathsf{N} \rrbracket^\mathds{N} \times
+\mathds{B}^\mathsf{N},
+\end{equation*}
+\noindent and the map defined on $\mathcal{X}$:
+\begin{equation}
+G_f\left(S,E\right) = \left(\sigma(S), F_f(i(S),E)\right), \label{Gf}
+\end{equation}
+\noindent where $\sigma$ is the \emph{shift} function defined by $\sigma (S^{n})_{n\in \mathds{N}}\in \mathbb{S}\longrightarrow (S^{n+1})_{n\in \mathds{N}}\in \mathbb{S}$ and $i$ is the \emph{initial function} $i:(S^{n})_{n\in \mathds{N}} \in \mathbb{S}\longrightarrow S^{0}\in \llbracket 1;\mathsf{N}\rrbracket$. Then the chaotic iterations defined in (\ref{sec:chaotic iterations}) can be described by the following iterations:
+\begin{equation*}
+\left\{
+\begin{array}{l}
+X^0 \in \mathcal{X} \\
+X^{k+1}=G_{f}(X^k).%
+\end{array}%
+\right.
+\end{equation*}%
+
+With this formulation, a shift function appears as a component of chaotic iterations. The shift function is a famous example of a chaotic map~\cite{Devaney} but its presence is not sufficient enough to claim $G_f$ as chaotic.
+
+To study this claim, a new distance between two points $X = (S,E), Y = (\check{S},\check{E})\in
+\mathcal{X}$ has been introduced in \cite{guyeux10} as follows:
+\begin{equation*}
+d(X,Y)=d_{e}(E,\check{E})+d_{s}(S,\check{S}),
+\end{equation*}
+\noindent where
+\begin{equation*}
+\left\{
+\begin{array}{lll}
+\displaystyle{d_{e}(E,\check{E})} & = & \displaystyle{\sum_{k=1}^{\mathsf{N}%
+}\delta (E_{k},\check{E}_{k})}, \\
+\displaystyle{d_{s}(S,\check{S})} & = & \displaystyle{\dfrac{9}{\mathsf{N}}%
+\sum_{k=1}^{\infty }\dfrac{|S^k-\check{S}^k|}{10^{k}}}.%
+\end{array}%
+\right.
+\end{equation*}
+
+
+This new distance has been introduced to satisfy the following requirements.
+\begin{itemize}
+\item When the number of different cells between two systems is increasing, then their distance should increase too.
+\item In addition, if two systems present the same cells and their respective strategies start with the same terms, then the distance between these two points must be small because the evolution of the two systems will be the same for a while. Indeed, the two dynamical systems start with the same initial condition, use the same update function, and as strategies are the same for a while, then components that are updated are the same too.
+\end{itemize}
+The distance presented above follows these recommendations. Indeed, if the floor value $\lfloor d(X,Y)\rfloor $ is equal to $n$, then the systems $E, \check{E}$ differ in $n$ cells. In addition, $d(X,Y) - \lfloor d(X,Y) \rfloor $ is a measure of the differences between strategies $S$ and $\check{S}$. More precisely, this floating part is less than $10^{-k}$ if and only if the first $k$ terms of the two strategies are equal. Moreover, if the $k^{th}$ digit is nonzero, then the $k^{th}$ terms of the two strategies are different.
+
+Finally, it has been established in \cite{guyeux10} that,
+
+\begin{proposition}
+Let $f$ be a map from $\mathds{B}^n$ to itself. Then $G_{f}$ is continuous in the metric space $(\mathcal{X},d)$.
+\end{proposition}
+
+The chaotic property of $G_f$ has been firstly established for the vectorial Boolean negation \cite{guyeux10}. To obtain a characterization, we have secondly introduced the notion of asynchronous iteration graph recalled bellow.
+
+Let $f$ be a map from $\mathds{B}^n$ to itself. The
+{\emph{asynchronous iteration graph}} associated with $f$ is the
+directed graph $\Gamma(f)$ defined by: the set of vertices is
+$\mathds{B}^n$; for all $x\in\mathds{B}^n$ and $i\in \llbracket1;n\rrbracket$,
+the graph $\Gamma(f)$ contains an arc from $x$ to $F_f(i,x)$.
+The relation between $\Gamma(f)$ and $G_f$ is clear: there exists a
+path from $x$ to $x'$ in $\Gamma(f)$ if and only if there exists a
+strategy $s$ such that the parallel iteration of $G_f$ from the
+initial point $(s,x)$ reaches the point $x'$.
+
+We have finally proven in \cite{FCT11} that,
+
+
+\begin{theorem}
+\label{Th:Caractérisation des IC chaotiques}
+Let $f:\mathds{B}^n\to\mathds{B}^n$. $G_f$ is chaotic (according to Devaney)
+if and only if $\Gamma(f)$ is strongly connected.
+\end{theorem}
+
+This result of chaos has lead us to study the possibility to build a pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) based on the chaotic iterations.
+As $G_f$, defined on the domain $\llbracket 1 ; n \rrbracket^{\mathds{N}} \times \mathds{B}^n$, is build from Boolean networks $f : \mathds{B}^n \rightarrow \mathds{B}^n$, we can preserve the theoretical properties on $G_f$ during implementations (due to the discrete nature of $f$). It is as if $\mathds{B}^n$ represents the memory of the computer whereas $\llbracket 1 ; n \rrbracket^{\mathds{N}}$ is its input stream (the seeds, for instance).
+
+\section{Application to Pseudo-Randomness}
+
+We have proposed in~\cite{bgw09:ip} a new family of generators that receives
+two PRNGs as inputs. These two generators are mixed with chaotic iterations,
+leading thus to a new PRNG that improves the statistical properties of each
+generator taken alone. Furthermore, our generator
+possesses various chaos properties
+that none of the generators used as input present.
+
+\begin{algorithm}[h!]
+%\begin{scriptsize}
+\KwIn{a function $f$, an iteration number $b$, an initial configuration $x^0$ ($n$ bits)}
+\KwOut{a configuration $x$ ($n$ bits)}
+$x\leftarrow x^0$\;
+$k\leftarrow b + \textit{XORshift}(b+1)$\;
+\For{$i=0,\dots,k-1$}
+{
+$s\leftarrow{\textit{XORshift}(n)}$\;
+$x\leftarrow{F_f(s,x)}$\;
+}
+return $x$\;
+%\end{scriptsize}
+\caption{PRNG with chaotic functions}
+\label{CI Algorithm}
+\end{algorithm}
+
+\begin{algorithm}[h!]
+%\SetAlgoLined %%RAPH: cette ligne provoque une erreur chez moi
+\KwIn{the internal configuration $z$ (a 32-bit word)}
+\KwOut{$y$ (a 32-bit word)}
+$z\leftarrow{z\oplus{(z\ll13)}}$\;
+$z\leftarrow{z\oplus{(z\gg17)}}$\;
+$z\leftarrow{z\oplus{(z\ll5)}}$\;
+$y\leftarrow{z}$\;
+return $y$\;
+\medskip
+\caption{An arbitrary round of \textit{XORshift} algorithm}
+\label{XORshift}
+\end{algorithm}
+
+
+
+
+
+This generator is synthesized in Algorithm~\ref{CI Algorithm}.
+It takes as input: a function $f$;
+an integer $b$, ensuring that the number of executed iterations is at least $b$ and at most $2b+1$; and an initial configuration $x^0$.
+It returns the new generated configuration $x$. Internally, it embeds two
+\textit{XORshift}$(k)$ PRNGs \cite{Marsaglia2003} that returns integers uniformly distributed
+into $\llbracket 1 ; k \rrbracket$.
+\textit{XORshift} is a category of very fast PRNGs designed by George Marsaglia, which repeatedly uses the transform of exclusive or (XOR, $\oplus$) on a number with a bit shifted version of it. This PRNG, which has a period of $2^{32}-1=4.29\times10^9$, is summed up in Algorithm~\ref{XORshift}. It is used in our PRNG to compute the strategy length and the strategy elements.
+
+
+We have proven in \cite{FCT11} that,
+
+\begin{theorem}
+ Let $f: \mathds{B}^{n} \rightarrow \mathds{B}^{n}$, $\Gamma(f)$ its
+ iteration graph, $\check{M}$ its adjacency
+ matrix and $M$ a $n\times n$ matrix defined as in the previous lemma.
+ If $\Gamma(f)$ is strongly connected, then
+ the output of the PRNG detailed in Algorithm~\ref{CI Algorithm} follows
+ a law that tends to the uniform distribution
+ if and only if $M$ is a double stochastic matrix.
+\end{theorem}
+
+
+
+\alert{Mettre encore un peu de blabla sur le PRNG, puis enchaîner en disant que, ok, on peut préserver le chaos quand on passe sur machine, mais que le chaos dont il s'agit a été prouvé pour une distance bizarroïde sur un espace non moins hémoroïde, d'où ce qui suit}
