X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/rairo15.git/blobdiff_plain/28e2670bed58d41eddd7820a3c86f9eef9870c33..ac6bb3190276a11caaed94b7443f95f697328bcd:/stopping.tex

diff --git a/stopping.tex b/stopping.tex
index 9309221..0ad3e8a 100644
--- a/stopping.tex
+++ b/stopping.tex
@@ -1,3 +1,80 @@
+
+
+
+Let thus be given such kind of map.
+This article focuses on studying its iterations according to
+the equation~(\ref{eq:asyn}) with a given strategy.
+First of all, this can be interpreted as walking into its iteration graph 
+where the choice of the edge to follow is decided by the strategy.
+Notice that the iteration graph is always a subgraph of 
+${\mathsf{N}}$-cube augmented with all the self-loop, \textit{i.e.}, all the 
+edges $(v,v)$ for any $v \in \Bool^{\mathsf{N}}$. 
+Next, if we add probabilities on the transition graph, iterations can be 
+interpreted as Markov chains.
+
+\begin{xpl}
+Let us consider for instance  
+the graph $\Gamma(f)$ defined 
+in \textsc{Figure~\ref{fig:iteration:f*}.} and 
+the probability function $p$ defined on the set of edges as follows:
+$$
+p(e) \left\{
+\begin{array}{ll}
+= \frac{2}{3} \textrm{ if $e=(v,v)$ with $v \in \Bool^3$,}\\
+= \frac{1}{6} \textrm{ otherwise.}
+\end{array}
+\right.  
+$$
+The matrix $P$ of the Markov chain associated to the function $f^*$ and to its probability function $p$ is 
+\[
+P=\dfrac{1}{6} \left(
+\begin{array}{llllllll}
+4&1&1&0&0&0&0&0 \\
+1&4&0&0&0&1&0&0 \\
+0&0&4&1&0&0&1&0 \\
+0&1&1&4&0&0&0&0 \\
+1&0&0&0&4&0&1&0 \\
+0&0&0&0&1&4&0&1 \\
+0&0&0&0&1&0&4&1 \\
+0&0&0&1&0&1&0&4 
+\end{array}
+\right)
+\]
+\end{xpl}
+
+
+% % Let us first recall the  \emph{Total Variation} distance $\tv{\pi-\mu}$,
+% % which is defined for two distributions $\pi$ and $\mu$ on the same set 
+% % $\Bool^n$  by:
+% % $$\tv{\pi-\mu}=\max_{A\subset \Bool^n} |\pi(A)-\mu(A)|.$$ 
+% % It is known that
+% % $$\tv{\pi-\mu}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{x\in\Bool^n}|\pi(x)-\mu(x)|.$$
+
+% % Let then $M(x,\cdot)$ be the
+% % distribution induced by the $x$-th row of $M$. If the Markov chain
+% % induced by
+% % $M$ has a stationary distribution $\pi$, then we define
+% % $$d(t)=\max_{x\in\Bool^n}\tv{M^t(x,\cdot)-\pi}.$$
+% Intuitively $d(t)$ is the largest deviation between
+% the distribution $\pi$ and $M^t(x,\cdot)$, which 
+% is the result of iterating $t$ times the function.
+% Finally, let $\varepsilon$ be a positive number, the \emph{mixing time} 
+% with respect to $\varepsilon$ is given by
+% $$t_{\rm mix}(\varepsilon)=\min\{t \mid d(t)\leq \varepsilon\}.$$
+% It defines the smallest iteration number 
+% that is sufficient to obtain a deviation lesser than $\varepsilon$.
+% Notice that the upper and lower bounds of mixing times cannot    
+% directly be computed with eigenvalues formulae as expressed 
+% in~\cite[Chap. 12]{LevinPeresWilmer2006}. The authors of this latter work  
+% only consider reversible Markov matrices whereas we do no restrict our 
+% matrices to such a form.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
 This section considers functions $f: \Bool^n \rightarrow \Bool^n $ 
 issued from an hypercube where an Hamiltonian path has been removed.
 A specific random walk in this modified hypercube is first 
@@ -13,16 +90,27 @@ First of all, let $\pi$, $\mu$ be two distributions on $\Bool^n$. The total
 variation distance between $\pi$ and $\mu$ is denoted $\tv{\pi-\mu}$ and is
 defined by
 $$\tv{\pi-\mu}=\max_{A\subset \Bool^n} |\pi(A)-\mu(A)|.$$ It is known that
-$$\tv{\pi-\mu}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{x\in\Bool^n}|\pi(x)-\mu(x)|.$$ Moreover, if
+$$\tv{\pi-\mu}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{X\in\Bool^n}|\pi(X)-\mu(X)|.$$ Moreover, if
 $\nu$ is a distribution on $\Bool^n$, one has
 $$\tv{\pi-\mu}\leq \tv{\pi-\nu}+\tv{\nu-\mu}$$
 
-Let $P$ be the matrix of a Markov chain on $\Bool^n$. $P(x,\cdot)$ is the
-distribution induced by the $x$-th row of $P$. If the Markov chain induced by
+Let $P$ be the matrix of a Markov chain on $\Bool^n$. $P(X,\cdot)$ is the
+distribution induced by the $X$-th row of $P$. If the Markov chain induced by
 $P$ has a stationary distribution $\pi$, then we define
-$$d(t)=\max_{x\in\Bool^n}\tv{P^t(x,\cdot)-\pi}.$$
-It is known that $d(t+1)\leq d(t)$. \JFC{references ? Cela a-t-il 
-un intérêt dans la preuve ensuite.}
+$$d(t)=\max_{X\in\Bool^n}\tv{P^t(X,\cdot)-\pi}.$$
+
+and
+
+$$t_{\rm mix}(\varepsilon)=\min\{t \mid d(t)\leq \varepsilon\}.$$
+One can prove that
+
+$$t_{\rm mix}(\varepsilon)\leq \lceil\log_2(\varepsilon^{-1})\rceil t_{\rm mix}(\frac{1}{4})$$
+
+
+
+
+% It is known that $d(t+1)\leq d(t)$. \JFC{references ? Cela a-t-il 
+% un intérêt dans la preuve ensuite.}
 
 
 
@@ -41,93 +129,104 @@ In other words, the event $\{\tau = t \}$ only depends on the values of
 $(X_0,X_1,\ldots,X_t)$, not on $X_k$ with $k > t$. 
  
 
-\JFC{Je ne comprends pas la definition de randomized stopping time, Peut-on enrichir ?}
-
 Let $(X_t)_{t\in \mathbb{N}}$ be a Markov chain and $f(X_{t-1},Z_t)$ a
 random mapping representation of the Markov chain. A {\it randomized
   stopping time} for the Markov chain is a stopping time for
 $(Z_t)_{t\in\mathbb{N}}$. If the Markov chain is irreducible and has $\pi$
 as stationary distribution, then a {\it stationary time} $\tau$ is a
-randomized stopping time (possibly depending on the starting position $x$),
+randomized stopping time (possibly depending on the starting position $X$),
 such that  the distribution of $X_\tau$ is $\pi$:
-$$\P_x(X_\tau=y)=\pi(y).$$
+$$\P_X(X_\tau=Y)=\pi(Y).$$
 
 
-\JFC{Ou ceci a-t-il ete prouvé}
 \begin{Theo}
-If $\tau$ is a strong stationary time, then $d(t)\leq \max_{x\in\Bool^n}
-\P_x(\tau > t)$.
+If $\tau$ is a strong stationary time, then $d(t)\leq \max_{X\in\Bool^n}
+\P_X(\tau > t)$.
 \end{Theo}
 
 
 %Let $\Bool^n$ be the set of words of length $n$. 
-Let $E=\{(x,y)\mid
-x\in \Bool^n, y\in \Bool^n,\ x=y \text{ or } x\oplus y \in 0^*10^*\}$.
+Let $E=\{(X,Y)\mid
+X\in \Bool^n, Y\in \Bool^n,\ X=Y \text{ or } X\oplus Y \in 0^*10^*\}$.
 In other words, $E$ is the set of all the edges in the classical 
 $n$-cube. 
 Let $h$ be a function from $\Bool^n$ into $\llbracket 1, n \rrbracket$.
 Intuitively speaking $h$ aims at memorizing for each node 
-$x \in \Bool^n$ which edge is removed in the Hamiltonian cycle,
+$X \in \Bool^n$ which edge is removed in the Hamiltonian cycle,
 \textit{i.e.} which bit in $\llbracket 1, n \rrbracket$ 
 cannot be switched.
 
 
 
-We denote by $E_h$ the set $E\setminus\{(x,y)\mid x\oplus y =
-0^{n-h(x)}10^{h(x)-1}\}$. This is the set of the modified hypercube, 
+We denote by $E_h$ the set $E\setminus\{(X,Y)\mid X\oplus Y =
+0^{n-h(X)}10^{h(X)-1}\}$. This is the set of the modified hypercube, 
 \textit{i.e.}, the $n$-cube where the Hamiltonian cycle $h$ 
 has been removed.
 
-We define the Markov matrix $P_h$ for each line $x$ and 
-each column $y$  as follows:
+We define the Markov matrix $P_h$ for each line $X$ and 
+each column $Y$  as follows:
 $$\left\{
 \begin{array}{ll}
-P_h(x,x)=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2n} & \\
-P_h(x,y)=0 & \textrm{if  $(x,y)\notin E_h$}\\
-P_h(x,y)=\frac{1}{2n} & \textrm{if $x\neq y$ and $(x,y) \in E_h$}
+P_h(X,X)=\frac{1}{2}+\frac{1}{2n} & \\
+P_h(X,Y)=0 & \textrm{if  $(X,Y)\notin E_h$}\\
+P_h(X,Y)=\frac{1}{2n} & \textrm{if $X\neq Y$ and $(X,Y) \in E_h$}
 \end{array}
 \right.
 $$ 
 
 We denote by $\ov{h} : \Bool^n \rightarrow \Bool^n$ the function 
-such that for any $x \in \Bool^n $, 
-$(x,\ov{h}(x)) \in E$ and $x\oplus\ov{h}(x)=0^{n-h(x)}10^{h(x)-1}$. 
-The function $\ov{h}$ is said {\it square-free} if for every $x\in \Bool^n$,
-$\ov{h}(\ov{h}(x))\neq x$. 
+such that for any $X \in \Bool^n $, 
+$(X,\ov{h}(X)) \in E$ and $X\oplus\ov{h}(X)=0^{n-h(X)}10^{h(X)-1}$. 
+The function $\ov{h}$ is said {\it square-free} if for every $X\in \Bool^n$,
+$\ov{h}(\ov{h}(X))\neq X$. 
 
 \begin{Lemma}\label{lm:h}
-If $\ov{h}$ is bijective and square-free, then $h(\ov{h}^{-1}(x))\neq h(x)$.
+If $\ov{h}$ is bijective and square-free, then $h(\ov{h}^{-1}(X))\neq h(X)$.
 \end{Lemma}
 
-\begin{Proof}
-\JFC{ecrire la preuve}
-\end{Proof}
+\begin{proof}
+Let $\ov{h}$ be bijective.
+Let $k\in \llbracket 1, n \rrbracket$ s.t. $h(\ov{h}^{-1}(X))=k$.
+Then $(\ov{h}^{-1}(X),X)$ belongs to $E$ and 
+$\ov{h}^{-1}(X)\oplus X = 0^{n-k}10^{k-1}$.
+Let us suppose $h(X) = h(\ov{h}^{-1}(X))$. In such a case, $h(X) =k$.
+By definition of $\ov{h}$, $(X, \ov{h}(X)) \in E $ and 
+$X\oplus\ov{h}(X)=0^{n-h(X)}10^{h(X)-1} = 0^{n-k}10^{k-1}$.
+Thus $\ov{h}(X)= \ov{h}^{-1}(X)$, which leads to $\ov{h}(\ov{h}(X))= X$.
+This contradicts the square-freeness of $\ov{h}$.
+\end{proof}
 
-Let $Z$ be a random variable over
-$\llbracket 1, n \rrbracket \times\{0,1\}$ uniformly distributed.
- For $X\in \Bool^n$, we
-define, with $Z=(i,x)$,  
+Let $Z$ be a random variable that is uniformly distributed over
+$\llbracket 1, n \rrbracket \times \Bool$.
+For $X\in \Bool^n$, we
+define, with $Z=(i,b)$,  
 $$
 \left\{
 \begin{array}{ll}
-f(X,Z)=X\oplus (0^{n-i}10^{i-1}) & \text{if } x=1 \text{ and } i\neq h(X),\\
+f(X,Z)=X\oplus (0^{n-i}10^{i-1}) & \text{if } b=1 \text{ and } i\neq h(X),\\
 f(X,Z)=X& \text{otherwise.} 
 \end{array}\right.
 $$
 
-The pair $f,Z$ is a random mapping representation of $P_h$.
-
+The Markov chain is thus defined as 
+$$
+X_t= f(X_{t-1},Z_t)
+$$
 
 
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%ù
-\section{Stopping time}
-
-An integer $\ell\in\{1,\ldots,n\}$ is said {\it fair} at time $t$ if there
-exists $0\leq j <t$ such that $Z_j=(\ell,\cdot)$ and $h(X_j)\neq \ell$.
-
+%\section{Stopping time}
+
+An integer $\ell\in \llbracket 1,n \rrbracket$ is said {\it fair} 
+at time $t$ if there
+exists $0\leq j <t$ such that $Z_{j+1}=(\ell,\cdot)$ and $h(X_j)\neq \ell$.
+In other words, there exist a date $j$ before $t$ where 
+the first element of the random variable $Z$ is exactly $l$ 
+(\textit{i.e.}, $l$ is the strategy at date $j$) 
+and where the configuration $X_j$ allows to traverse the edge $l$.  
  
-Let $\ts$ be the first time all the elements of $\{1,\ldots,n\}$
+Let $\ts$ be the first time all the elements of $\llbracket 1, n \rrbracket$
 are fair. The integer $\ts$ is a randomized stopping time for
 the Markov chain $(X_t)$.
 
@@ -138,55 +237,79 @@ The integer $\ts$ is a strong stationary time.
 
 \begin{proof}
 Let $\tau_\ell$ be the first time that $\ell$ is fair. The random variable
-$Z_{\tau_\ell-1}$ is of the form $(\ell,\delta)$ with $\delta\in\{0,1\}$ and
-$\delta=1$ with probability $\frac{1}{2}$ and $\delta=0$ with probability
+$Z_{\tau_\ell}$ is of the form $(\ell,b)$ %with $\delta\in\{0,1\}$ and
+such that 
+$b=1$ with probability $\frac{1}{2}$ and $b=0$ with probability
 $\frac{1}{2}$. Since $h(X_{\tau_\ell-1})\neq\ell$ the value of the $\ell$-th
-bit of $X_{\tau_\ell}$ is $\delta$. By symmetry, for $t\geq \tau_\ell$, the
+bit of $X_{\tau_\ell}$ 
+is $0$ or $1$ with the same probability ($\frac{1}{2}$).
+
+ Moving next in the chain, at each step,
+the $l$-th bit  is switched from $0$ to $1$ or from $1$ to $0$ each time with
+the same probability. Therefore,  for $t\geq \tau_\ell$, the
 $\ell$-th bit of $X_t$ is $0$ or $1$ with the same probability, proving the
-lemma.
-\end{proof}
+lemma.\end{proof}
 
 \begin{Theo} \label{prop:stop}
 If $\ov{h}$ is bijective and square-free, then
 $E[\ts]\leq 8n^2+ n\ln (n+1)$. 
 \end{Theo}
 
-For each $x\in \Bool^n$ and $\ell\in\{1,\ldots,n\}$, let $S_{x,\ell}$ be the
-random variable counting the number of steps done until reaching from $x$ a state where
+For each $X\in \Bool^n$ and $\ell\in\llbracket 1,n\rrbracket$, 
+let $S_{X,\ell}$ be the
+random variable that counts the number of steps 
+from $X$ until we reach a configuration where
 $\ell$ is fair. More formally
-$$S_{x,\ell}=\min \{m \geq 1\mid h(X_m)\neq \ell\text{ and }Z_m=\ell\text{ and } X_0=x\}.$$
+$$S_{X,\ell}=\min \{t \geq 1\mid h(X_{t-1})\neq \ell\text{ and }Z_t=(\ell,.)\text{ and } X_0=X\}.$$
 
  We denote by
-$$\lambda_h=\max_{x,\ell} S_{x,\ell}.$$
+$$\lambda_h=\max_{X,\ell} S_{X,\ell}.$$
 
 
 \begin{Lemma}\label{prop:lambda}
-If $\ov{h}$ is a square-free bijective function, then one has $E[\lambda_h]\leq 8n^2.$
+If $\ov{h}$ is a square-free bijective function, then the inequality 
+$E[\lambda_h]\leq 8n^2$ is established.
+
 \end{Lemma}
 
 \begin{proof}
-For every $x$, every $\ell$, one has $\P(S_{x,\ell})\leq 2)\geq
-\frac{1}{4n^2}$. Indeed, if $h(x)\neq \ell$, then
-$\P(S_{x,\ell}=1)=\frac{1}{2n}\geq \frac{1}{4n^2}$. If $h(x)=\ell$, then
-$\P(S_{x,\ell}=1)=0$. Let $X_0=x$. Since $\ov{h}$ is square-free,
-$\ov{h}(\ov{h}^{-1}(x))\neq x$. It follows that $(x,\ov{h}^{-1}(x))\in E_h$.
-Therefore $P(X_1=\ov{h}^{-1}(x))=\frac{1}{2n}$. now, 
-by Lemma~\ref{lm:h},  $h(\ov{h}^{-1}(x))\neq h(x)$. Therefore 
-$\P(S_{x,\ell}=2\mid X_1=\ov{h}^{-1}(x))=\frac{1}{2n}$, proving that
-$\P(S_{x,\ell}\leq 2)\geq \frac{1}{4n^2}$.
-
-Therefore, $\P(S_{x,\ell}\geq 2)\leq 1-\frac{1}{4n^2}$. By induction, one
-has, for every $i$, $\P(S_{x,\ell}\geq 2i)\leq
+For every $X$, every $\ell$, one has $\P(S_{X,\ell})\leq 2)\geq
+\frac{1}{4n^2}$. 
+Let $X_0= X$.
+Indeed, 
+\begin{itemize}
+\item if $h(X)\neq \ell$, then
+$\P(S_{X,\ell}=1)=\frac{1}{2n}\geq \frac{1}{4n^2}$. 
+\item otherwise, $h(X)=\ell$, then
+$\P(S_{X,\ell}=1)=0$.
+But in this case, intutively, it is possible to move
+from $X$ to $\ov{h}^{-1}(X)$ (with probability $\frac{1}{2N}$). And in
+$\ov{h}^{-1}(X)$ the $l$-th bit can be switched. 
+More formally,
+since $\ov{h}$ is square-free,
+$\ov{h}(X)=\ov{h}(\ov{h}(\ov{h}^{-1}(X)))\neq \ov{h}^{-1}(X)$. It follows
+that $(X,\ov{h}^{-1}(X))\in E_h$. We thus have
+$P(X_1=\ov{h}^{-1}(X))=\frac{1}{2N}$. Now, by Lemma~\ref{lm:h},
+$h(\ov{h}^{-1}(X))\neq h(X)$. Therefore $\P(S_{x,\ell}=2\mid
+X_1=\ov{h}^{-1}(X))=\frac{1}{2N}$, proving that $\P(S_{x,\ell}\leq 2)\geq
+\frac{1}{4N^2}$.
+\end{itemize}
+
+
+
+
+Therefore, $\P(S_{X,\ell}\geq 3)\leq 1-\frac{1}{4n^2}$. By induction, one
+has, for every $i$, $\P(S_{X,\ell}\geq 2i)\leq
 \left(1-\frac{1}{4n^2}\right)^i$.
  Moreover,
-since $S_{x,\ell}$ is positive, it is known~\cite[lemma 2.9]{}, that
-$$E[S_{x,\ell}]=\sum_{i=1}^{+\infty}\P(S_{x,\ell}\geq i).$$
-Since $\P(S_{x,\ell}\geq i)\geq \P(S_{x,\ell}\geq i+1)$, one has
-$$E[S_{x,\ell}]=\sum_{i=1}^{+\infty}\P(S_{x,\ell}\geq i)\leq
-\P(S_{x,\ell}\geq 1)+2 \sum_{i=1}^{+\infty}\P(S_{x,\ell}\geq 2i).$$
+since $S_{X,\ell}$ is positive, it is known~\cite[lemma 2.9]{proba}, that
+$$E[S_{X,\ell}]=\sum_{i=1}^{+\infty}\P(S_{X,\ell}\geq i).$$
+Since $\P(S_{X,\ell}\geq i)\geq \P(S_{X,\ell}\geq i+1)$, one has
+$$E[S_{X,\ell}]=\sum_{i=1}^{+\infty}\P(S_{X,\ell}\geq i)\leq
+\P(S_{X,\ell}\geq 1)+\P(S_{X,\ell}\geq 2)+2 \sum_{i=1}^{+\infty}\P(S_{X,\ell}\geq 2i).$$
 Consequently,
-$$E[S_{x,\ell}]\leq 1+2
-\sum_{i=1}^{+\infty}\left(1-\frac{1}{4n^2}\right)^i=1+2(4n^2-1)=8n^2-2,$$
+$$E[S_{X,\ell}]\leq 1+1+2
+\sum_{i=1}^{+\infty}\left(1-\frac{1}{4n^2}\right)^i=2+2(4n^2-1)=8n^2,$$
 which concludes the proof.
 \end{proof}
 
@@ -201,9 +324,9 @@ One has $E[\ts^\prime]\leq n \ln (n+1).$
 This is a classical  Coupon Collector's like problem. Let $W_i$ be the
 random variable counting the number of moves done in the Markov chain while
 we had exactly $i-1$ fair bits. One has $\ts^\prime=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}W_i$.
- But when we are at position $x$ with $i-1$ fair bits, the probability of
- obtaining a new fair bit is either $1-\frac{i-1}{n}$ if $h(x)$ is fair,
- or  $1-\frac{i-2}{n}$ if $h(x)$ is not fair. It follows that 
+ But when we are at position $X$ with $i-1$ fair bits, the probability of
+ obtaining a new fair bit is either $1-\frac{i-1}{n}$ if $h(X)$ is fair,
+ or  $1-\frac{i-2}{n}$ if $h(X)$ is not fair. It follows that 
 $E[W_i]\leq \frac{n}{n-i+2}$. Therefore
 $$E[\ts^\prime]=\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}E[W_i]\leq n\sum_{i=1}^{n-1}
  \frac{1}{n-i+2}=n\sum_{i=3}^{n+1}\frac{1}{i}.$$
@@ -214,7 +337,7 @@ Consequently,
 $E[\ts^\prime]\leq n (-\frac{1}{2}+\ln(n+1))\leq n\ln(n+1)$.
 \end{proof}
 
-One can now prove Theo~\ref{prop:stop}.
+One can now prove Theorem~\ref{prop:stop}.
 
 \begin{proof}
 One has $\ts\leq \ts^\prime+\lambda_h$. Therefore,
@@ -222,4 +345,10 @@ Theorem~\ref{prop:stop} is a direct application of
 lemma~\ref{prop:lambda} and~\ref{lm:stopprime}.
 \end{proof}
 
-\end{document}
+Notice that the calculus of the stationary time upper bound is obtained
+under the following constraint: for each vertex in the $\mathsf{N}$-cube 
+there are one ongoing arc and one outgoing arc that are removed. 
+The calculus does not consider (balanced) hamiltonian cycles, which 
+are more regular and more binding than this constraint.
+In this later context, we claim that the upper bound for the stopping time 
+should be reduced.