X-Git-Url: https://bilbo.iut-bm.univ-fcomte.fr/and/gitweb/rce2015.git/blobdiff_plain/0f254855527c1f36a44d7ca5b39a3d8fc24654fa..9f63b1bdd201bf280fa1aee49eeb60425682273c:/paper.tex?ds=inline

diff --git a/paper.tex b/paper.tex
index cd6a8be..9d20e32 100644
--- a/paper.tex
+++ b/paper.tex
@@ -114,8 +114,8 @@ their  applications  using  a simulation tool before.
 \end{abstract}
 
 %\keywords{Algorithm; distributed; iterative; asynchronous; simulation; simgrid;
-%performance} 
-\keywords{Multisplitting algorithms, Synchronous and asynchronous iterations, SimGrid, Simulation, Performance evaluation}
+%performance}
+\keywords{ Performance evaluation, Simulation, SimGrid,  Synchronous and asynchronous iterations, Multisplitting algorithms}
 
 \maketitle
 
@@ -131,28 +131,28 @@ are often very important. So, in this context it is difficult to optimize a
 given application for a given  architecture. In this way and in order to reduce
 the access cost to these computing resources it seems very interesting to use a
 simulation environment.  The advantages are numerous: development life cycle,
-code debugging, ability to obtain results quickly,~\ldots. In counterpart, the simulation results need to be consistent with the real ones.
+code debugging, ability to obtain results quickly~\ldots. In counterpart, the simulation results need to be consistent with the real ones.
 
 In this paper we focus on a class of highly efficient parallel algorithms called
 \emph{iterative algorithms}. The parallel scheme of iterative methods is quite
 simple. It generally involves the division of the problem into  several
 \emph{blocks}  that  will  be  solved  in  parallel  on  multiple processing
-units.  Each processing unit has to compute an iteration, to send/receive some
+units.  Each processing unit has to compute an iteration to send/receive some
 data dependencies to/from its neighbors and to iterate this process until the
-convergence of the method. Several well-known methods demonstrate the
+convergence of the method. Several well-known studies demonstrate the
 convergence of these algorithms~\cite{BT89,bahi07}. In this processing mode a
 task cannot begin a new iteration while it has not received data dependencies
-from its neighbors. We say that the iteration computation follows a synchronous
-scheme. In the asynchronous scheme a task can compute a new iteration without
-having to wait for the data dependencies coming from its neighbors. Both
-communication and computations are asynchronous inducing that there is no more
-idle time, due to synchronizations, between two iterations~\cite{bcvc06:ij}.
-This model presents some advantages and drawbacks that we detail in
-section~\ref{sec:asynchro} but even if the number of iterations required to
-converge is generally  greater  than for the synchronous  case, it appears that
-the asynchronous  iterative scheme  can significantly  reduce  overall execution
-times by  suppressing idle  times due to  synchronizations~(see~\cite{bahi07}
-for more details).
+from its neighbors. We say that the iteration computation follows a
+\textit{synchronous} scheme. In the asynchronous scheme a task can compute a new
+iteration without having to wait for the data dependencies coming from its
+neighbors. Both communication and computations are \textit{asynchronous}
+inducing that there is no more idle time, due to synchronizations, between two
+iterations~\cite{bcvc06:ij}. This model presents some advantages and drawbacks
+that we detail in section~\ref{sec:asynchro} but even if the number of
+iterations required to converge is generally  greater  than for the synchronous
+case, it appears that the asynchronous  iterative scheme  can significantly
+reduce  overall execution times by  suppressing idle  times due to
+synchronizations~(see~\cite{bahi07} for more details).
 
 Nevertheless,  in both  cases  (synchronous  or asynchronous)  it  is very  time
 consuming to find optimal configuration  and deployment requirements for a given
@@ -223,22 +223,22 @@ consult~\cite{myBCCV05c,bahi07,ccl09:ij}.
 \label{sec:04}
 \subsection{Synchronous and asynchronous two-stage methods for sparse linear systems}
 \label{sec:04.01}
-In this paper we focus on two-stage multisplitting methods in their both versions (synchronous and asynchronous)~\cite{Frommer92,Szyld92,Bru95}. These iterative methods are based on multisplitting methods~\cite{O'leary85,White86,Alefeld97} and use two nested iterations: the outer iteration and the inner iteration. Let us consider the following sparse linear system of $n$ equations in $\mathbb{R}$
+In this paper we focus on two-stage multisplitting methods in their both versions (synchronous and asynchronous)~\cite{Frommer92,Szyld92,Bru95}. These iterative methods are based on multisplitting methods~\cite{O'leary85,White86,Alefeld97} and use two nested iterations: the outer iteration and the inner iteration. Let us consider the following sparse linear system of $n$ equations in $\mathbb{R}$:
 \begin{equation}
 Ax=b,
 \label{eq:01}
 \end{equation}
-where $A$ is a sparse square and nonsingular matrix, $b$ is the right-hand side and $x$ is the solution of the system. Our work in this paper is restricted to the block Jacobi splitting method. This approach of multisplitting consists in partitioning the matrix $A$ into $L$ horizontal band matrices of order $\frac{n}{L}\times n$ without overlapping (i.e. sub-vectors $\{x_\ell\}_{1\leq\ell\leq L}$ are disjoint). Two-stage multisplitting methods solve the linear system~(\ref{eq:01}) iteratively as follows
+where $A$ is a sparse square and nonsingular matrix, $b$ is the right-hand side and $x$ is the solution of the system. Our work in this paper is restricted to the block Jacobi splitting method. This approach of multisplitting consists in partitioning the matrix $A$ into $L$ horizontal band matrices of order $\frac{n}{L}\times n$ without overlapping (i.e. sub-vectors $\{x_\ell\}_{1\leq\ell\leq L}$ are disjoint). Two-stage multisplitting methods solve the linear system~(\ref{eq:01}) iteratively as follows:
 \begin{equation}
 x_\ell^{k+1} = A_{\ell\ell}^{-1}(b_\ell - \displaystyle\sum^{L}_{\substack{m=1\\m\neq\ell}}{A_{\ell m}x^k_m}),\mbox{~for~}\ell=1,\ldots,L\mbox{~and~}k=1,2,3,\ldots
 \label{eq:02}
 \end{equation}
-where $x_\ell$ are sub-vectors of the solution $x$, $b_\ell$ are the sub-vectors of the right-hand side $b$, and $A_{\ell\ell}$ and $A_{\ell m}$ are diagonal and off-diagonal blocks of matrix $A$ respectively. The iterations of these methods can naturally be computed in parallel such that each processor or cluster of processors is responsible for solving one splitting as a linear sub-system
+where $x_\ell$ are sub-vectors of the solution $x$, $b_\ell$ are the sub-vectors of the right-hand side $b$, and $A_{\ell\ell}$ and $A_{\ell m}$ are diagonal and off-diagonal blocks of matrix $A$ respectively. The iterations of these methods can naturally be computed in parallel such that each processor or cluster of processors is responsible for solving one splitting as a linear sub-system:
 \begin{equation}
 A_{\ell\ell} x_\ell = c_\ell,\mbox{~for~}\ell=1,\ldots,L,
 \label{eq:03}
 \end{equation}
-where right-hand sides $c_\ell=b_\ell-\sum_{m\neq\ell}A_{\ell m}x_m$ are computed using the shared vectors $x_m$. In this paper, we use the well-known iterative method GMRES ({\it Generalized Minimal RESidual})~\cite{saad86} as an inner iteration to approximate the solutions of the different splittings arising from the block Jacobi multisplitting of matrix $A$. The algorithm in Figure~\ref{alg:01} shows the main key points of our block Jacobi two-stage method executed by a cluster of processors. In line~\ref{solve}, the linear sub-system~(\ref{eq:03}) is solved in parallel using GMRES method where $\MIG$ and $\TOLG$ are the maximum number of inner iterations and the tolerance threshold for GMRES respectively. The convergence of the two-stage multisplitting methods, based on synchronous or asynchronous iterations, is studied by many authors for example~\cite{Bru95,bahi07}.
+where right-hand sides $c_\ell=b_\ell-\sum_{m\neq\ell}A_{\ell m}x_m$ are computed using the shared vectors $x_m$. In this paper, we use the well-known iterative method GMRES ({\it Generalized Minimal RESidual})~\cite{saad86} as an inner iteration to approximate the solutions of the different splittings arising from the block Jacobi multisplitting of matrix $A$. The algorithm in Figure~\ref{alg:01} shows the main key points of our block Jacobi two-stage method executed by a cluster of processors. In line~\ref{solve}, the linear sub-system~(\ref{eq:03}) is solved in parallel using GMRES method where $\MIG$ and $\TOLG$ are the maximum number of inner iterations and the tolerance threshold for GMRES respectively. The convergence of the two-stage multisplitting methods, based on synchronous or asynchronous iterations, has been studied by many authors for example~\cite{Bru95,bahi07}.
 
 \begin{figure}[t]
 %\begin{algorithm}[t]
@@ -259,19 +259,19 @@ where right-hand sides $c_\ell=b_\ell-\sum_{m\neq\ell}A_{\ell m}x_m$ are compute
 %\end{algorithm}
 \end{figure}
 
-In this paper, we propose two algorithms of two-stage multisplitting methods. The first algorithm is based on the asynchronous model which allows the communications to be overlapped by computations and reduces the idle times resulting from the synchronizations. So in the asynchronous mode, our two-stage algorithm uses asynchronous outer iterations and asynchronous communications between clusters. The communications (i.e. lines~\ref{send} and~\ref{recv} in Figure~\ref{alg:01}) are performed by message passing using MPI non-blocking communication routines. The convergence of the asynchronous iterations is detected when all clusters have locally converged
+In this paper, we propose two algorithms of two-stage multisplitting methods. The first algorithm is based on the asynchronous model which allows communications to be overlapped by computations and reduces the idle times resulting from the synchronizations. So in the asynchronous mode, our two-stage algorithm uses asynchronous outer iterations and asynchronous communications between clusters. The communications (i.e. lines~\ref{send} and~\ref{recv} in Figure~\ref{alg:01}) are performed by message passing using MPI non-blocking communication routines. The convergence of the asynchronous iterations is detected when all clusters have locally converged:
 \begin{equation}
 k\geq\MIM\mbox{~or~}\|x_\ell^{k+1}-x_\ell^k\|_{\infty }\leq\TOLM,
 \label{eq:04}
 \end{equation}
-where $\MIM$ is the maximum number of outer iterations and $\TOLM$ is the tolerance threshold for the two-stage algorithm. 
+where $\MIM$ is the maximum number of outer iterations and $\TOLM$ is the tolerance threshold for the two-stage algorithm.
 
-The second two-stage algorithm is based on synchronous outer iterations. We propose to use the Krylov iteration based on residual minimization to improve the slow convergence of the multisplitting methods. In this case, a $n\times s$ matrix $S$ is set using solutions issued from the inner iteration
+The second two-stage algorithm is based on synchronous outer iterations. We propose to use the Krylov iteration based on residual minimization to improve the slow convergence of the multisplitting methods. In this case, a $n\times s$ matrix $S$ is set using solutions issued from the inner iteration:
 \begin{equation}
 S=[x^1,x^2,\ldots,x^s],~s\ll n.
 \label{eq:05}
 \end{equation}
-At each $s$ outer iterations, the algorithm computes a new approximation $\tilde{x}=S\alpha$ which minimizes the residual
+At each $s$ outer iterations, the algorithm computes a new approximation $\tilde{x}=S\alpha$ which minimizes the residual:
 \begin{equation}
 \min_{\alpha\in\mathbb{R}^s}{\|b-AS\alpha\|_2}.
 \label{eq:06}
@@ -304,11 +304,11 @@ The algorithm in Figure~\ref{alg:02} includes the procedure of the residual mini
 %\end{algorithm}
 \end{figure}
 
-\subsection{Simulation of two-stage methods using SimGrid framework}
+\subsection{Simulation of the two-stage methods using SimGrid toolkit}
 \label{sec:04.02}
 
 One of our objectives when simulating the  application in Simgrid is, as in real
-life, to  get accurate results  (solutions of the  problem) but also  ensure the
+life, to  get accurate results  (solutions of the  problem) but also to ensure the
 test reproducibility  under the same  conditions.  According to  our experience,
 very  few modifications  are required  to adapt  a MPI  program for  the Simgrid
 simulator using SMPI (Simulator MPI). The  first modification is to include SMPI
@@ -316,11 +316,13 @@ libraries  and related  header files  (smpi.h).  The  second modification  is to
 suppress all global variables by replacing  them with local variables or using a
 Simgrid      selector       called      "runtime       automatic      switching"
 (smpi/privatize\_global\_variables). Indeed, global  variables can generate side
-effects on runtime between the threads running in the same process, generated by
-the Simgrid  to simulate the  grid environment.  \RC{On vire cette  phrase ?}The
-last modification on the  MPI program pointed out for some  cases, the review of
-the sequence of  the MPI\_Isend, MPI\_Irecv and  MPI\_Waitall instructions which
-might cause an infinite loop.
+effects on runtime between the threads running in the same process and generated by
+Simgrid  to simulate the  grid environment.
+
+%\RC{On vire cette  phrase ?} \RCE {Si c'est la phrase d'avant sur les threads, je pense qu'on peut la retenir car c'est l'explication du pourquoi Simgrid n'aime pas les variables globales. Si c'est pas bien dit, on peut la reformuler. Si c'est la phrase ci-apres, effectivement, on peut la virer si elle preterais a discussion}The
+%last modification on the  MPI program pointed out for some  cases, the review of
+%the sequence of  the MPI\_Isend, MPI\_Irecv and  MPI\_Waitall instructions which
+%might cause an infinite loop.
 
 
 \paragraph{Simgrid Simulator parameters}
@@ -343,12 +345,19 @@ In addition, the following arguments are given to the programs at runtime:
 \begin{itemize}
 	\item maximum number of inner and outer iterations;
 	\item inner and outer precisions;
-	\item matrix size (N$_{x}$, N$_{y}$ and N$_{z}$);
-	\item matrix diagonal value = 6.0 (for synchronous Krylov multisplitting experiments and 6.2 for asynchronous block Jacobi experiments); \RC{CE tu vérifies, je dis ca de tête}
-	\item execution mode: synchronous or asynchronous.
+	\item maximum number of the GMRES restarts in the Arnorldi process;
+	\item maximum number of iterations and the tolerance threshold in classical GMRES;
+	\item tolerance threshold for outer and inner-iterations;
+	\item matrix size (N$_{x}$, N$_{y}$ and N$_{z}$) respectively on $x, y, z$ axis;
+	\item matrix diagonal value is fixed to $6.0$ for synchronous Krylov multisplitting experiments and $6.2$ for asynchronous block Jacobi experiments; \RC{CE tu vérifies, je dis ca de tête}
+	\item matrix off-diagonal value;
+	\item execution mode: synchronous or asynchronous;
+	\RCE {C'est ok la liste des arguments du programme mais si Lilia ou toi pouvez preciser pour les  arguments pour CGLS ci dessous} \RC{Vu que tu n'as pas fait varier ce paramètre, on peut ne pas en parler}
+	\item Size of matrix S;
+	\item Maximum number of iterations and tolerance threshold for CGLS.
 \end{itemize}
 
-It should also be noticed that both solvers have been executed with the Simgrid selector -cfg=smpi/running\_power which determines the computational power (here 19GFlops) of the simulator host machine.
+It should also be noticed that both solvers have been executed with the Simgrid selector \texttt{-cfg=smpi/running\_power} which determines the computational power (here 19GFlops) of the simulator host machine.
 
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
@@ -356,106 +365,124 @@ It should also be noticed that both solvers have been executed with the Simgrid
 \section{Experimental Results}
 \label{sec:expe}
 
-In this section, experiments for both Multisplitting algorithms are reported. First the problem sued in our experiments is described.
+In this section, experiments for both Multisplitting algorithms are reported. First the 3D Poisson problem used in our experiments is described.
+
+\subsection{The 3D Poisson problem}
 
-\RC{Lilia a toi de jouer}
+
+We use our two-stage algorithms to solve the well-known Poisson problem $\nabla^2\phi=f$~\cite{Polyanin01}. In three-dimensional Cartesian coordinates in $\mathbb{R}^3$, the problem takes the following form:
+\begin{equation}
+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial x^2}\phi(x,y,z)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}\phi(x,y,z)+\frac{\partial^2}{\partial z^2}\phi(x,y,z)=f(x,y,z)\mbox{~in the domain~}\Omega
+\label{eq:07}
+\end{equation}
+such that:
+\begin{equation*}
+\phi(x,y,z)=0\mbox{~on the boundary~}\partial\Omega
+\end{equation*}
+where the real-valued function $\phi(x,y,z)$ is the solution sought, $f(x,y,z)$ is a known function and $\Omega=[0,1]^3$. The 3D discretization of the Laplace operator $\nabla^2$ with the finite difference scheme includes 7 points stencil on the computational grid. The numerical approximation of the Poisson problem on three-dimensional grid is repeatedly computed as $\phi=\phi^\star$ such that:
+\begin{equation}
+\begin{array}{ll}
+\phi^\star(x,y,z)=&\frac{1}{6}(\phi(x-h,y,z)+\phi(x,y-h,z)+\phi(x,y,z-h)\\&+\phi(x+h,y,z)+\phi(x,y+h,z)+\phi(x,y,z+h)\\&-h^2f(x,y,z))
+\end{array}
+\label{eq:08}
+\end{equation}
+until convergence where $h$ is the grid spacing between two adjacent elements in the 3D computational grid.
+
+In the parallel context, the 3D Poisson problem is partitioned into $L\times p$ sub-problems such that $L$ is the number of clusters and $p$ is the number of processors in each cluster. We apply the three-dimensional partitioning instead of the row-by-row one in order to reduce the size of the data shared at the sub-problems boundaries. In this case, each processor is in charge of parallelepipedic block of the problem and has at most six neighbors in the same cluster or in distant clusters with which it shares data at boundaries.
 
 \subsection{Study setup and Simulation Methodology}
 
 First, to conduct our study, we propose the following methodology
 which can be reused for any grid-enabled applications.\\
 
-\textbf{Step 1} : Choose with the end users the class of algorithms or
+\textbf{Step 1}: Choose with the end users the class of algorithms or
 the application to be tested. Numerical parallel iterative algorithms
 have been chosen for the study in this paper. \\
 
-\textbf{Step 2} : Collect the software materials needed for the
+\textbf{Step 2}: Collect the software materials needed for the
 experimentation. In our case, we have two variants algorithms for the
-resolution of the 3D-Poisson problem: (1) using the classical GMRES (Algo-1); (2) and the multisplitting method (Algo-2). In addition, Simgrid simulator has been chosen to simulate the behaviors of the
-distributed applications. Simgrid is running on the Mesocentre datacenter in the University of  Franche-Comte and also in a virtual machine on a laptop. \\
+resolution of the 3D-Poisson problem: (1) using the classical GMRES; (2) and the Multisplitting method. In addition, the Simgrid simulator has been chosen to simulate the behaviors of the
+distributed applications. Simgrid is running on the Mesocentre datacenter in the University of  Franche-Comte and also in a virtual machine on a simple laptop. \\
 
-\textbf{Step 3} : Fix the criteria which will be used for the future
+\textbf{Step 3}: Fix the criteria which will be used for the future
 results comparison and analysis. In the scope of this study, we retain
-in one hand the algorithm execution mode (synchronous and asynchronous)
-and in the other hand the execution time and the number of iterations of
-the application before obtaining the convergence. \\
-
-\textbf{Step 4 }: Set up the different grid testbed environments
-which will be simulated in the simulator tool to run the program. The
-following architecture has been configured in Simgrid : 2x16 - that is a
-grid containing 2 clusters with 16 hosts (processors/cores) each -, 4x8,
-4x16, 8x8 and 2x50. The network has been designed to operate with a
-bandwidth equals to 10Gbits (resp. 1Gbits/s) and a latency of 8.10$^{-6}$
-microseconds (resp. 5.10$^{-5}$) for the intra-clusters links (resp.
-inter-clusters backbone links). \\
+on the  one hand the algorithm execution mode (synchronous and asynchronous)
+and on the other hand the execution time and the number of iterations to reach the convergence. \\
+
+\textbf{Step 4  }: Set up the  different grid testbed environments  that will be
+simulated in the  simulator tool to run the program.  The following architecture
+has been configured in Simgrid : 2x16, 4x8, 4x16, 8x8 and 2x50. The first number
+represents the number  of clusters in the grid and  the second number represents
+the number  of hosts (processors/cores)  in each  cluster. The network  has been
+designed to  operate with a bandwidth  equals to 10Gbits (resp.  1Gbits/s) and a
+latency of 8.10$^{-6}$ seconds (resp.  5.10$^{-5}$) for the intra-clusters links
+(resp.  inter-clusters backbone links). \\
 
 \textbf{Step 5}: Conduct an extensive and comprehensive testings
-within these configurations in varying the key parameters, especially
+within these configurations by varying the key parameters, especially
 the CPU power capacity, the network parameters and also the size of the
-input matrix. Note that some parameters like some program input arguments should be fixed to be invariant to allow the comparison. \\
+input data.  \\
 
 \textbf{Step 6} : Collect and analyze the output results.
 
 \subsection{Factors impacting distributed applications performance in
 a grid environment}
 
-From our previous experience on running distributed application in a
-computational grid, many factors are identified to have an impact on the
-program behavior and performance on this specific environment. Mainly,
-first of all, the architecture of the grid itself can obviously
-influence the performance results of the program. The performance gain
-might be important theoretically when the number of clusters and/or the
-number of nodes (processors/cores) in each individual cluster increase.
-
-Another important factor impacting the overall performance of the
-application is the network configuration. Two main network parameters
-can modify drastically the program output results : (i) the network
-bandwidth (bw=bits/s) also known as "the data-carrying capacity"
-of the network is defined as the maximum of data that can pass
-from one point to another in a unit of time. (ii) the network latency
-(lat : microsecond) defined as the delay from the start time to send the
-data from a source and the final time the destination have finished to
-receive it. Upon the network characteristics, another impacting factor
-is the application dependent volume of data exchanged between the nodes
-in the cluster and between distant clusters. Large volume of data can be
-transferred and transit between the clusters and nodes during the code
-execution.
-
- In a grid environment, it is common to distinguish in one hand, the
-"\,intra-network" which refers to the links between nodes within a
-cluster and in the other hand, the "\,inter-network" which is the
-backbone link between clusters. By design, these two networks perform
-with different speed. The intra-network generally works like a high
-speed local network with a high bandwith and very low latency. In
-opposite, the inter-network connects clusters sometime via heterogeneous
-networks components thru internet with a lower speed. The network
-between distant clusters might be a bottleneck for the global
-performance of the application.
-
-\subsection{Comparing GMRES and Multisplitting algorithms in
-synchronous mode}
-
-In the scope of this paper, our first objective is to demonstrate the
-Algo-2 (Multisplitting method) shows a better performance in grid
-architecture compared with Algo-1 (Classical GMRES) both running in
-\textit{synchronous mode}. Better algorithm performance
-should means a less number of iterations output and a less execution time
-before reaching the convergence. For a systematic study, the experiments
-should figure out that, for various grid parameters values, the
-simulator will confirm the targeted outcomes, particularly for poor and
-slow networks, focusing on the impact on the communication performance
-on the chosen class of algorithm.
+When running a distributed application in a computational grid, many factors may
+have a strong impact on the performances.  First of all, the architecture of the
+grid itself can obviously influence the  performance results of the program. The
+performance gain  might be important  theoretically when the number  of clusters
+and/or  the  number  of  nodes (processors/cores)  in  each  individual  cluster
+increase.
+
+Another important factor  impacting the overall performances  of the application
+is the network configuration. Two main network parameters can modify drastically
+the program output results:
+\begin{enumerate}
+\item  the network  bandwidth  (bw=bits/s) also  known  as "the  data-carrying
+    capacity" of the network is defined as  the maximum of data that can transit
+    from one point to another in a unit of time.
+\item the  network latency  (lat :  microsecond) defined as  the delay  from the
+  start time to send  the data from a source and the  final time the destination
+  have finished to receive it.
+\end{enumerate}
+Upon  the   network  characteristics,  another  impacting   factor  is  the
+application dependent volume of data exchanged  between the nodes in the cluster
+and  between distant  clusters.  Large volume  of data  can  be transferred  and
+transit between the clusters and nodes during the code execution.
+
+ In  a grid  environment, it  is common  to distinguish,  on the  one hand,  the
+ "intra-network" which refers  to the links between nodes within  a cluster and,
+ on  the other  hand, the  "inter-network" which  is the  backbone link  between
+ clusters.  In   practice,  these  two   networks  have  different   speeds.  The
+ intra-network  generally works  like a  high speed  local network  with a  high
+ bandwith and very low latency. In opposite, the inter-network connects clusters
+ sometime via  heterogeneous networks components  throuth internet with  a lower
+ speed.  The network  between distant  clusters might  be a  bottleneck for  the
+ global performance of the application.
+
+\subsection{Comparison of GMRES and Krylov Multisplitting algorithms in synchronous mode}
+
+In the scope  of this paper, our  first objective is to analyze  when the Krylov
+Multisplitting  method   has  better  performances  than   the  classical  GMRES
+method. With an  iterative method, better performances mean a  smaller number of
+iterations and execution time before reaching the convergence.  For a systematic
+study,  the experiments  should figure  out  that, for  various grid  parameters
+values, the simulator will confirm  the targeted outcomes, particularly for poor
+and slow  networks, focusing on the  impact on the communication  performance on
+the chosen class of algorithm.
 
 The following paragraphs present the test conditions, the output results
 and our comments.\\
 
 
-\textit{3.a Executing the algorithms on various computational grid
+\subsubsection{Execution of the the algorithms on various computational grid
 architecture and scaling up the input matrix size}
-\\
-
+\ \\
 % environment
-\begin{footnotesize}
+
+\begin{figure} [ht!]
+\begin{center}
 \begin{tabular}{r c }
  \hline
  Grid & 2x16, 4x8, 4x16 and 8x8\\ %\hline
@@ -463,26 +490,34 @@ architecture and scaling up the input matrix size}
  Input matrix size & N$_{x}$ x N$_{y}$ x N$_{z}$ =150 x 150 x 150\\ %\hline
  - &  N$_{x}$ x N$_{y}$ x N$_{z}$  =170 x 170 x 170    \\ \hline
  \end{tabular}
-Table 1 : Clusters x Nodes with N$_{x}$=150 or N$_{x}$=170 \\
+\caption{Clusters x Nodes with N$_{x}$=150 or N$_{x}$=170 \RC{je ne comprends pas la légende... Ca ne serait pas plutot Characteristics of cluster (mais il faudrait lui donner un nom)}}
+\end{center}
+\end{figure}
 
-\end{footnotesize}
 
 
 
 %\RCE{J'ai voulu mettre les tableaux des données mais je pense que c'est inutile et ça va surcharger}
 
 
-In this section, we compare the algorithms performance running on various grid configuration (2x16, 4x8, 4x16 and 8x8). First, the results in figure 3 show for all grid configuration the non-variation of the number of iterations of classical GMRES for a given input matrix size; it is not
-the case for the multisplitting method.
+In this  section, we analyze the  performences of algorithms running  on various
+grid configuration  (2x16, 4x8, 4x16  and 8x8). First,  the results in  Figure~\ref{fig:01}
+show for all grid configuration the non-variation of the number of iterations of
+classical  GMRES for  a given  input matrix  size; it  is not  the case  for the
+multisplitting method.
+
+\RC{CE attention tu n'as pas mis de label dans tes figures, donc c'est le bordel, j'en mets mais vérifie...}
+\RC{Les légendes ne sont pas explicites...}
+
 
-%\begin{wrapfigure}{l}{100mm}
 \begin{figure} [ht!]
-\centering
-\includegraphics[width=100mm]{cluster_x_nodes_nx_150_and_nx_170.pdf}
-\caption{Cluster x Nodes N$_{x}$=150 and N$_{x}$=170}
-%\label{overflow}}
+  \begin{center}
+    \includegraphics[width=100mm]{cluster_x_nodes_nx_150_and_nx_170.pdf}
+  \end{center}
+  \caption{Cluster x Nodes N$_{x}$=150 and N$_{x}$=170}
+  \label{fig:01}
 \end{figure}
-%\end{wrapfigure}
+
 
 The execution time difference between the two algorithms is important when
 comparing between different grid architectures, even with the same number of
@@ -611,7 +646,7 @@ In this experimentation, the input matrix size has been set from
 N$_{x}$ = N$_{y}$ = N$_{z}$ = 40 to 200 side elements that is from 40$^{3}$ = 64.000 to
 200$^{3}$ = 8.000.000 points. Obviously, as shown in the figure 7,
 the execution time for the two algorithms convergence increases with the
-input matrix size. But the interesting results here direct on (i) the
+iinput matrix size. But the interesting results here direct on (i) the
 drastic increase (300 times) of the number of iterations needed before
 the convergence for the classical GMRES algorithm when the matrix size
 go beyond N$_{x}$=150; (ii) the classical GMRES execution time also almost
@@ -641,13 +676,13 @@ Table 6 : CPU Power impact \\
 \includegraphics[width=100mm]{cpu_power_impact_on_execution_time.pdf}
 \caption{CPU Power impact on execution time}
 %\label{overflow}}
-\end{figure}
+s\end{figure}
 
 Using the Simgrid simulator flexibility, we have tried to determine the
 impact on the algorithms performance in varying the CPU power of the
 clusters nodes from 1 to 19 GFlops. The outputs depicted in the figure 6
 confirm the performance gain, around 95\% for both of the two methods,
-after adding more powerful CPU. 
+after adding more powerful CPU.
 
 \subsection{Comparing GMRES in native synchronous mode and
 Multisplitting algorithms in asynchronous mode}