1 First of all, let $f: \Bool^{{\mathsf{N}}} \rightarrow \Bool^{{\mathsf{N}}}$.
2 It has been shown~\cite[Theorem 4]{bcgr11:ip} that
3 if its iteration graph $\Gamma(f)$ is strongly connected, then
4 the output of $\chi_{\textit{14Secrypt}}$ follows
5 a law that tends to the uniform distribution
6 if and only if its Markov matrix is a doubly stochastic one.
7 In~\cite[Section 4]{DBLP:conf/secrypt/CouchotHGWB14},
8 we have presented a general scheme which generates
9 function with strongly connected iteration graph $\Gamma(f)$ and
10 with doubly stochastic Markov probability matrix.
12 Basically, let us consider the ${\mathsf{N}}$-cube. Let us next
13 remove one Hamiltonian cycle in this one. When an edge $(x,y)$
14 is removed, an edge $(x,x)$ is added.
17 For instance, the iteration graph $\Gamma(f^*)$
18 (given in Figure~\ref{fig:iteration:f*})
19 is the $3$-cube in which the Hamiltonian cycle
20 $000,100,101,001,011,111,$ $110,010,000$
24 We first have proven the following result, which
25 states that the ${\mathsf{N}}$-cube without one
27 has the awaited property with regard to the connectivity.
30 The iteration graph $\Gamma(f)$ issued from
31 the ${\mathsf{N}}$-cube where an Hamiltonian
32 cycle is removed, is strongly connected.
35 Moreover, if all the transitions have the same probability ($\frac{1}{n}$),
36 we have proven the following results:
38 The Markov Matrix $M$ resulting from the ${\mathsf{N}}$-cube in
40 cycle is removed, is doubly stochastic.
43 Let us consider now a ${\mathsf{N}}$-cube where an Hamiltonian
45 Let $f$ be the corresponding function.
46 The question which remains to solve is:
47 \emph{can we always find $b$ such that $\Gamma_{\{b\}}(f)$ is strongly connected?}
49 The answer is indeed positive. We furthermore have the following strongest
52 There exists $b \in \Nats$ such that $\Gamma_{\{b\}}(f)$ is complete.
55 There is an arc $(x,y)$ in the
56 graph $\Gamma_{\{b\}}(f)$ if and only if $M^b_{xy}$ is positive
57 where $M$ is the Markov matrix of $\Gamma(f)$.
58 It has been shown in~\cite[Lemma 3]{bcgr11:ip} that $M$ is regular.
59 Thus, there exists $b$ such that there is an arc between any $x$ and $y$.
62 This section ends with the idea of removing a Hamiltonian cycle in the
64 In such a context, the Hamiltonian cycle is equivalent to a Gray code.
65 Many approaches have been proposed as a way to build such codes, for instance
66 the Reflected Binary Code. In this one and
67 for a $\mathsf{N}$-length cycle, one of the bits is exactly switched
68 $2^{\mathsf{N}-1}$ times whereas the others bits are modified at most
69 $\left\lfloor \dfrac{2^{\mathsf{N-1}}}{\mathsf{N}-1} \right\rfloor$ times.
70 It is clear that the function that is built from such a code would
71 not provide an uniform output.
73 The next section presents how to build balanced Hamiltonian cycles in the
74 $\mathsf{N}$-cube with the objective to embed them into the
75 pseudorandom number generator.
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