SlidesAli/These.tex

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  58 \begin{frame}
  59 \frametitle{Presentation Outline}
  60 \tableofcontents[currentsection]
  61 \end{frame}
  62 }
  63
  64
  65 \title{\textbf{Distributed Coverage Optimization Techniques for Improving Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks} \\\vspace{0.1cm}\hspace{2cm}\textbf{\textcolor{cyan}{\small PhD Dissertation Defense}}}
  66 \author{\textbf{\textcolor{green}{Ali Kadhum IDREES}} \\\vspace{0.5cm} \small Under Supervision: \\\textcolor{cyan}{\small  Raphaël COUTURIER, Karine DESCHINKEL \& Michel SALOMON} \\\vspace{0.2cm} \textcolor{blue}{ University of Franche-Comté - FEMTO-ST - DISC Dept.  - AND Team} \\\vspace{0.2cm}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\textbf{\textcolor{green}{1 October 2015 }}}
  67
  68 %\institute[FEMTO-ST, DISC]{\textit{FEMTO-ST - DISC Departement  - AND Team}}
  69
  70 \date{ }
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75 %  ____  _____ ____  _   _ _____
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  79 % |____/|_____|____/ \___/  |_|
  80 %
  81
  82 \begin{document}
  83
  84 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  85 %%    SLIDE 01    %%
  86 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  87 \setbeamertemplate{background}{\titrefemto}
  88 \begin{frame}[plain]
  89 \begin{center}
  90 \titlepage
  91 \end{center}
  92 \end{frame}
  93
  94
  95 \setbeamertemplate{background}{\pagefemto}
  96
  97
  98 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  99 %%    SLIDE 02    %%
 100 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 101 \begin{frame} {Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
 102  \vspace{-3.5em}
 103  \begin{figure}
 104    \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/6}
 105    \hfill
 106 %   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/8}
 107 %   \hfill
 108    \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/10}
 109 %   \hfill
 110 %   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/13}
 111 \end{figure}
 112
 113  \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{ MAIN QUESTION?}}
 114                 How to reduce the redundancy while coverage preservation for prolong the network lifetime continuously and effectively when monitoring a certain area of interest?
 115 \end{block}
 116  \end{frame}
 117
 118
 119 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 120 %%    SLIDE 03    %%
 121 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 122 \begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
 123
 124 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{OUR SOLUTION}}
 125 The area of interest is divided into subregions using a divide-and conquer method and then combine two efficient techniques :
 126
 127  \begin{itemize}
 128          \item Leader Election for each subregion.
 129         % \item Activity Scheduling based optimization is planned for each subregion.
 130          \end{itemize}
 131
 132                 \end{block}
 133 \begin{figure}
 134    \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/div}
 135    \hfill
 136    \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/div2}
 137 \end{figure}
 138
 139 \end{frame}
 140
 141 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 142 %%    SLIDE 03.1    %%
 143 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 144 \begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
 145
 146 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{OUR SOLUTION}}
 147  \begin{itemize}
 148          %\item Leader Election for each subregion.
 149          \item Activity Scheduling based optimization is planned for each subregion.
 150   \end{itemize}
 151
 152  \end{block}
 153 \begin{figure}
 154    \includegraphics[width=0.775\textwidth]{Figures/act}
 155
 156 \end{figure}
 157
 158 \end{frame}
 159
 160 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 161 %%    SLIDE 03.2    %%
 162 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 163 \begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
 164
 165 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Dissertation Objectives}}
 166 Develop energy-efficient distributed optimization protocols that should be able to:
 167  \begin{itemize}
 168     \item Schedule node activities by optimize both coverage and lifetime.
 169     \item Combine two efficient techniques: leader election and sensor activity scheduling.
 170     \item Perform a distributed optimization process.
 171   \end{itemize}
 172
 173  \end{block}
 174
 175
 176 \end{frame}
 177
 178
 179 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 180 %%    SLIDE 04    %%
 181 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 182 \begin{frame}
 183   \frametitle{Presentation Outline}
 184 \begin{small}
 185   \tableofcontents[section,subsection]
 186 \end{small}
 187 \end{frame}
 188
 189
 190 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 191 %%    SLIDE 05    %%
 192 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 193 \section{\small {State of the Art}}
 194
 195
 196 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 197 %%    SLIDE 06    %%
 198 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 199 \begin{frame}{Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)}
 200 \vspace{-3.5em}
 201  \begin{columns}[c]
 202
 203 \column{.58\textwidth}
 204
 205      \begin{figure}[!t]
 206            \includegraphics[height = 3cm]{Figures/WSNT.jpg}
 207     \end{figure}
 208
 209
 210
 211     \begin{femtoBlock}
 212         {Sensor \\}
 213                  \begin{itemize}
 214                         \item  Electronic Low-cost tiny device.
 215                         \item Sense, process and transmit data.
 216                         \item Limited energy, memory and processing capabilities.
 217                 \end{itemize}
 218         \end{femtoBlock}
 219
 220         \column{.52\textwidth}
 221
 222          \begin{figure}[!t]
 223            \includegraphics[height = 4.5cm]{Figures/WSN.jpg}
 224     \end{figure}
 225     \vspace{-3.5em}
 226      \begin{figure}[!t]
 227            \includegraphics[height = 2cm]{Figures/sn.jpg}
 228      \end{figure}
 229
 230
 231  % \begin{femtoBlock} {}%       {SOME APPLICATIONS OF WSNs \\}
 232
 233 %               \includegraphics[height =1 cm]{1.png}
 234 %               \includegraphics[height =1cm]{2.png}\\
 235 %            \includegraphics[height =1cm]{5.jpg}
 236 %            \includegraphics[height = 1cm]{traffic.jpg}
 237 %            \includegraphics[height = 1cm]{3.png}
 238 %
 239
 240  %      \end{femtoBlock}
 241
 242 \end{columns}
 243
 244
 245
 246 \end{frame}
 247
 248
 249 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 250 %%    SLIDE 7    %%
 251 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 252 \begin{frame}{Types of Wireless Sensor Networks}
 253
 254 \vspace{-1.5em}
 255 % \begin{columns}[c]
 256 %
 257 %\column{.52\textwidth}
 258 %\begin{itemize}
 259 %  \item  Terrestrial WSNs.
 260 %  \item  Underground WSNs.
 261 %  \item  Underwater WSNs.
 262 %  \item  Multimedia WSNs.
 263 %  \item  Mobile WSNs.
 264 %  \item  Flying WSNs.
 265 %\end{itemize}
 266 %
 267 % \column{.58\textwidth}
 268  \begin{figure}[!t]
 269      \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/typesWSN.pdf}
 270  \end{figure}
 271
 272 %\end{columns}
 273 \end{frame}
 274
 275
 276 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 277 %%    SLIDE 08    %%
 278 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 279 \begin{frame}{Applications}
 280 \vspace{-1.5em}
 281
 282 \begin{figure}[!t]
 283      \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/WSNAP.pdf}
 284  \end{figure}
 285 \end{frame}
 286
 287
 288 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 289 %%    SLIDE 09    %%
 290 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 291 \begin{frame}{Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}
 292 \vspace{-2.5em}
 293   \centering
 294 \begin{figure}[!t]
 295
 296      \includegraphics[height = 5cm]{Figures/WSN-M.pdf}
 297  \end{figure}
 298 \end{frame}
 299
 300 %\begin{frame}{Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}
 301 %\vspace{-1.5em}
 302 %
 303 %\begin{figure}[!t]
 304 %     \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/WSN-S.pdf}
 305 % \end{figure}
 306 %\end{frame}
 307
 308 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 309 %%    SLIDE 10    %%
 310 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 311 \begin{frame}{Network Lifetime}
 312 \vspace{-1.5em}
 313 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white} {Some network lifetime defintions:}}
 314 \begin{enumerate}[i)]
 315 \item \small Time spent until death of the first sensor ( or cluster head ).
 316 \item Time spent until death of all wireless sensor nodes in WSN.
 317 \item  Time spent by WSN in covering each target by at least one sensor.
 318 \item  Time during which the area of interest is covered by at least k nodes.
 319 \item Elapsed time until losing the connectivity or the coverage.
 320 \end{enumerate}
 321 \end{block}
 322
 323 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white} {Network lifetime In this dissertation:}}
 324 Time elapsed until the coverage ratio becomes less than a predetermined threshold $\alpha$.
 325 \end{block}
 326
 327
 328 \end{frame}
 329
 330 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 331 %%    SLIDE 10.1   %%
 332 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 333 \begin{frame}{Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks}
 334
 335 \begin{block} <1-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage Definition:}}
 336 \textcolor{blue} {Coverage} reflects how well a sensor field is monitored efficiently using as less energy as possible.
 337 \end{block}
 338
 339
 340
 341 \begin{block} <2-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage Types:}}
 342 \begin{enumerate}
 343 \item \small \textcolor{blue} {Area coverage:} every point inside an area has to be monitored.
 344 \item \textcolor{blue} {Target coverage:} is to cover only a finite number of discrete points called targets.
 345
 346 \item \textcolor{blue} {Barrier coverage:} is to detect targets as they cross a barrier such as in intrusion detection and border surveillance applications.
 347 \end{enumerate}
 348 \end{block}
 349
 350
 351
 352 \begin{block} <3-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage type in this dissertation:}}
 353 The work presented in this dissertation deals with area coverage.
 354 \end{block}
 355
 356 \end{frame}
 357
 358 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 359 %%    SLIDE 11    %%
 360 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 361 \begin{frame}{Existing Works}
 362 \vspace{-0.3em}
 363 \begin{block}  {\textcolor{white} {Coverage Approaches:}}
 364 Most existing coverage approaches in literature classified into
 365 \begin{enumerate}[A)]
 366 \item  Full centralized coverage algorithms.
 367     \begin{itemize}
 368     \item  Optimal or near optimal solution.
 369     \item  low computation power for the sensors (except for base station).
 370     \item  High  communication overhead.
 371     \item  Not scalable for large WSNs.
 372     \end{itemize}
 373 \item Full distributed coverage algorithms.
 374    \begin{itemize}
 375     \item  Lower quality solution.
 376     \item  High communication overhead especially for dense WSNs.
 377     \item  Reliable and scalable for large WSNs.
 378    \end{itemize}
 379 \end{enumerate}
 380
 381 \end{block}
 382
 383
 384 \begin{block} {\textcolor{white} {Coverage protocols in this dissertation:}}
 385 The protocols presented in this dissertation combine between the two above approaches.
 386 \end{block}
 387
 388
 389 \end{frame}
 390
 391
 392 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 393 %%    SLIDE 12    %%
 394 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 395 \section{\small {Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol (DiLCO)}}
 396
 397
 398 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 399 %%    SLIDE 13    %%
 400 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 401 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and Network Model:}
 402 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 403
 404
 405 \begin{femtoBlock} {} %{Assumptions and Network Model:}
 406
 407         \begin{columns}[c]
 408
 409     \column{.50\textwidth}
 410
 411         \vspace{-1.0cm}
 412
 413                 \begin{enumerate} [$\divideontimes$]
 414                     \item Static Wireless Sensors.
 415                         \item  Uniform deployment.
 416                         \item  High density deployment.
 417                         \item  Homogeneous in terms of:
 418              \begin{itemize}
 419              \item Sensing, Communication, and Processing capabilities
 420              \end{itemize}
 421                         \item  Heterogeneous Energy.
 422                          \item Its $R_c\geq 2R_s$.
 423                          \item  Multi-hop communication.
 424                          \item  Know Its location by:
 425     \begin{itemize}
 426      \item Embedded GPS  or
 427      \item Location Discovery Algorithm.
 428     \end{itemize}
 429                 \end{enumerate}
 430
 431
 432
 433         \column{.50\textwidth}
 434         \begin{enumerate} [$\divideontimes$]
 435         \item Using two kinds of packet:
 436         \begin{itemize}
 437            \item INFO packet.
 438            \item ActiveSleep packet.
 439         \end{itemize}
 440         \item Five status for each node:
 441         \begin{itemize}
 442            \item  LISTENING, ACTIVE, SLEEP, COMPUTATION, and COMMUNICATION.
 443         \end{itemize}
 444         \end{enumerate}
 445
 446         \begin{femtoBlock} { \small Primary point coverage model}
 447         \vspace{-1.2cm}
 448         \begin{center}
 449                  \includegraphics[height = 4.0cm]{Figures/fig21.pdf}
 450
 451         \end{center}
 452         \end{femtoBlock}
 453
 454         \end{columns}
 455         \end{femtoBlock}
 456
 457 \end{frame}
 458
 459
 460 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 461 %%    SLIDE 14    %%
 462 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 463 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Main Idea}
 464 %\vspace{-3.2cm}
 465 \begin{femtoBlock} {}%{Main Idea:\\}
 466 \centering
 467 \includegraphics[height = 2.5cm]{Figures/OneSensingRound.jpg}
 468
 469 \vspace{1.2cm}
 470 \begin{enumerate}
 471 \item \textcolor{blue}{ \textbf{INFORMATION EXCHANGE:}}\\
 472 Sensors exchanges through multi-hop communication, their:
 473 \begin{itemize}
 474 \item Position coordinates,
 475 \item current remaining energy,
 476 \item sensor node ID, and
 477 \item number of its one-hop live neighbors.
 478 \end{itemize}
 479
 480
 481 \end{enumerate}
 482
 483 \end{femtoBlock}
 484 \end{frame}
 485
 486
 487 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 488 %%    SLIDE 14.1    %%
 489 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 490 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Main Idea}
 491 %\vspace{-3.2cm}
 492 \begin{femtoBlock} {}%{Main Idea:\\}
 493
 494 \begin{enumerate} [2.]
 495
 496 \item \textcolor{blue}{ \textbf{   LEADER ELECTION:}}\\
 497 The selection criteria are, in order of importance:
 498 \begin{itemize}
 499 \item   larger number of neighbors,
 500 \item larger remaining energy, and then in case of equality,
 501 \item larger ID.
 502 \end{itemize}
 503 \end{enumerate}
 504
 505 \begin{enumerate} [3.]
 506 \item \textcolor{blue}{ \textbf{   DECISION:}} \\
 507 Leader solves an integer program(see next slide) to:
 508 \begin{itemize}
 509 \item  Select which sensors will be activated in the sensing phase.
 510 \item Send Active-Sleep packet to each sensor in the subregion.
 511 \end{itemize}
 512 \end{enumerate}
 513 \begin{enumerate} [4.]
 514 \item \textcolor{blue}{ \textbf{   SENSING:}} \\
 515 Based on Active-Sleep Packet Information:
 516 \begin{itemize}
 517 \item Active sensors will execute their sensing task.
 518 \item Sleep sensors will wait a time equal to the period of sensing to wakeup.
 519
 520 \end{itemize}
 521
 522 \end{enumerate}
 523
 524 \end{femtoBlock}
 525 \end{frame}
 526
 527
 528 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 529 %%    SLIDE 15    %%
 530 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 531 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Coverage Problem Formulation}
 532 \begin{femtoBlock} { }
 533 \noindent Our coverage optimization problem can then be formulated as follows:
 534 \begin{equation*} \label{eq:ip2r}
 535 \left \{
 536 \begin{array}{ll}
 537 \min \sum_{p \in P} (w_{\theta} \Theta_{p} + w_{U} U_{p})&\\
 538 \textrm{subject to :}&\\
 539 \sum_{j \in J}  \alpha_{jp} X_{j} - \Theta_{p}+ U_{p} =1, &\forall p \in P\\
 540 %\label{c1}
 541 %\sum_{t \in T} X_{j,t} \leq \frac{RE_j}{e_t} &\forall j \in J \\
 542 %\label{c2}
 543 \Theta_{p}\in \mathbb{N}, &\forall p \in P\\
 544 U_{p} \in \{0,1\}, &\forall p \in P \\
 545 X_{j} \in \{0,1\}, &\forall j \in J
 546 \end{array}
 547 \right.
 548 \end{equation*}
 549
 550 \begin{itemize}
 551 \item $X_{j}$ :  indicates whether or not the sensor $j$  is actively sensing (1
 552   if yes and 0 if not);
 553 \item $\Theta_{p}$  : {\it overcoverage}, the  number of sensors  minus one that
 554   are covering the primary point $p$;
 555 \item $U_{p}$ : {\it undercoverage},  indicates whether or not the primary point
 556   $p$ is being covered (1 if not covered and 0 if covered).
 557 \end{itemize}
 558
 559 \end{femtoBlock}
 560
 561 \end{frame}
 562
 563
 564 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 565 %%    SLIDE 16    %%
 566 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 567 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ DiLCO Protocol Algorithm}
 568 %\begin{femtoBlock} {}
 569 \centering
 570 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo.jpeg}
 571 \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo1.png}
 572 %\end{femtoBlock}
 573
 574 \end{frame}
 575
 576
 577
 578
 579 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 580 %%    SLIDE 18    %%
 581 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 582 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Simulation Framework}
 583 \vspace{-0.8cm}
 584 \small
 585 \begin{table}[ht]
 586 \caption{Relevant parameters for network initializing.}
 587 \centering
 588 \begin{tabular}{c|c}
 589 \hline
 590 Parameter & Value  \\ [0.5ex]
 591 \hline
 592 Sensing  Field  & $(50 \times 25)~m^2 $   \\
 593 Nodes Number &  50, 100, 150, 200 and 250~nodes   \\
 594 Initial Energy  & 500-700~joules  \\
 595 Sensing Period & 60 Minutes \\
 596 $E_{th}$ & 36 Joules\\
 597 $R_s$ & 5~m   \\
 598 $R_c$ & 10~m   \\
 599 $w_{\Theta}$ & 1   \\
 600 $w_{U}$ & $|P|^2$ \\
 601 Modeling Language & A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) \\
 602 Optimization Solver & GNU  linear Programming Kit (GLPK) \\
 603 Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 604 \end{tabular}
 605 \label{tablech4}
 606 \end{table}
 607
 608 \end{frame}
 609
 610
 611 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 612 %%    SLIDE 19    %%
 613 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 614 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Energy Model \& Performance Metrics }
 615 %\vspace{-1.8cm}
 616 \begin{femtoBlock} {Energy Consumption Model}
 617 \vspace{-1.0cm}
 618 \begin{table}[h]
 619 %\centering
 620 \small
 621 %\caption{Power consumption values}
 622 \label{tab:EC}
 623 \begin{tabular}{|l||cccc|}
 624   \hline
 625   {\bf Sensor status} & MCU & Radio & Sensing & {\it Power (mW)} \\
 626   \hline
 627   LISTENING & On & On & On & 20.05 \\
 628   ACTIVE & On & Off & On & 9.72 \\
 629   SLEEP & Off & Off & Off & 0.02 \\
 630   COMPUTATION & On & On & On & 26.83 \\
 631   \hline
 632   \multicolumn{4}{|l}{Energy needed to send or receive a 2-bit content message} & 0.515 \\
 633   \hline
 634 \end{tabular}
 635 \end{table}
 636
 637 \end{femtoBlock}
 638 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 639 \begin{femtoBlock} {Performance Metrics}
 640 \small
 641 \begin{enumerate}[$\mapsto$]
 642 \item {{\bf Network Lifetime}}
 643 \item {{\bf Coverage Ratio (CR)}}
 644 \item {{\bf  Energy Consumption}}
 645 \item{{\bf Number of Active Sensors Ratio (ASR)}}
 646 \item {{\bf Execution Time}}
 647 %\item {{\bf Stopped Simulation Runs}}
 648
 649 \end{enumerate}
 650 \end{femtoBlock}
 651 \end{frame}
 652
 653
 654
 655 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 656 %%    SLIDE 20    %%
 657 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 658 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
 659
 660 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 661 \begin{figure}[h!]
 662 \centering
 663  \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/R3/CR.eps}
 664 \caption{Coverage ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
 665 \label{Figures/ch4/R3/CR}
 666 \end{figure}
 667
 668
 669
 670 \end{frame}
 671
 672
 673
 674 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 675 %%    SLIDE 20    %%
 676 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 677 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
 678 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 679
 680 \begin{figure}[h!]
 681 \centering
 682 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R3/ASR.eps}
 683 \caption{Active sensors ratio for 150 deployed nodes }
 684 \label{Figures/ch4/R3/ASR}
 685 \end{figure}
 686 \end{frame}
 687
 688
 689 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 690 %%    SLIDE 21    %%
 691 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 692 %\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
 693 %\vspace{-0.5cm}
 694 %\begin{figure}[h!]
 695 %\centering
 696 %\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R3/SR.eps}
 697 %\caption{Percentage of stopped simulation runs for 150 deployed nodes }
 698 %\label{Figures/ch4/R3/SR}
 699 %\end{figure}
 700 %\end{frame}
 701
 702
 703 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 704 %%    SLIDE 22    %%
 705 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 706 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
 707 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 708 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 709 \begin{columns}[c]
 710         \column{.50\textwidth}
 711 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/EC95.eps}
 712 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 713 \column{.50\textwidth}
 714 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/EC50.eps}
 715 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 716 \end{columns}
 717 \caption{Energy consumption for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 718 \label{Figures/ch4/R3/EC}
 719 \end{figure}
 720
 721
 722 \end{frame}
 723
 724
 725 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 726 %%    SLIDE 23    %%
 727 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 728 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
 729 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 730 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 731 \begin{columns}[c]
 732         \column{.50\textwidth}
 733 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/LT95.eps}
 734 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 735 \column{.50\textwidth}
 736 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/LT50.eps}
 737 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 738 \end{columns}
 739 \caption{Network lifetime for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 740   \label{Figures/ch4/R3/LT}
 741 \end{figure}
 742
 743
 744
 745
 746 \end{frame}
 747
 748
 749
 750
 751
 752
 753 \section{\small{Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol (MuDiLCO)}}
 754
 755
 756 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 757 %%    SLIDE 28    %%
 758 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 759 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Main Idia}
 760 \vspace{-0.2cm}
 761 \begin{figure}[ht!]
 762  \includegraphics[width=110mm]{Figures/GeneralModel.jpg}
 763 \caption{MuDiLCO protocol.}
 764 \label{fig2}
 765 \end{figure}
 766 \end{frame}
 767
 768
 769 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 770 %%    SLIDE 29    %%
 771 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 772 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$  Multiround Coverage Problem Formulation}
 773 \vspace{0.2cm}
 774 \small
 775 Our coverage optimization problem can then be formulated as follows
 776 \vspace{-0.2cm}
 777 \begin{equation*}
 778  \min \sum_{t=1}^{T} \sum_{p=1}^{P} \left(W_{\theta}* \Theta_{t,p} + W_{U} * U_{t,p}  \right)  \label{eq15}
 779 \end{equation*}
 780
 781 Subject to
 782 \vspace{-0.2cm}
 783 \begin{equation*}
 784   \sum_{j=1}^{|J|} \alpha_{j,p} * X_{t,j}   = \Theta_{t,p} - U_{t,p} + 1 \label{eq16} \hspace{6 mm} \forall p \in P, t = 1,\dots,T
 785 \end{equation*}
 786
 787 \begin{equation*}
 788   \sum_{t=1}^{T}  X_{t,j}   \leq  \lfloor {RE_{j}/E_{th}} \rfloor \hspace{6 mm} \forall j \in J, t = 1,\dots,T
 789   \label{eq144}
 790 \end{equation*}
 791
 792 \begin{equation*}
 793 X_{t,j} \in \lbrace0,1\rbrace,   \hspace{10 mm} \forall j \in J, t = 1,\dots,T \label{eq17}
 794 \end{equation*}
 795
 796 \begin{equation*}
 797 U_{t,p} \in \lbrace0,1\rbrace, \hspace{10 mm}\forall p \in P, t = 1,\dots,T  \label{eq18}
 798 \end{equation*}
 799
 800 \begin{equation*}
 801  \Theta_{t,p} \geq 0 \hspace{10 mm}\forall p \in P, t = 1,\dots,T \label{eq178}
 802 \end{equation*}
 803
 804
 805
 806
 807
 808
 809 \end{frame}
 810
 811 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 812 %%    SLIDE 30    %%
 813 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 814 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ MuDiLCO Protocol Algorithm}
 815 %\vspace{0.2cm}
 816 \begin{femtoBlock} {}
 817 \centering
 818 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo2.jpeg}
 819 \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo2.png}
 820 \end{femtoBlock}
 821 \end{frame}
 822
 823
 824 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 825 %%    SLIDE 31    %%
 826 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 827 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 828 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 829 \begin{figure}[h!]
 830 \centering
 831  \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/R1/CR.pdf}
 832 \caption{Average coverage ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
 833 \label{fig3}
 834 \end{figure}
 835 \end{frame}
 836
 837
 838 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 839 %%    SLIDE 32    %%
 840 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 841 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 842 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 843 \begin{figure}[h!]
 844 \centering
 845 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/ASR.pdf}
 846 \caption{Active sensors ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
 847 \label{fig4}
 848 \end{figure}
 849 \end{frame}
 850
 851
 852 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 853 %%    SLIDE 33    %%
 854 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 855 %\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 856 %\vspace{-0.5cm}
 857 %\begin{figure}[t]
 858 %\centering
 859 %\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/SR.pdf}
 860 %\caption{Cumulative percentage of stopped simulation runs for 150 deployed nodes }
 861 %\label{fig6}
 862 %\end{figure}
 863 %\end{frame}
 864
 865 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 866 %%    SLIDE 34    %%
 867 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 868 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 869 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 870 \begin{figure}[h!]
 871 \centering
 872 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/T.pdf}
 873 \caption{Execution Time (in seconds)}
 874 \label{fig77}
 875 \end{figure}
 876 \end{frame}
 877
 878
 879 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 880 %%    SLIDE 35    %%
 881 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 882 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 883 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 884 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 885 \begin{columns}[c]
 886         \column{.50\textwidth}
 887 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/EC95.eps}
 888 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 889 \column{.50\textwidth}
 890 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/EC50.eps}
 891 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 892 \end{columns}
 893 \caption{Energy consumption for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 894 \label{Figures/ch4t/R3/EC}
 895 \end{figure}
 896 \end{frame}
 897
 898
 899 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 900 %%    SLIDE 36    %%
 901 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 902 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 903 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 904 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 905 \begin{columns}[c]
 906         \column{.50\textwidth}
 907 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/LT95.eps}
 908 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 909 \column{.50\textwidth}
 910 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/LT50.eps}
 911 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 912 \end{columns}
 913 \caption{Network lifetime for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 914 \label{Figures/ch4/Rh3/EC}
 915 \end{figure}
 916
 917 \end{frame}
 918
 919
 920
 921
 922 \section{\small {Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization (PeCO) to Improve Lifetime in WSNs
 923 }}
 924
 925
 926 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 927 %%    SLIDE 45    %%
 928 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 929 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and Models}
 930
 931 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 932 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 933 \begin{columns}[c]
 934         \column{.50\textwidth}
 935 \includegraphics[scale=0.40]{Figures/ch6/pcm.jpg}
 936 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 937 \column{.50\textwidth}
 938 $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 939 \right).$$
 940 \includegraphics[scale=0.40]{Figures/ch6/twosensors.jpg}
 941 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)   \\
 942 \end{columns}
 943 \caption{(a) Perimeter  coverage of sensor node  0 and (b) finding  the arc of
 944     $u$'s perimeter covered by $v$.}
 945   \label{pcm2sensors}
 946 \end{figure}
 947 \end{frame}
 948
 949
 950 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 951 %%    SLIDE 46    %%
 952 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 953 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and Models}
 954
 955 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 956 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 957 \begin{columns}[c]
 958         \column{.50\textwidth}
 959 \includegraphics[scale=0.33]{Figures/ch6/expcm2.jpg}
 960 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 961 \column{.50\textwidth}
 962 \includegraphics[scale=0.38]{Figures/tbl.jpeg}
 963 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)   \\
 964 \end{columns}
 965 \caption{(a) Maximum coverage levels for perimeter of sensor node $0$. and (b) Coverage intervals and contributing sensors for sensor node 0.}
 966   \label{pcm2sensors}
 967 \end{figure}
 968
 969
 970 \end{frame}
 971
 972
 973
 974 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 975 %%    SLIDE 47    %%
 976 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 977 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ PeCO Protocol Algorithm}
 978 \vspace{-0.7cm}
 979 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo6.jpeg}
 980
 981 \begin{figure}[h!]
 982 \centering
 983  \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo3.png}
 984 \end{figure}
 985 \end{frame}
 986
 987
 988 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 989 %%    SLIDE 48    %%
 990 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 991 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}
 992 \vspace{-1.1cm}
 993
 994 \begin{figure}[h!]
 995 \centering
 996 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/ch6/formula6.png}
 997 \end{figure}
 998
 999 \end{frame}
1000
1001
1002
1003 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1004 %%    SLIDE     %%
1005 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1006 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
1007 \vspace{-0.5cm}
1008 \begin{figure}[h!]
1009 \centering
1010  \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/ch6/R/CR.eps}
1011 \caption{Coverage ratio for 200 deployed nodes.}
1012 \label{fig333}
1013 \end{figure}
1014
1015 \end{frame}
1016
1017 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1018 %%    SLIDE     %%
1019 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1020 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
1021 \vspace{-0.5cm}
1022 \begin{figure}[h!]
1023 \centering
1024 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/ch6/R/ASR.eps}
1025 \caption{Active sensors ratio for 200 deployed nodes.}
1026 \label{fig444}
1027 \end{figure}
1028
1029 \end{frame}
1030
1031 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1032 %%    SLIDE     %%
1033 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1034 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
1035 \vspace{-0.5cm}
1036 \begin{figure}%[h!]
1037 \begin{columns}[c]
1038         \column{.50\textwidth}
1039 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/EC95.eps}
1040 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
1041 \column{.50\textwidth}
1042 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/EC50.eps}
1043 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
1044 \end{columns}
1045 \caption{Energy consumption per period for (a)~$Lifetime_{95}$ and (b)~$Lifetime_{50}$.}
1046   \label{fig3EC}
1047 \end{figure}
1048
1049
1050 \end{frame}
1051
1052 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1053 %%    SLIDE     %%
1054 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1055 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
1056 \vspace{-0.5cm}
1057 \begin{figure}%[h!]
1058 \begin{columns}[c]
1059         \column{.50\textwidth}
1060 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/LT95.eps}
1061 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
1062 \column{.50\textwidth}
1063 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/LT50.eps}
1064 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
1065 \end{columns}
1066 \caption{Network Lifetime for (a)~$Lifetime_{95}$ and (b)~$Lifetime_{50}$.}
1067   \label{fig3LT}
1068 \end{figure}
1069
1070 \end{frame}
1071
1072 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1073 %%    SLIDE     %%
1074 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1075 %\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
1076 %\vspace{-0.5cm}
1077 %\begin{figure} [h!]
1078 %\centering \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/ch6/R/LTa.eps}
1079 %\caption{Network lifetime for different coverage ratios.}
1080 %\label{figLTALL}
1081 %\end{figure}
1082 %\end{frame}
1083
1084
1085
1086 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1087 %%    SLIDE     %%
1088 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1089 \section{\small {Conclusion and Perspectives}}
1090
1091
1092 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1093 %%    SLIDE 50    %%
1094 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1095 \begin{frame}{Conclusion}
1096 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
1097
1098 \item  Two-step approaches are proposed to optimize both coverage and lifetime performances, where:
1099 \begin{itemize}
1100 \item Sensing field is divided into smaller subregions using divide-and-conquer method.
1101 \item One of the proposed optimization protocols is applied in each subregion in a distributed parallel way.
1102 \end{itemize}
1103 \item The proposed protocols (DiLCO, MuDiLCO, PeCO) combine two efficient mechanisms:
1104 \begin{itemize}
1105 \item Network leader election, and
1106 \item Sensor activity scheduling based optimization.
1107 \end{itemize}
1108 \item Our protocols are periodic where each period consists of 4
1109 phases:
1110 \begin{itemize}
1111 \item Information exchange,
1112 \item Network leader election,
1113 \item Decision based optimization, and
1114 \item Sensing.
1115 \end{itemize}
1116 \end{enumerate}
1117
1118
1119
1120
1121 \end{frame}
1122
1123
1124 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1125 %%    SLIDE 51    %%
1126 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1127 \begin{frame}{Conclusion}
1128 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
1129
1130 \item DiLCO and PeCO provide a schedule for one round per period.
1131 \item MuDiLCO provides a schedule for multiple rounds per period.
1132 \item Comparison results show that DiLCO, MuDiLCO, and PeCO protocols:
1133 \begin{itemize}
1134  \item maintain the coverage for a larger number of rounds.
1135  \item use less active nodes to save energy efficiently during sensing.
1136  \item are more powerful against network disconnections.
1137  \item perform the optimization with suitable execution times.
1138  \item consume less energy.
1139  \item prolong the network lifetime.
1140
1141 \end{itemize}
1142 \end{enumerate}
1143 \end{frame}
1144
1145
1146 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1147 %%    SLIDE 52    %%
1148 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1149 \begin{frame}{Perspectives}
1150 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
1151 \item The optimal number of subregions will be investigated.
1152 \item Design a heterogeneous integrated optimization protocol to integrate coverage, routing, and data aggregation protocols.
1153 \item Extend PeCO protocol so that the schedules are planned for multiple
1154 sensing periods.
1155 \item We plan to consider particle swarm optimization or evolutionary algorithms to obtain quickly near optimal solutions.
1156 \item Improve our mathematical models to take into account heterogeneous sensors from both energy and node characteristics point of views.
1157 \item The cluster head will be selected in a distributed way and based on local information.
1158 \end{enumerate}
1159
1160
1161 \end{frame}
1162
1163
1164 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1165 %%    SLIDE 53    %%
1166 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1167 %\begin{frame}{Mes perspectives}
1168 %
1169 %\end{frame}
1170
1171 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1172 %%    SLIDE 54    %%
1173 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1174 \begin{frame}{Fin}
1175 \begin{center}
1176 \huge
1177 \textcolor{BleuFemto}{Thank You for Your Attention!}\\\vspace{2cm}
1178 \textcolor{BleuFemto}{Questions?}\\
1179 \end{center}
1180 \end{frame}
1181 \end{document}
1182 %  _____ ___ _   _
1183 % |  ___|_ _| \ | |
1184 % | |_   | ||  \| |
1185 % |  _|  | || |\  |
1186 % |_|   |___|_| \_|
1187 %
1188
1189
1190
1191
1192
1193
1194
1195
1196
1197
1198
1199
1200
1201
1202
1203
1204
1205
1206
1207
1208
1209
1210
1211
1212
1213
1214
1215
1216
1217
1218
1219
1220
1221
1222
1223
1224
1225
1226
1227
1228
1229
1230
1231