SlidesAli/These.tex

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  66 \begin{frame}
  67 \frametitle{Presentation outline}
  68 \tableofcontents[currentsection]
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  71
  72
  73 \title{\textbf{Distributed Coverage Optimization Techniques for Improving Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks} \\\vspace{0.1cm}\hspace{2cm}\textbf{\textcolor{cyan}{\small PhD Dissertation Defense}}}
  74 \author{\textbf{\textcolor{green}{Ali Kadhum IDREES}} \\\vspace{0.5cm} \small Under Supervision: \\\textcolor{cyan}{\small  Raphaël COUTURIER, Karine DESCHINKEL \& Michel SALOMON} \\\vspace{0.2cm} \textcolor{blue}{ University of Franche-Comté - FEMTO-ST - DISC Dept.  - AND Team} \\\vspace{0.2cm}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\textbf{\textcolor{green}{1 October 2015 }}}
  75
  76 %\institute[FEMTO-ST, DISC]{\textit{FEMTO-ST - DISC Departement  - AND Team}}
  77
  78 \date{ }
  79
  80
  81
  82
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  87 % |____/|_____|____/ \___/  |_|
  88 %
  89
  90 \begin{document}
  91 %\initclock
  92 %\tdclock
  93 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  94 %%    SLIDE 01    %%
  95 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  96 \setbeamertemplate{background}{\titrefemto}
  97 \begin{frame}[plain]
  98 %\transduration{0.75}
  99 \begin{center}
 100 \titlepage
 101 \end{center}
 102 \end{frame}
 103
 104
 105 \setbeamertemplate{background}{\pagefemto}
 106
 107
 108 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 109 %%    SLIDE 02    %%
 110 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 111 \begin{frame} {Problem definition and solution}
 112  \vspace{-3.5em}
 113
 114  \begin{figure}
 115    \includegraphics[width=0.495\textwidth]{Figures/6}
 116    \hfill
 117 %   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/8}
 118 %   \hfill
 119    \includegraphics[width=0.495\textwidth]{Figures/10}
 120 %   \hfill
 121 %   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/13}
 122 \end{figure}
 123
 124  \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{MAIN QUESTION}}
 125                 \textcolor{black}{How to minimize the energy consumption and extend the network lifetime when covering the area of interest?}
 126 \end{block}
 127  \end{frame}
 128
 129
 130 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 131 %%    SLIDE 03    %%
 132 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 133 \begin{frame}{Problem definition and solution}
 134
 135 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{OUR SOLUTION $\blacktriangleright$ Distributed optimization process}}
 136 \begin{enumerate} [i)]
 137 \item \bf \textcolor{black}{Division into subregions}
 138 \item \bf \textcolor{black}{For each subregion}
 139
 140 \end{enumerate}
 141
 142  \begin{itemize}
 143          \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Leader election}
 144          \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Activity Scheduling based optimization}
 145          \end{itemize}
 146
 147                 \end{block}
 148 \vspace{-1.5em}
 149 \begin{figure}
 150    \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/div2}
 151    \hfill
 152    \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/act2}
 153 \end{figure}
 154
 155 \end{frame}
 156
 157 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 158 %%    SLIDE 03.1    %%
 159 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 160 %\begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
 161 %
 162 %\begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{OUR SOLUTION}}
 163 % \begin{itemize}
 164 %         %\item Leader Election for each subregion.
 165 %         \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Activity Scheduling based optimization is planned for each subregion.}
 166 %  \end{itemize}
 167 %
 168 % \end{block}
 169 %\begin{figure}
 170 %   \includegraphics[width=0.775\textwidth]{Figures/act}
 171 %
 172 %\end{figure}
 173 %
 174 %\end{frame}
 175
 176 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 177 %%    SLIDE 03.2    %%
 178 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 179 %\begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
 180 %
 181 %\begin{block}{\bf \textcolor{white}{Dissertation Objectives}}
 182 %\bf \textcolor{black}{Develop energy-efficient distributed optimization protocols that should be able to:}
 183 % \begin{itemize}
 184 %    \item \bf \textcolor{blue}{Schedule node activities by optimize both coverage and lifetime.}
 185 %    \item \bf \textcolor{blue}{Combine two efficient techniques: leader election and sensor activity scheduling.}
 186 %    \item \bf \textcolor{blue}{Perform a distributed optimization process.}
 187 %  \end{itemize}
 188 %
 189 % \end{block}
 190 %
 191 %
 192 %\end{frame}
 193
 194
 195 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 196 %%    SLIDE 04    %%
 197 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 198 \begin{frame}
 199   \frametitle{Presentation outline}
 200 \begin{small}
 201   \tableofcontents[section,subsection]
 202 \end{small}
 203 \end{frame}
 204
 205
 206 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 207 %%    SLIDE 05    %%
 208 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 209 \section{\small {State of the Art}}
 210
 211
 212 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 213 %%    SLIDE 06    %%
 214 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 215 \begin{frame}{Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)}
 216 \vspace{-3.5em}
 217  \begin{columns}[c]
 218
 219 \column{.58\textwidth}
 220
 221      \begin{figure}[!t]
 222            \includegraphics[height = 3cm]{Figures/WSNT.jpg}
 223     \end{figure}
 224
 225
 226
 227     \begin{femtoBlock}
 228         {Sensor \\}
 229                  \begin{itemize}
 230                         \item Electronic low-cost tiny device
 231                         \item Sense, process and transmit data
 232                         \item Limited energy, memory and processing capabilities
 233                 \end{itemize}
 234         \end{femtoBlock}
 235
 236         \column{.52\textwidth}
 237
 238          \begin{figure}[!t]
 239            \includegraphics[height = 4.5cm]{Figures/WSN.jpg}
 240     \end{figure}
 241     \vspace{-3.5em}
 242      \begin{figure}[!t]
 243            \includegraphics[height = 2cm]{Figures/sn.jpg}
 244      \end{figure}
 245
 246
 247 \end{columns}
 248
 249
 250
 251 \end{frame}
 252
 253
 254 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 255 %%    SLIDE 7    %%
 256 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 257 \begin{frame}{Types of Wireless Sensor Networks}
 258
 259 \vspace{-1.5em}
 260 % \begin{columns}[c]
 261 %
 262 %\column{.52\textwidth}
 263 %\begin{itemize}
 264 %  \item  Terrestrial WSNs.
 265 %  \item  Underground WSNs.
 266 %  \item  Underwater WSNs.
 267 %  \item  Multimedia WSNs.
 268 %  \item  Mobile WSNs.
 269 %  \item  Flying WSNs.
 270 %\end{itemize}
 271 %
 272 % \column{.58\textwidth}
 273  \begin{figure}[!t]
 274      \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/typesWSN.pdf}
 275  \end{figure}
 276
 277 %\end{columns}
 278 \end{frame}
 279
 280
 281 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 282 %%    SLIDE 08    %%
 283 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 284 \begin{frame}{Applications}
 285 \vspace{-1.5em}
 286
 287 \begin{figure}[!t]
 288      \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/WSNAP.pdf}
 289  \end{figure}
 290 \end{frame}
 291
 292
 293 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 294 %%    SLIDE 09    %%
 295 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 296 \begin{frame}{Energy-efficient mechanisms of a working WSN}
 297 \vspace{-2.5em}
 298
 299 \begin{figure}[!t]
 300 \centering
 301     % \includegraphics[height = 5cm]{Figures/WSN-M.pdf}
 302      \includegraphics[height = 4.8cm]{Figures/EEM.eps}
 303  \end{figure}
 304  \vspace{-1.0em}
 305  %\bf \textcolor{blue} {Our approach includes cluster architecture and scheduling schemes}
 306 \end{frame}
 307
 308 %\begin{frame}{Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}
 309 %\vspace{-1.5em}
 310 %
 311 %\begin{figure}[!t]
 312 %     \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/WSN-S.pdf}
 313 % \end{figure}
 314 %\end{frame}
 315
 316 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 317 %%    SLIDE 10    %%
 318 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 319 \begin{frame}{Network lifetime}
 320 \vspace{-1.5em}
 321 \begin{femtoBlock}
 322         { Some definitions\\}
 323      \begin{enumerate}[i)]
 324 \item \textcolor{black} {Time spent until death of the first sensor (or cluster head)}
 325 \item \textcolor{black} {Time spent until death of all wireless sensor nodes in WSN}
 326 %\item  \textcolor{black} {Time spent by WSN in covering each target by at least one sensor}
 327 \item  \textcolor{black} {Time spent in covering area of interest by at least k nodes}
 328 \item \textcolor{black} {Elapsed time until losing the connectivity or the coverage}
 329 \item \bf \textcolor{red} {Elapsed time until the coverage ratio becomes less than a predetermined threshold $\alpha$}
 330 \end{enumerate}
 331
 332         \end{femtoBlock}
 333
 334
 335
 336
 337
 338 \end{frame}
 339
 340 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 341 %%    SLIDE 10.1   %%
 342 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 343 \begin{frame}{Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks}
 344
 345 \begin{block} <1-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage definition}}
 346 \textcolor{blue} {Coverage} reflects how well a sensor field is monitored efficiently using as less energy as possible
 347 \end{block}
 348
 349
 350
 351 %\begin{block} <2-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage types}}
 352 \begin{block} {\bf \textcolor{white} {Coverage types}}
 353 \begin{enumerate}[i)]
 354 \item \small \textcolor{red} {Area coverage $\blacktriangleright$ every point inside an area has to be monitored}
 355 \item  \textcolor{blue} {Target coverage} $\blacktriangleright$ only a finite number of discrete points called targets has to be monitored
 356
 357 \item  \textcolor{blue} {Barrier coverage} $\blacktriangleright$ detection of targets as they cross a barrier such as in intrusion detection and border surveillance applications
 358 \end{enumerate}
 359 \end{block}
 360
 361
 362
 363 %\begin{block} <3-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage type in this dissertation:}}
 364 %The work presented in this dissertation deals with \textcolor{red} {area coverage}.
 365 %\end{block}
 366
 367 \end{frame}
 368
 369 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 370 %%    SLIDE 11    %%
 371 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 372 \begin{frame}{Existing works}
 373 \vspace{-0.3em}
 374 \begin{block}  {\textcolor{white} {Coverage approaches}}
 375 %Most existing coverage approaches in literature classified into
 376 \begin{enumerate}[i)]
 377 \item \textcolor{blue} { Full centralized coverage algorithms}
 378     \begin{itemize}
 379     \item  Optimal or near optimal solution
 380     \item  Low computation power for the sensors (except for base station)
 381     \item  Higher energy consumption for communication in large WSN
 382     \item  Not scalable for large WSNs
 383     \end{itemize}
 384 \item \textcolor{blue} {Full distributed coverage algorithms}
 385    \begin{itemize}
 386     \item  Lower quality solution
 387     \item  Decision process is localized inside sensor and may requires a high computation power for dense WSNs
 388     \item Less energy consumption for communication in large WSN
 389     \item  Reliable and scalable for large WSNs
 390    \end{itemize}
 391    \item  \textcolor{red} {Hybrid approaches}
 392    \begin{itemize}
 393    \item \textcolor{red} {Globally distributed and locally centralized}
 394    \end{itemize}
 395
 396 \end{enumerate}
 397
 398 \end{block}
 399
 400
 401 %\begin{block} {\textcolor{white} {Coverage protocols in this dissertation:}}
 402 %The protocols presented in this dissertation combine between the two above approaches.
 403 %\end{block}
 404
 405
 406 \end{frame}
 407
 408 \begin{frame}{Existing works $\blacktriangleright$ DESK algorithm (Vu et al.)}
 409 \vspace{-2.0em}
 410 \begin{figure}[!t]
 411            \includegraphics[height = 5.0cm]{Figures/DESKp.eps}
 412     \end{figure}
 413      \vspace{-2.5em}
 414
 415      \begin{itemize}
 416        \item Requires only one-hop neighbor information (fully distributed)
 417        \item Each sensor decides its status (Active or Sleep) based on the perimeter coverage model, without optimization
 418
 419 \end{itemize}
 420
 421
 422 %\tiny \bf \textcolor{blue}{DESK is chosen for comparison because it works into rounds fashion similar to our approaches, as well as DESK is a full distributed coverage approach.}
 423
 424
 425 \end{frame}
 426
 427 \begin{frame}{Existing works $\blacktriangleright$ GAF algorithm (Xu et al.)}
 428
 429 \vspace{-3.3em}
 430  \begin{columns}[c]
 431
 432 \column{.58\textwidth}
 433
 434      \begin{figure}[!t]
 435            \includegraphics[height = 2.7cm]{Figures/GAF1.eps}
 436     \end{figure}
 437     \vspace{-2.5em}
 438     \begin{figure}[!t]
 439            \includegraphics[height = 3.3cm]{Figures/GAF2.eps}
 440     \end{figure}
 441
 442         \column{.52\textwidth}
 443          \vspace{1.2em}
 444 \small
 445         \begin{itemize}
 446         \item Distributed energy-based scheduling approach
 447         \item Uses geographic location information to divide the area into a fixed square grids
 448         \item Nodes are in one of three sates $\blacktriangleright$ discovery, active, or sleep
 449         \item  Only one node staying active in grid
 450         \item  The fixed grid is square with r units on a side
 451          \item  Nodes cooperate within each grid to choose the active node
 452         \end{itemize}
 453
 454
 455
 456 %     \begin{itemize}
 457 %       \item \tiny enat: estimated node active time
 458 %       \item enlt: estimated node lifetime
 459 %       \item Td,Ta, Ts: discovery, active, and sleep timers
 460 %       \item Ta = enlt/2
 461 %       \item Ts = [enat/2, enat]
 462 %     \end{itemize}
 463
 464
 465
 466 \end{columns}
 467
 468 \vspace{1.0em}
 469
 470 %\tiny \bf \textcolor{blue}{GAF is chosen for comparison because it is famous and easy to implement, as well as many authors referred to it in many publications.}
 471 \end{frame}
 472
 473 \section{\small {The main scheme for our protocols}}
 474
 475
 476 \begin{frame}{Assumptions for our protocols}
 477 \vspace{-0.1cm}
 478
 479 \begin{enumerate} [$\divideontimes$]
 480                     \item  Static wireless sensor, homogeneous in terms of
 481              \begin{itemize}
 482              \item Sensing
 483              \item Communication
 484              \item Processing capabilities
 485              \end{itemize}
 486                         \item  Heterogeneous initial energy
 487                         \item  High density uniform deployment
 488                          \item $R_c\geq 2R_s$
 489                          \begin{itemize}
 490                                 \item Complete coverage $\Rightarrow$ connectivity (proved by Zhang and Zhou)
 491                                  \end{itemize}
 492                          \item  Multi-hop communication
 493
 494                 \end{enumerate}
 495
 496 \end{frame}
 497
 498
 499 \begin{frame}{Assumptions for our protocols}
 500 \vspace{-0.1cm}
 501
 502 \begin{enumerate} [$\divideontimes$]
 503          \item  Known location by
 504     \begin{itemize}
 505      \item Embedded GPS
 506      \item location discovery algorithm
 507     \end{itemize}
 508
 509     \item Using two kinds of packets
 510         \begin{itemize}
 511            \item INFO packet
 512            \item ActiveSleep packet
 513         \end{itemize}
 514         \item Five status for each node
 515         \begin{itemize}
 516            \item  LISTENING
 517            \item ACTIVE
 518            \item SLEEP
 519            \item COMPUTATION
 520            \item COMMUNICATION
 521         \end{itemize}
 522                 \end{enumerate}
 523
 524 \end{frame}
 525
 526
 527
 528
 529
 530
 531
 532 \begin{frame}{Assumptions for our protocols}
 533   \vspace{-0.5cm}
 534 \begin{center}
 535         \includegraphics[height = 7.0cm]{Figures/Pmodelsn.pdf}
 536 \end{center}
 537
 538 \end{frame}
 539
 540
 541
 542
 543 \begin{frame}{General scheme}
 544 \vspace{-0.2cm}
 545 \begin{figure}[ht!]
 546  \includegraphics[width=110mm]{Figures/GeneralModel.jpg}
 547  \end{figure}
 548
 549 \begin{itemize}
 550 \item DiLCO and PeCO  $\blacktriangleright$ one round sensing ($T=1$)
 551 \item MuDiLCO $\blacktriangleright$ multiple rounds sensing ($t=1, \cdots, T$)
 552 \end{itemize}
 553
 554 \end{frame}
 555
 556
 557 \begin{frame}{General scheme}
 558   \vspace{-0.2cm}
 559 \begin{enumerate} [i)]
 560 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{INFORMATION EXCHANGE}} $\blacktriangleright$ Sensors exchange through multi-hop communication, their
 561 \begin{itemize}
 562 \item Position coordinates, current remaining energy, sensor node ID, and number of its one-hop live neighbors
 563
 564 \end{itemize}
 565
 566
 567 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{LEADER ELECTION}} $\blacktriangleright$ The selection criteria are, in order
 568 \begin{itemize}
 569 \item Larger number of neighbors
 570 \item Larger remaining energy
 571 \item Larger ID
 572 \end{itemize}
 573
 574
 575
 576 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{DECISION}} $\blacktriangleright$ Leader solves an integer program to
 577 \begin{itemize}
 578 \item  Select which sensors will be activated in the sensing phase
 579 \item Send Active-Sleep packet to each sensor in the subregion
 580 \end{itemize}
 581
 582
 583 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{SENSING}} $\blacktriangleright$ Based on Active-Sleep Packet Information
 584 \begin{itemize}
 585 \item Active sensors will execute their sensing task
 586 \item Sleep sensors will wait a time equal to the period of sensing to wakeup
 587
 588 \end{itemize}
 589 \end{enumerate}
 590
 591 \end{frame}
 592
 593
 594
 595 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 596 %%    SLIDE 12    %%
 597 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 598 \section{\small {Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol (DiLCO)}}
 599
 600
 601 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 602 %%    SLIDE 15    %%
 603 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 604 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Coverage problem formulation}
 605 \vspace{0.2cm}
 606 \centering
 607 \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/modell1.pdf}
 608
 609 \end{frame}
 610
 611
 612 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 613 %%    SLIDE 16    %%
 614 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 615 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ DiLCO protocol algorithm}
 616 %\begin{femtoBlock} {}
 617 \centering
 618 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo.jpeg}
 619 \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo1.png}
 620 %\end{femtoBlock}
 621
 622 \end{frame}
 623
 624
 625
 626
 627 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 628 %%    SLIDE 18    %%
 629 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 630 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Simulation framework}
 631 \vspace{-0.8cm}
 632 \small
 633 \begin{table}[ht]
 634 \caption{Relevant parameters for simulation}
 635 \centering
 636 \begin{tabular}{c|c}
 637 \hline
 638 Parameter & Value  \\ [0.5ex]
 639 \hline
 640 Sensing  Field  & $(50 \times 25)~m^2 $   \\
 641 Nodes Number &  50, 100, 150, 200 and 250~nodes   \\
 642 Initial Energy  & 500-700~joules  \\
 643 Sensing Period & 60 Minutes \\
 644 $E_{th}$ & 36 Joules\\
 645 $R_s$ & 5~m   \\
 646 $R_c$ & 10~m   \\
 647 $w_{\Theta}$ & 1   \\
 648 $w_{U}$ & $|P|^2$ \\
 649 Modeling Language & A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) \\
 650 Optimization Solver & GNU  linear Programming Kit (GLPK) \\
 651 Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 652 \end{tabular}
 653 \label{tablech4}
 654 \end{table}
 655
 656 \end{frame}
 657
 658
 659 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 660 %%    SLIDE 19    %%
 661 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 662 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Energy model \& performance metrics }
 663 %\vspace{-1.8cm}
 664 \begin{femtoBlock} {Energy consumption model}
 665 \vspace{-1.0cm}
 666 \begin{table}[h]
 667 %\centering
 668 \small
 669 %\caption{Power consumption values}
 670 \label{tab:EC}
 671 \begin{tabular}{|l||cccc|}
 672   \hline
 673   {\bf Sensor status} & MCU & Radio & Sensing & {\it Power (mW)} \\
 674   \hline
 675   LISTENING & On & On & On & 20.05 \\
 676   ACTIVE & On & Off & On & 9.72 \\
 677   SLEEP & Off & Off & Off & 0.02 \\
 678   COMPUTATION & On & On & On & 26.83 \\
 679   \hline
 680   \multicolumn{4}{|l}{Energy needed to send or receive a 2-bit content message} & 0.515 \\
 681   \hline
 682 \end{tabular}
 683 \end{table}
 684
 685 \end{femtoBlock}
 686 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 687 \begin{femtoBlock} {Performance metrics}
 688 \small
 689 \begin{enumerate}[$\blacktriangleright$]
 690
 691 \item {{\bf Coverage Ratio (CR)}}
 692 \item {{\bf Active Sensors Ratio (ASR)}}
 693 \item {{\bf Energy consumption $(Lifetime_{95}$, $Lifetime_{50})$}}
 694 \item {{\bf Network lifetime $(Lifetime_{95}$, $Lifetime_{50})$}}
 695 %\item {{\bf Execution Time}}
 696 %\item {{\bf Stopped Simulation Runs}}
 697
 698 \end{enumerate}
 699 \end{femtoBlock}
 700 \end{frame}
 701
 702
 703
 704 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 705 %%    SLIDE 20    %%
 706 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 707 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
 708
 709 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 710 \begin{figure}[h!]
 711 \centering
 712  \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/R3/CR.eps}
 713 \caption{Coverage ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
 714 \label{Figures/ch4/R3/CR}
 715 \end{figure}
 716
 717
 718
 719 \end{frame}
 720
 721
 722
 723 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 724 %%    SLIDE 20    %%
 725 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 726 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
 727 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 728
 729 \begin{figure}[h!]
 730 \centering
 731 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R3/ASR.eps}
 732 \caption{Active sensors ratio for 150 deployed nodes }
 733 \label{Figures/ch4/R3/ASR}
 734 \end{figure}
 735 \end{frame}
 736
 737
 738 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 739 %%    SLIDE 21    %%
 740 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 741 %\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
 742 %\vspace{-0.5cm}
 743 %\begin{figure}[h!]
 744 %\centering
 745 %\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R3/SR.eps}
 746 %\caption{Percentage of stopped simulation runs for 150 deployed nodes }
 747 %\label{Figures/ch4/R3/SR}
 748 %\end{figure}
 749 %\end{frame}
 750
 751
 752 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 753 %%    SLIDE 22    %%
 754 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 755 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
 756 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 757 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 758 \begin{columns}[c]
 759         \column{.50\textwidth}
 760 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/EC95.eps}
 761 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 762 \column{.50\textwidth}
 763 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/EC50.eps}
 764 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 765 \end{columns}
 766 \caption{Energy consumption for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 767 \label{Figures/ch4/R3/EC}
 768 \end{figure}
 769
 770
 771 \end{frame}
 772
 773
 774 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 775 %%    SLIDE 23    %%
 776 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 777 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
 778 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 779 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 780 \begin{columns}[c]
 781         \column{.50\textwidth}
 782 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/LT95.eps}
 783 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 784 \column{.50\textwidth}
 785 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/LT50.eps}
 786 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 787 \end{columns}
 788 \caption{Network lifetime for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 789   \label{Figures/ch4/R3/LT}
 790 \end{figure}
 791
 792
 793
 794
 795 \end{frame}
 796
 797
 798
 799
 800
 801
 802 \section{\small{Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol (MuDiLCO)}}
 803
 804
 805 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 806 %%    SLIDE 28    %%
 807 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 808 %\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Main Idea}
 809 %\vspace{-0.2cm}
 810 %\begin{figure}[ht!]
 811 % \includegraphics[width=110mm]{Figures/GeneralModel.jpg}
 812 %\caption{MuDiLCO protocol.}
 813 %\label{fig2}
 814 %\end{figure}
 815 %\end{frame}
 816
 817
 818 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 819 %%    SLIDE 29    %%
 820 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 821 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$  Multiround coverage problem formulation}
 822 \vspace{0.2cm}
 823
 824 \centering
 825 \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/modell2.pdf}
 826
 827 \end{frame}
 828
 829 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 830 %%    SLIDE 30    %%
 831 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 832 %\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ MuDiLCO Protocol Algorithm}
 833 %%\vspace{0.2cm}
 834 %\begin{femtoBlock} {}
 835 %\centering
 836 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo2.png}
 837 %\end{femtoBlock}
 838 %\end{frame}
 839
 840
 841 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 842 %%    SLIDE 31    %%
 843 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 844 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
 845 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 846 \begin{figure}[h!]
 847 \centering
 848  \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/R1/CR.pdf}
 849 \caption{Average coverage ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
 850 \label{fig3}
 851 \end{figure}
 852 \end{frame}
 853
 854
 855 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 856 %%    SLIDE 32    %%
 857 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 858 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
 859 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 860 \begin{figure}[h!]
 861 \centering
 862 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/ASR.pdf}
 863 \caption{Active sensors ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
 864 \label{fig4}
 865 \end{figure}
 866 \end{frame}
 867
 868
 869 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 870 %%    SLIDE 33    %%
 871 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 872 %\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 873 %\vspace{-0.5cm}
 874 %\begin{figure}[t]
 875 %\centering
 876 %\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/SR.pdf}
 877 %\caption{Cumulative percentage of stopped simulation runs for 150 deployed nodes }
 878 %\label{fig6}
 879 %\end{figure}
 880 %\end{frame}
 881
 882 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 883 %%    SLIDE 34    %%
 884 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 885 %\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 886 %\vspace{-0.5cm}
 887 %\begin{figure}[h!]
 888 %\centering
 889 %\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/T.pdf}
 890 %\caption{Execution Time (in seconds)}
 891 %\label{fig77}
 892 %\end{figure}
 893 %\end{frame}
 894
 895
 896 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 897 %%    SLIDE 35    %%
 898 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 899 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
 900 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 901 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 902 \begin{columns}[c]
 903         \column{.50\textwidth}
 904 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/EC95.eps}
 905 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 906 \column{.50\textwidth}
 907 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/EC50.eps}
 908 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 909 \end{columns}
 910 \caption{Energy consumption for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 911 \label{Figures/ch4t/R3/EC}
 912 \end{figure}
 913 \end{frame}
 914
 915
 916 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 917 %%    SLIDE 36    %%
 918 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 919 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
 920 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 921 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 922 \begin{columns}[c]
 923         \column{.50\textwidth}
 924 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/LT95.eps}
 925 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 926 \column{.50\textwidth}
 927 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/LT50.eps}
 928 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 929 \end{columns}
 930 \caption{Network lifetime for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 931 \label{Figures/ch4/Rh3/EC}
 932 \end{figure}
 933
 934 \end{frame}
 935
 936
 937
 938
 939 \section{\small {Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization (PeCO)}}
 940
 941
 942 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 943 %%    SLIDE 45    %%
 944 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 945 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and models}
 946
 947 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 948 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 949 \begin{columns}[c]
 950         \column{.50\textwidth}
 951 \includegraphics[scale=0.40]{Figures/ch6/pcm.jpg}
 952 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 953 \column{.50\textwidth}
 954 $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 955 \right).$$
 956 \includegraphics[scale=0.30]{Figures/ch6/twosensors.eps}
 957 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)   \\
 958 \end{columns}
 959 \caption{(a) Perimeter  coverage of sensor node  0 and (b) finding  the arc of
 960     $u$'s perimeter covered by $v$.}
 961   \label{pcm2sensors}
 962 \end{figure}
 963 \end{frame}
 964
 965
 966 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 967 %%    SLIDE 46    %%
 968 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 969 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and models}
 970
 971 \vspace{-1.2cm}
 972 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 973 %\begin{columns}[c]
 974 %       \column{.50\textwidth}
 975 \includegraphics[scale=0.6]{Figures/ch6/expcm2.jpg}
 976 %\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 977 %\column{.50\textwidth}
 978 %\includegraphics[scale=0.38]{Figures/tbl.jpeg}
 979 %\footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)  \\
 980 %\end{columns}
 981 %\caption{(a) Maximum coverage levels for perimeter of sensor node $0$. and (b) Coverage intervals and contributing sensors for sensor node 0.}
 982 %  \label{pcm2sensors}
 983 \end{figure}
 984
 985 \vspace{-0.9cm}
 986 \textcolor {red} {Set of sensors involved in coverage interval of sensor 0 between 5L to 6L $\Rightarrow$ [0,2,5]\\
 987 Maximum coverage level: 3
 988 }%$a^0_{i0}= 1$
 989 %For example, the interval between 3R to 4R is covered by 4 sensors (0,1,2,4), it means the coverage level is 4
 990
 991 \end{frame}
 992
 993
 994
 995 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 996 %%    SLIDE 47    %%
 997 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 998 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ PeCO protocol algorithm}
 999 \vspace{-0.7cm}
1000 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo6.jpeg}
1001
1002 \begin{figure}[h!]
1003 \centering
1004  \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/ch6/Algo3n.pdf}
1005 \end{figure}
1006 \end{frame}
1007
1008
1009 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1010 %%    SLIDE 48    %%
1011 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1012 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Perimeter-based coverage problem formulation}
1013 \vspace{-0.72cm}
1014
1015 \begin{figure}[h!]
1016 \centering
1017 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/modell3.pdf}
1018 \end{figure}
1019
1020 \end{frame}
1021
1022
1023
1024 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1025 %%    SLIDE     %%
1026 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1027 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
1028 \vspace{-0.5cm}
1029 \begin{figure}[h!]
1030 \centering
1031  \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/ch6/R/CR.eps}
1032 \caption{Coverage ratio for 200 deployed nodes.}
1033 \label{fig333}
1034 \end{figure}
1035
1036
1037 \end{frame}
1038
1039 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1040 %%    SLIDE     %%
1041 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1042 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
1043 \vspace{-0.5cm}
1044 \begin{figure}[h!]
1045 \centering
1046 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/ch6/R/ASR.eps}
1047 \caption{Active sensors ratio for 200 deployed nodes.}
1048 \label{fig444}
1049 \end{figure}
1050
1051 \end{frame}
1052
1053 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1054 %%    SLIDE     %%
1055 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1056 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
1057 \vspace{-0.5cm}
1058 \begin{figure}%[h!]
1059 \begin{columns}[c]
1060         \column{.50\textwidth}
1061 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/EC95.eps}
1062 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
1063 \column{.50\textwidth}
1064 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/EC50.eps}
1065 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
1066 \end{columns}
1067 \caption{Energy consumption per period for (a)~$Lifetime_{95}$ and (b)~$Lifetime_{50}$.}
1068   \label{fig3EC}
1069 \end{figure}
1070
1071
1072 \end{frame}
1073
1074 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1075 %%    SLIDE     %%
1076 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1077 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance comparison}
1078 \vspace{-0.5cm}
1079 \begin{figure}%[h!]
1080 \begin{columns}[c]
1081         \column{.50\textwidth}
1082 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/LT95.eps}
1083 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
1084 \column{.50\textwidth}
1085 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/LT50.eps}
1086 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
1087 \end{columns}
1088 \caption{Network lifetime for (a)~$Lifetime_{95}$ and (b)~$Lifetime_{50}$.}
1089   \label{fig3LT}
1090 \end{figure}
1091
1092 \end{frame}
1093
1094 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1095 %%    SLIDE     %%
1096 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1097 %\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
1098 %\vspace{-0.5cm}
1099 %\begin{figure} [h!]
1100 %\centering \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/ch6/R/LTa.eps}
1101 %\caption{Network lifetime for different coverage ratios.}
1102 %\label{figLTALL}
1103 %\end{figure}
1104 %\end{frame}
1105
1106
1107
1108 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1109 %%    SLIDE     %%
1110 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1111 \section{\small {Conclusion and perspectives}}
1112
1113
1114 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1115 %%    SLIDE 50    %%
1116 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1117 \begin{frame}{Conclusion}
1118 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
1119
1120 \item  Two-step approaches are proposed to optimize both coverage and lifetime performances, where:
1121 \begin{itemize}
1122 \item Sensing field is divided into smaller subregions using divide-and-conquer method
1123 \item One of the proposed optimization protocols is applied in each subregion in a distributed parallel way
1124 \end{itemize}
1125 \item Our proposed protocols combine two efficient mechanisms
1126 \begin{itemize}
1127 \item Network leader election, and
1128 \item Sensor activity scheduling based optimization
1129 \end{itemize}
1130 \item Our protocols are periodic where each period consists of 4 phases
1131 %\begin{itemize}
1132 %\item Information exchange
1133 %\item Network leader election
1134 %\item Decision based optimization
1135 %\item Sensing.
1136 %\end{itemize}
1137 \end{enumerate}
1138
1139
1140
1141
1142 \end{frame}
1143
1144
1145 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1146 %%    SLIDE 51    %%
1147 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1148 \begin{frame}{Conclusion}
1149 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
1150
1151 \item DiLCO and PeCO provide a schedule for one round per period
1152 \item MuDiLCO provides a schedule for multiple rounds per period
1153 \item Comparison results show that our protocols
1154 \begin{itemize}
1155  \item Maintain the coverage for a larger number of rounds
1156  \item Use less active nodes to save energy efficiently during sensing
1157  \item More powerful against network disconnections
1158 % \item Perform the optimization with suitable execution times
1159  \item Consume less energy
1160  \item Prolong the network lifetime
1161
1162 \end{itemize}
1163 \end{enumerate}
1164 \end{frame}
1165
1166 \begin{frame}{Publications}
1167 \tiny
1168 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Journal Articles}}
1169 \begin{enumerate}[$\lbrack$1$\rbrack$]
1170 \item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{\textcolor{red}{Engineering Optimization}, 2015, ($2^{nd}$ Revision Submitted)}.
1171
1172 \item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{\textcolor{red}{Ad Hoc Networks}, 2015, ($1^{st}$ Revision Submitted)}.
1173
1174 \item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{\textcolor{red}{Journal of Supercomputing}, 2015, ($1^{st}$ Revision Submitted)}.
1175 \end{enumerate}
1176 \end{block}
1177
1178 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Technical Reports}}
1179
1180 \begin{enumerate}[$\lbrack$1$\rbrack$]
1181 \item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el
1182 Distributed lifetime coverage optimization protocol in wireless sensor networks. Technical Report DISC2014-X, University of Franche-Comte - FEMTO-ST Institute, DISC Research Department, Octobre 2014.
1183 \end{enumerate}
1184 \end{block}
1185
1186 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Conference Articles}}
1187 \begin{enumerate}[$\lbrack$1$\rbrack$]
1188 \item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el
1189 Coverage and lifetime optimization in heterogeneous energy wireless sensor networks. In ICN 2014, The Thirteenth International Conference on Networks, pages 49–54, 2014.
1190 \end{enumerate}
1191 \end{block}
1192
1193 \end{frame}
1194
1195 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1196 %%    SLIDE 52    %%
1197 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1198 \begin{frame}{Perspectives}
1199 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
1200 \item Investigate the optimal number of subregions
1201 \item Design a heterogeneous integrated optimization protocol to integrate coverage, routing, and data aggregation protocols
1202 \item Extend PeCO protocol so that the schedules are planned for multiple rounds per period
1203 \item Consider particle swarm optimization or evolutionary algorithms to obtain quickly near optimal solutions
1204 \item Improve our mathematical models to take into account heterogeneous sensors from both energy and node characteristics point of views
1205 %\item The cluster head will be selected in a distributed way and based on local information.
1206 \end{enumerate}
1207
1208
1209 \end{frame}
1210
1211
1212 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1213 %%    SLIDE 53    %%
1214 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1215 %\begin{frame}{Mes perspectives}
1216 %
1217 %\end{frame}
1218
1219 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1220 %%    SLIDE 54    %%
1221 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1222 \begin{frame}{Fin}
1223 \begin{center}
1224 \huge
1225 \textcolor{BleuFemto}{Thank You for Your Attention!}\\\vspace{2cm}
1226 \textcolor{BleuFemto}{Questions?}\\
1227 \end{center}
1228 \end{frame}
1229 \end{document}
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