\usepackage[standard]{ntheorem}
\usepackage[english]{babel}
-
+\usepackage{stmaryrd}
\usepackage{amsmath}
\usepackage{color}
\usepackage{dsfont}
\section{Introduction}
-\section{Topology}
+\section{Topologycal Study of Disorder}
-\subsection{Historical context}
+\subsection{Historical Context}
Pseudorandom number generators are recurrent sequences having a disordered behavior.
$f:I \longrightarrow I$ continuous on the line segment $I$, the absence of
any 2-cycle implies the convergence of the discrete dynamical system.
-
-%
-%
-% \begin{block}{Convergence}
-% \begin{itemize}
-% \item $f$ monotone
-% \item Applications contractantes
-% \item Coppel: Pas de 2-cycle $\Rightarrow$ convergence
-% \end{itemize}
-% \end{block}
-%}
-
-
-
-%\frame{
-% \frametitle{3-cycle implique chaos}
-% \begin{alertblock}{Period Three Implies Chaos (Li et Yorke, 1975)}
-%S'il y a un point de période 3, alors il y a un point de n'importe quelle période
-% \end{alertblock}
-%
-% \uncover<2->{
-% \begin{exampleblock}{Remarques}
-% \begin{itemize}
-% \item Désordre lié à la multiplicité des périodes
-% \item \`A AND, on étudie des ``systèmes itératifs'' pour le calcul distribué, généralisation des suites récurrentes
-% \end{itemize}
-% \end{exampleblock}
-% }
-%}
-
-
-
-
-
-%%\subsection*{Réécriture des systèmes itératifs}
-
-%%\frame{
-%% \frametitle{Les systèmes itératifs: généralisation}
-%% \begin{block}{Les systèmes itératifs en toute généralité}
-%% La formulation suivante englobe tous les modes d'itérations imaginables:
-%% $$\left\{
-%% \begin{array}{l}
-%% x^0 \in \mathcal{X}\\
-%% x^{n+1} = f^n(x^0, \hdots, x^n)
-%% \end{array}
-%% \right.$$
-%% où $f^n:\mathcal{X}^{n+1}\rightarrow \mathcal{X}$
-%% \end{block}
-%%\uncover<2->{
-%%Différents modes d'itérations: séries, parallèles, chaotiques, asynchrones...
-%%}
-%%}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-%\subsection*{Cas des Itérations chaotiques}
-%\frame{
-% \frametitle{Les « itérations chaotiques »}
-% \begin{block}{Définition (Itérations chaotiques)}
-% Soient $f: \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N} \longrightarrow \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N}$ et $S \subset \mathcal{P} \left(\llbracket1,\mathsf{N}\rrbracket\right)^\mathds{N}$. Les \emph{itérations chaotiques} sont:
-%$$\left\{
-%\begin{array}{l}
-%x^0 \in \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N} \\
-%\forall n \in \mathds{N}^*, \forall i \in \llbracket 1; \mathsf{N} \rrbracket, x^{n}_i = \left\{
-%\begin{array}{ll}
-%x^{n-1}_{i} & \textrm{ si } i \notin S^n\\
-%f(x^{n-1})_{i} & \textrm{ si } i \in S^n
-%\end{array}
-%\right.
-%\end{array}
-%\right.$$
-%\end{block}
-%%\uncover<2->{
-%%Itérations chaotiques et théorie du chaos: a priori, rien à voir.
-%%}
-%%\uncover<3->{Y a-t-il un lien ?}\uncover<4->{ Pour quoi faire ?}
-%}
-
-
-
-
-
-%\frame{
-% \frametitle{Non-convergence des IC}
-% \begin{alertblock}{Théorème (Condition nécessaire de non-convergence)}
-% % Soit $f : \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N} \to \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N}$ et $S \in \mathcal{S}$.
-% Si les itérations chaotiques $\left(f,(x^0,S)\right)$ sont non convergentes, alors:
-%\begin{itemize}
-%\item soit $f$ n'est pas contractante,
-%\item soit $S$ n'est pas pseudo-périodique (complète).
-%\end{itemize}
-% \end{alertblock}
-% \uncover<2->{
-% Quelle quantité de désordre ?
-% }
-%}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-%\frame{
-%\frametitle{Présentation du problème}
-
-%\begin{tabular}{c||c}
-%MATHS DISCRÈTES & TOPOLOGIE MATHÉMATIQUE \tabularnewline
-%\hline
-%\multirow{2}{5cm}{\centering $f: \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N} \to \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N}$} & $(\mathcal{X},\tau)$ espace topologique\\
-%& $f : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{X}$ continue pour $\tau$\\
-%\hline
-%$S \in \mathcal{S} = \llbracket 1,\mathsf{N}\rrbracket^\mathds{N}$ & \multirow{2}{5cm}{\centering $x^0 \in \mathcal{X}$} \\
-%$x^0 \in \mathds{B}^\mathds{N}$ & \\
-%\hline
-%$x_i^{n+1} = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} x^{n}_{i} & \textrm{ si } i \neq S^n\\ f(x^{n})_{i} & \textrm{ si } i = S^n \end{array} \right.$ & $\forall n \in \mathds{N}, x^{n+1} = f(x^n)$ \\
-%\end{tabular}
-
-%}
-
-
-
-
-
-
-%\frame{
-%\frametitle{Définitions et notations}
-%\begin{block}{Introduisons quelques fonctions...}
-%\begin{itemize}
-%\item décalage: $\sigma : \mathcal{S} \longrightarrow \mathcal{S}, (S^n)_{n \in \mathds{N}} \mapsto (S^{n+1})_{n \in \mathds{N}}$.
-%\item initiale: $i : \mathcal{S} \longrightarrow \llbracket 1 ; \mathsf{N} \rrbracket, (S^n)_{n \in \mathds{N}} \mapsto S^0$
-%\item $F_f : \llbracket 1 ; \mathsf{N} \rrbracket \times \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N} \longrightarrow \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N},$ $$(k,E) \longmapsto \left( E_j.\delta(k,j) + f(E)_k.\overline{\delta (k,j)} \right)_{j \in \llbracket 1 ; \mathsf{N} \rrbracket}$$
-%\end{itemize}
-%où $\delta(x,y) = \left\{\begin{array}{ll}
-%0 & \textrm{ si } x=y, \\
-%1 & \textrm{ sinon.}
-% \end{array}\right.
-%$
-%\end{block}
-%}
-
-
-
-
-%\frame{
-%\frametitle{Modélisation des IC}
-%\begin{alertblock}{Modélisation des IC en topologie}
-%Soit $\mathcal{X} = \llbracket 1 ; \mathsf{N} \rrbracket^\mathds{N} \times \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N},$ et $G_f\left(S,E\right) = \left(\sigma(S), F_f(i(S),E)\right).$
-
-
-%On modélise les itérations chaotiques $\left(f, (S,x^0)\right)$ par le système dynamique discret:
-%$$\left\{
-%\begin{array}{l}
-%X^0 = (S,x^0) \in \mathcal{X}, \\
-%\forall k \in \mathds{N}, X^{k+1} = G_f(X^k).
-%\end{array}
-%\right.$$
-%\end{alertblock}
-
-% \uncover<2>{
-% On peut donc étudier leur désordre topologique.
-% }
-%}
+This theorem establish a clear link between the existence of a cycle of
+a given length and the convergence of the system. In other words, between
+cycles and order. Conversely, Li and Yorke have established in 1975~\cite{Li75} that
+the presence of a point of period three implies chaos in the same situation
+than previously. By chaos, they mean the existence of points of any
+period: this kind of disorder, which is the first occurrence of the
+term ``chaos'' in the mathematical litterature, is thus related to the
+multiplicity of periods. Since that time, the mathematical theory of
+chaos has known several developments to qualify or quantify the richness
+of chaos presented by a given discrete dynamical system, one of the most
+famous work, although old, being the one of Devaney~\cite{devaney}.
+
+\subsection{Iterative Systems}
+
+In the distributed computing community, dynamical systems have been
+generatized to take into account delay transmission or heterogeneous
+computational powers. Mathematically, the intended result is often one
+fixed point resulting from the iterations of a given function over a
+Boolean vector, considering that:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item at time $t$, $x^{t}$ is computed using not only $x^{t-1}$, but
+potentially any $x^{k}, k<t$, due to delay transmission,
+\item not all the components of $x^{t}$ are supposed to be updated at
+each iteration: each component represents a unit of computation, and
+these units have not the same processing frequency.
+\end{itemize}
+
+These considerations lead to the following definition of an iterative
+system~\cite{GuyeuxThese10}.
+
+\begin{definition}
+Iterative systems on a set $\mathcal{X}$ are defined by
+$$\left\{
+ \begin{array}{l}
+ x^0 \in \mathcal{X}\\
+ x^{n+1} = f^n(x^0, \hdots, x^n)
+ \end{array}
+ \right.$$
+where $f^n:\mathcal{X}^{n+1}\rightarrow \mathcal{X}$.
+\end{definition}
+
+Some particular cases of these iterative systems are well documented,
+namely the serial, parallel, or chaotic modes.
+In the serial mode, each component is updated one by one, whereas the
+parallel mode consists in updating all the components at each iteration,
+leading to an usual discrete dynamical system.
+These modes are compliant with the definition above,
+as the parallel mode consists in considering that the sequence
+$f^n$ defined above is constant equal to a given $f: \mathcal{X}
+\longrightarrow \mathcal{X}$,
+whereas the serial mode can be rewritten as parallel iterations of
+$$ G=F_\mathsf{N} \circ \ldots \circ F_2 \circ F_1 $$
+where, $\forall i \in \llbracket 1, \mathsf{N} \rrbracket $:
+$$\begin{array}{rccc}
+F_i: & \mathcal{X} & \longrightarrow & \mathcal{X}\\
+ & (x_1, \hdots, x_\mathsf{N}) & \longmapsto & \left(x_1, \hdots, x_{i-1},f_i\left(x_1, \hdots, x_\mathsf{N}\right), x_{i+1}, \hdots, x_\mathsf{N}\right).
+\end{array}$$
+
+
+
+Finally, iterative systems in chaotic mode, simply called chaotic iterations,
+are defined as follows~\cite{Robert}.
+
+
+\begin{definition}
+Let $f: \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N} \longrightarrow \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N}$ and
+$S \subset \mathcal{P} \left(\llbracket1,\mathsf{N}\rrbracket\right)^\mathds{N}$.
+\emph{Chaotic iterations} $(f, (x^0, S))$ are defined by:
+$$\left\{
+\begin{array}{l}
+x^0 \in \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N} \\
+\forall n \in \mathds{N}^*, \forall i \in \llbracket 1; \mathsf{N} \rrbracket, x^{n}_i = \left\{
+\begin{array}{ll}
+x^{n-1}_{i} & \textrm{ if } i \notin S^n\\
+f(x^{n-1})_{i} & \textrm{ if } i \in S^n
+\end{array}
+\right.
+\end{array}
+\right.$$
+\end{definition}
+
+\emph{A priori}, there is no relation between these chaotic iterations
+and the mathematical theory of chaos recalled in the previous section.
+On our side, we have regarded whether these chaotic iterations can
+behave chaotically, as it is defined for instance by Devaney, and if so,
+in which applicative context this behavior can be profitable.
+This questioning has led to a first necessary condition of non convergence~\cite{GuyeuxThese10}.
+
+\begin{proposition}
+Let $f : \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N} \to \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N}$ and
+$S \in \llbracket 1, \mathsf{N} \rrbracket^{\mathds{N}}$.
+If the chaotic iterations $\left(f,(x^0,S)\right)$ are not convergent, then:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item either $f$ is not a contraction, meaning that there is no Boolean matrix
+ $M$ of size $\mathsf{N}$ satisfying $\forall x,y\in \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N}$,
+ $d(f(x),f(y)) \leqslant M d(x,y)$, where $d$ is here the ``vectorial distance''
+ defined by $d(x,y) = \left(\begin{array}{c} \delta(x_1,y_1)\\ \vdots \\ \delta(x_\mathsf{N},
+ y_\mathsf{N}) \end{array}\right)$, with $\delta$ the discrete metric defined by $\delta(x,y) = \left\{\begin{matrix} 1 &\mbox{if}\ x\neq y , \\ 0 &\mbox{if}\ x = y \end{matrix}\right.$, and $\leqslant$ is the inequality term by term~\cite{Robert}.
+\item or $S$ is not pseudo-periodic: it is not constituted by an infinite succession of finite sequences, each having any element of $\llbracket
+ 1, \mathsf{N} \rrbracket$ at least once.
+\end{itemize}
+\end{proposition}
+
+The second alternative of the proposition above concerns the strategy,
+which should be provided by the outside world. Indeed, in our opinion,
+chaotic iterations can receive a PRNG $S$ as input, and due to
+properties of disorder of $f$, generate a new pseudorandom sequence
+that presents better statistical properties than $S$. Having this
+approach in mind, we thus have searched vectorial Boolean iteration
+functions that are not contractions. The vectorial negation function
+$f_0:\mathds{B}^\mathsf{N} \longrightarrow \mathds{N}^\mathsf{N},$
+$(x_1, \hdots, x_\mathsf{N}) \longmapsto (\overline{x_1}, \hdots,
+\overline{x_\mathsf{N}}) $ is such a function, which served has a
+model in our further studies ($\overline{x}$ stands for the negation
+of the Boolean $x$).
+
+The quantity of disorder generated by such chaotic iterations, when
+satisfying the proposition above, has then been measured. To do so,
+chaotic iterations have first been rewritten as simple discrete
+dynamical systems, as follows.
+
+
+\subsection{Chaotic Iterations as Dynamical Systems}
+
+The problems raised by such a formalization can be summarized as
+follows.
+Chaotic iterations are defined in the discrete mathematics framework,
+considering $x^0 \in \mathds{B}^\mathds{N}$ and $S \in \mathcal{S} = \llbracket 1,\mathsf{N}\rrbracket^\mathds{N}$, and iterations having the
+form
+$$x_i^{n+1} = \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} x^{n}_{i} & \textrm{ si } i \neq S^n\\ f(x^{n})_{i} & \textrm{ si } i = S^n \end{array} \right.$$
+where $f: \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N} \to \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N}$.
+However, the mathematical theory of chaos takes place into a
+topological space $(\mathcal{X},\tau)$. It studies the iterations
+$x^0 \in \mathcal{X}$, $\forall n \in \mathds{N}, x^{n+1} = f(x^n)$,
+where $f : \mathcal{X} \to \mathcal{X}$ is continuous for the
+topology $\tau$.
+
+To realize the junction between these two frameworks, the following
+material has been introduced~\cite{GuyeuxThese10,bgw09:ip}:
+\begin{itemize}
+\item the shift function: $\sigma : \mathcal{S} \longrightarrow \mathcal{S}, (S^n)_{n \in \mathds{N}} \mapsto (S^{n+1})_{n \in \mathds{N}}$.
+\item the initial function, defined by $i : \mathcal{S} \longrightarrow \llbracket 1 ; \mathsf{N} \rrbracket, (S^n)_{n \in \mathds{N}} \mapsto S^0$
+\item and $F_f : \llbracket 1 ; \mathsf{N} \rrbracket \times \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N} \longrightarrow \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N},$ $$(k,E) \longmapsto \left( E_j.\delta(k,j) + f(E)_k.\overline{\delta (k,j)} \right)_{j \in \llbracket 1 ; \mathsf{N} \rrbracket}$$
+\end{itemize}
+where $\delta$ is the discrete metric.
+
+
+
+
+Let $\mathcal{X} = \llbracket 1 ; \mathsf{N} \rrbracket^\mathds{N} \times \mathds{B}^\mathsf{N},$ and $G_f\left(S,E\right) = \left(\sigma(S), F_f(i(S),E)\right).$
+Chaotic iterations $\left(f, (S,x^0)\right)$ can be modeled by the
+discrete dynamical system:
+$$\left\{
+\begin{array}{l}
+X^0 = (S,x^0) \in \mathcal{X}, \\
+\forall k \in \mathds{N}, X^{k+1} = G_f(X^k).
+\end{array}
+\right.$$
+Their topological disorder can then be studied.
