X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/rairo15.git/blobdiff_plain/28e2670bed58d41eddd7820a3c86f9eef9870c33..e4f6e60e4d2af88e0e16f2d680cf4fe3725ea1fc:/preliminaries.tex?ds=sidebyside diff --git a/preliminaries.tex b/preliminaries.tex index 9441aab..1200bc5 100644 --- a/preliminaries.tex +++ b/preliminaries.tex @@ -3,36 +3,49 @@ $\Bool=\{0,1\}$ with the classical operators of conjunction '.', of disjunction '+', of negation '$\overline{~}$', and of disjunctive union $\oplus$. -Let $n$ be a positive integer. A {\emph{Boolean map} $f$ is -a function from $\Bool^n$ +Let us first introduce basic notations. +Let $\mathsf{N}$ be a positive integer. The set $\{1, 2, \hdots , \mathsf{N}\}$ +of integers belonging between $1$ and $\mathsf{N}$ +is further denoted as $\llbracket 1, \mathsf{N} \rrbracket$. +A {\emph{Boolean map} $f$ is +a function from $\Bool^{\mathsf{N}}$ to itself such that -$x=(x_1,\dots,x_n)$ maps to $f(x)=(f_1(x),\dots,f_n(x))$. +$x=(x_1,\dots,x_{\mathsf{N}})$ maps to $f(x)=(f_1(x),\dots,f_{\mathsf{N}}(x))$. +In what follows, for any finite set $X$, $|X|$ denotes its cardinality and +$\lfloor y \rfloor$ is +the largest integer lower than $y$. + Functions are iterated as follows. At the $t^{th}$ iteration, only the $s_{t}-$th component is said to be -``iterated'', where $s = \left(s_t\right)_{t \in \mathds{N}}$ is a sequence of indices taken in $\llbracket 1;n \rrbracket$ called ``strategy''. +``iterated'', where $s = \left(s_t\right)_{t \in \mathds{N}}$ is a sequence of indices taken in $\llbracket 1;{\mathsf{N}} \rrbracket$ called ``strategy''. Formally, -let $F_f: \llbracket1;n\rrbracket\times \Bool^{n}$ to $\Bool^n$ be defined by +let $F_f: \Bool^{{\mathsf{N}}} \times \llbracket1;{\mathsf{N}}\rrbracket$ to $\Bool^{\mathsf{N}}$ be defined by \[ -F_f(i,x)=(x_1,\dots,x_{i-1},f_i(x),x_{i+1},\dots,x_n). +F_f(x,i)=(x_1,\dots,x_{i-1},f_i(x),x_{i+1},\dots,x_{\mathsf{N}}). \] -Then, let $x^0\in\Bool^n$ be an initial configuration +Then, let $x^0\in\Bool^{\mathsf{N}}$ be an initial configuration and $s\in -\llbracket1;n\rrbracket^\Nats$ be a strategy, +\llbracket1;{\mathsf{N}}\rrbracket^\Nats$ be a strategy, the dynamics are described by the recurrence \begin{equation}\label{eq:asyn} -x^{t+1}=F_f(s_t,x^t). +x^{t+1}=F_f(x^t,s_t). \end{equation} + + + Let be given a Boolean map $f$. Its associated {\emph{iteration graph}} $\Gamma(f)$ is the directed graph such that the set of vertices is -$\Bool^n$, and for all $x\in\Bool^n$ and $i\in \llbracket1;n\rrbracket$, -the graph $\Gamma(f)$ contains an arc from $x$ to $F_f(i,x)$. +$\Bool^{\mathsf{N}}$, and for all $x\in\Bool^{\mathsf{N}}$ and $i\in \llbracket1;{\mathsf{N}}\rrbracket$, +the graph $\Gamma(f)$ contains an arc from $x$ to $F_f(x,i)$. +Each arc $(x,F_f(x,i))$ is labelled with $i$. + \begin{xpl} -Let us consider for instance $n=3$. +Let us consider for instance ${\mathsf{N}}=3$. Let $f^*: \Bool^3 \rightarrow \Bool^3$ be defined by $f^*(x_1,x_2,x_3) = @@ -40,86 +53,49 @@ $f^*(x_1,x_2,x_3) = \overline{x_1}\overline{x_3} + x_1x_2)$. The iteration graph $\Gamma(f^*)$ of this function is given in Figure~\ref{fig:iteration:f*}. +\end{xpl} -\vspace{-1em} \begin{figure}[ht] \begin{center} \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{images/iter_f0c} \end{center} -\vspace{-0.5em} \caption{Iteration Graph $\Gamma(f^*)$ of the function $f^*$}\label{fig:iteration:f*} \end{figure} -\end{xpl} - -Let thus be given such kind of map. -This article focuses on studying its iterations according to -the equation~(\ref{eq:asyn}) with a given strategy. -First of all, this can be interpreted as walking into its iteration graph -where the choice of the edge to follow is decided by the strategy. -Notice that the iteration graph is always a subgraph of -$n$-cube augmented with all the self-loop, \textit{i.e.}, all the -edges $(v,v)$ for any $v \in \Bool^n$. -Next, if we add probabilities on the transition graph, iterations can be -interpreted as Markov chains. +Let us finally recall the pseudorandom number generator $\chi_{\textit{14Secrypt}}$ +\cite{DBLP:conf/secrypt/CouchotHGWB14} +formalized in Algorithm~\ref{CI Algorithm}. +It is based on random walks in $\Gamma(f)$. +More precisely, let be given a Boolean map $f:\Bool^{\mathsf{N}} \rightarrow \Bool^{\mathsf{N}}$, +an input PRNG \textit{Random}, +an integer $b$ that corresponds to a number of iterations, and +an initial configuration $x^0$. +Starting from $x^0$, the algorithm repeats $b$ times +a random choice of which edge to follow and traverses this edge. +The final configuration is thus outputted. -\begin{xpl} -Let us consider for instance -the graph $\Gamma(f)$ defined -in \textsc{Figure~\ref{fig:iteration:f*}.} and -the probability function $p$ defined on the set of edges as follows: -$$ -p(e) \left\{ -\begin{array}{ll} -= \frac{2}{3} \textrm{ if $e=(v,v)$ with $v \in \Bool^3$,}\\ -= \frac{1}{6} \textrm{ otherwise.} -\end{array} -\right. -$$ -The matrix $P$ of the Markov chain associated to the function $f^*$ and to its probability function $p$ is -\[ -P=\dfrac{1}{6} \left( -\begin{array}{llllllll} -4&1&1&0&0&0&0&0 \\ -1&4&0&0&0&1&0&0 \\ -0&0&4&1&0&0&1&0 \\ -0&1&1&4&0&0&0&0 \\ -1&0&0&0&4&0&1&0 \\ -0&0&0&0&1&4&0&1 \\ -0&0&0&0&1&0&4&1 \\ -0&0&0&1&0&1&0&4 -\end{array} -\right) -\] -\end{xpl} +\begin{algorithm}[ht] +\begin{scriptsize} +%\JFC{Mettre ceci dans une boite flottante} +\KwIn{a function $f$, an iteration number $b$, an initial configuration $x^0$ (${\mathsf{N}}$ bits)} +\KwOut{a configuration $x$ (${\mathsf{N}}$ bits)} +$x\leftarrow x^0$\; +\For{$i=0,\dots,b-1$} +{ +$s\leftarrow{\textit{Random}({\mathsf{N}})}$\; +$x\leftarrow{F_f(x,s)}$\; +} +return $x$\; +\end{scriptsize} +\caption{Pseudo Code of the $\chi_{\textit{14Secrypt}}$ PRNG} +\label{CI Algorithm} +\end{algorithm} -% % Let us first recall the \emph{Total Variation} distance $\tv{\pi-\mu}$, -% % which is defined for two distributions $\pi$ and $\mu$ on the same set -% % $\Bool^n$ by: -% % $$\tv{\pi-\mu}=\max_{A\subset \Bool^n} |\pi(A)-\mu(A)|.$$ -% % It is known that -% % $$\tv{\pi-\mu}=\frac{1}{2}\sum_{x\in\Bool^n}|\pi(x)-\mu(x)|.$$ - -% % Let then $M(x,\cdot)$ be the -% % distribution induced by the $x$-th row of $M$. If the Markov chain -% % induced by -% % $M$ has a stationary distribution $\pi$, then we define -% % $$d(t)=\max_{x\in\Bool^n}\tv{M^t(x,\cdot)-\pi}.$$ -% Intuitively $d(t)$ is the largest deviation between -% the distribution $\pi$ and $M^t(x,\cdot)$, which -% is the result of iterating $t$ times the function. -% Finally, let $\varepsilon$ be a positive number, the \emph{mixing time} -% with respect to $\varepsilon$ is given by -% $$t_{\rm mix}(\varepsilon)=\min\{t \mid d(t)\leq \varepsilon\}.$$ -% It defines the smallest iteration number -% that is sufficient to obtain a deviation lesser than $\varepsilon$. -% Notice that the upper and lower bounds of mixing times cannot -% directly be computed with eigenvalues formulae as expressed -% in~\cite[Chap. 12]{LevinPeresWilmer2006}. The authors of this latter work -% only consider reversible Markov matrices whereas we do no restrict our -% matrices to such a form. +With all this material, we can study the chaos properties of these +function. +This is the aims of the next section.