SlidesAli/These.tex

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  58 \begin{frame}
  59 \frametitle{Presentation Outline}
  60 \tableofcontents[currentsection]
  61 \end{frame}
  62 }
  63
  64
  65 \title{\textbf{Distributed Coverage Optimization Techniques for Improving Lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks} \\\vspace{0.1cm}\hspace{2cm}\textbf{\textcolor{cyan}{\small PhD Dissertation Defense}}}
  66 \author{\textbf{\textcolor{green}{Ali Kadhum IDREES}} \\\vspace{0.5cm} \small Under Supervision: \\\textcolor{cyan}{\small  Raphaël COUTURIER, Karine DESCHINKEL \& Michel SALOMON} \\\vspace{0.2cm} \textcolor{blue}{ University of Franche-Comté - FEMTO-ST - DISC Dept.  - AND Team} \\\vspace{0.2cm}~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~\textbf{\textcolor{green}{1 October 2015 }}}
  67
  68 %\institute[FEMTO-ST, DISC]{\textit{FEMTO-ST - DISC Departement  - AND Team}}
  69
  70 \date{ }
  71
  72
  73
  74
  75 %  ____  _____ ____  _   _ _____
  76 % |  _ \| ____| __ )| | | |_   _|
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  79 % |____/|_____|____/ \___/  |_|
  80 %
  81
  82 \begin{document}
  83
  84 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  85 %%    SLIDE 01    %%
  86 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  87 \setbeamertemplate{background}{\titrefemto}
  88 \begin{frame}[plain]
  89 \begin{center}
  90 \titlepage
  91 \end{center}
  92 \end{frame}
  93
  94
  95 \setbeamertemplate{background}{\pagefemto}
  96
  97
  98 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
  99 %%    SLIDE 02    %%
 100 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 101 \begin{frame} {Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
 102  \vspace{-3.5em}
 103  \begin{figure}
 104    \includegraphics[width=0.495\textwidth]{Figures/6}
 105    \hfill
 106 %   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/8}
 107 %   \hfill
 108    \includegraphics[width=0.495\textwidth]{Figures/10}
 109 %   \hfill
 110 %   \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/13}
 111 \end{figure}
 112
 113  \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{ MAIN QUESTION?}}
 114                 \textcolor{black}{How to minimize the energy consumption and extend the network lifetime when covering a certain area?}
 115 \end{block}
 116  \end{frame}
 117
 118
 119 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 120 %%    SLIDE 03    %%
 121 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 122 \begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
 123
 124 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{OUR SOLUTION: distributed optimization process}}
 125 \bf \textcolor{black}{Division into subregions}\\
 126 \bf \textcolor{black}{For each subregion:}
 127
 128  \begin{itemize}
 129          \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Leader election}
 130          \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Activity Scheduling based optimization}
 131          \end{itemize}
 132
 133                 \end{block}
 134 \vspace{-1.5em}
 135 \begin{figure}
 136    \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/div2}
 137    \hfill
 138    \includegraphics[width=0.475\textwidth]{Figures/act2}
 139 \end{figure}
 140
 141 \end{frame}
 142
 143 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 144 %%    SLIDE 03.1    %%
 145 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 146 %\begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
 147 %
 148 %\begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{OUR SOLUTION}}
 149 % \begin{itemize}
 150 %         %\item Leader Election for each subregion.
 151 %         \item \bf \textcolor{magenta}{Activity Scheduling based optimization is planned for each subregion.}
 152 %  \end{itemize}
 153 %
 154 % \end{block}
 155 %\begin{figure}
 156 %   \includegraphics[width=0.775\textwidth]{Figures/act}
 157 %
 158 %\end{figure}
 159 %
 160 %\end{frame}
 161
 162 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 163 %%    SLIDE 03.2    %%
 164 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 165 %\begin{frame}{Problem Definition, Solution, and Objectives}
 166 %
 167 %\begin{block}{\bf \textcolor{white}{Dissertation Objectives}}
 168 %\bf \textcolor{black}{Develop energy-efficient distributed optimization protocols that should be able to:}
 169 % \begin{itemize}
 170 %    \item \bf \textcolor{blue}{Schedule node activities by optimize both coverage and lifetime.}
 171 %    \item \bf \textcolor{blue}{Combine two efficient techniques: leader election and sensor activity scheduling.}
 172 %    \item \bf \textcolor{blue}{Perform a distributed optimization process.}
 173 %  \end{itemize}
 174 %
 175 % \end{block}
 176 %
 177 %
 178 %\end{frame}
 179
 180
 181 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 182 %%    SLIDE 04    %%
 183 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 184 \begin{frame}
 185   \frametitle{Presentation Outline}
 186 \begin{small}
 187   \tableofcontents[section,subsection]
 188 \end{small}
 189 \end{frame}
 190
 191
 192 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 193 %%    SLIDE 05    %%
 194 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 195 \section{\small {State of the Art}}
 196
 197
 198 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 199 %%    SLIDE 06    %%
 200 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 201 \begin{frame}{Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)}
 202 \vspace{-3.5em}
 203  \begin{columns}[c]
 204
 205 \column{.58\textwidth}
 206
 207      \begin{figure}[!t]
 208            \includegraphics[height = 3cm]{Figures/WSNT.jpg}
 209     \end{figure}
 210
 211
 212
 213     \begin{femtoBlock}
 214         {Sensor \\}
 215                  \begin{itemize}
 216                         \item  Electronic low-cost tiny device
 217                         \item Sense, process and transmit data
 218                         \item Limited energy, memory and processing capabilities
 219                 \end{itemize}
 220         \end{femtoBlock}
 221
 222         \column{.52\textwidth}
 223
 224          \begin{figure}[!t]
 225            \includegraphics[height = 4.5cm]{Figures/WSN.jpg}
 226     \end{figure}
 227     \vspace{-3.5em}
 228      \begin{figure}[!t]
 229            \includegraphics[height = 2cm]{Figures/sn.jpg}
 230      \end{figure}
 231
 232
 233 \end{columns}
 234
 235
 236
 237 \end{frame}
 238
 239
 240 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 241 %%    SLIDE 7    %%
 242 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 243 \begin{frame}{Types of Wireless Sensor Networks}
 244
 245 \vspace{-1.5em}
 246 % \begin{columns}[c]
 247 %
 248 %\column{.52\textwidth}
 249 %\begin{itemize}
 250 %  \item  Terrestrial WSNs.
 251 %  \item  Underground WSNs.
 252 %  \item  Underwater WSNs.
 253 %  \item  Multimedia WSNs.
 254 %  \item  Mobile WSNs.
 255 %  \item  Flying WSNs.
 256 %\end{itemize}
 257 %
 258 % \column{.58\textwidth}
 259  \begin{figure}[!t]
 260      \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/typesWSN.pdf}
 261  \end{figure}
 262
 263 %\end{columns}
 264 \end{frame}
 265
 266
 267 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 268 %%    SLIDE 08    %%
 269 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 270 \begin{frame}{Applications}
 271 \vspace{-1.5em}
 272
 273 \begin{figure}[!t]
 274      \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/WSNAP.pdf}
 275  \end{figure}
 276 \end{frame}
 277
 278
 279 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 280 %%    SLIDE 09    %%
 281 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 282 \begin{frame}{Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}
 283 \vspace{-2.5em}
 284   \centering
 285 \begin{figure}[!t]
 286
 287      \includegraphics[height = 5cm]{Figures/WSN-M.pdf}
 288  \end{figure}
 289
 290  \bf \textcolor{blue} {Our approach: includes cluster architecture and scheduling schemes}
 291 \end{frame}
 292
 293 %\begin{frame}{Energy-Efficient Mechanisms of a working WSN}
 294 %\vspace{-1.5em}
 295 %
 296 %\begin{figure}[!t]
 297 %     \includegraphics[height = 7cm]{Figures/WSN-S.pdf}
 298 % \end{figure}
 299 %\end{frame}
 300
 301 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 302 %%    SLIDE 10    %%
 303 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 304 \begin{frame}{Network lifetime}
 305 \vspace{-1.5em}
 306 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white} {Some definitions:}}
 307 \small
 308 \begin{enumerate}[i)]
 309 \item \textcolor{black} {Time spent until death of the first sensor (or cluster head).}
 310 \item \textcolor{black} {Time spent until death of all wireless sensor nodes in WSN.}
 311 \item  \textcolor{black} {Time spent by WSN in covering each target by at least one sensor.}
 312 \item  \textcolor{black} {Time during which the area of interest is covered by at least k nodes.}
 313 \item \textcolor{black} {Elapsed time until losing the connectivity or the coverage.}
 314 \item \bf \textcolor{red} {Time elapsed until the coverage ratio becomes less than a predetermined threshold $\alpha$.}
 315 \end{enumerate}
 316 \end{block}
 317
 318 %\begin{block}{\textcolor{white} {Network lifetime In this dissertation:}}
 319 %\textcolor{blue} {Time elapsed until the coverage ratio becomes less than a predetermined threshold $\alpha$.}
 320 %\end{block}
 321
 322
 323 \end{frame}
 324
 325 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 326 %%    SLIDE 10.1   %%
 327 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 328 \begin{frame}{Coverage in Wireless Sensor Networks}
 329
 330 \begin{block} <1-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage definition:}}
 331 \textcolor{blue} {Coverage} reflects how well a sensor field is monitored efficiently using as less energy as possible.
 332 \end{block}
 333
 334
 335
 336 \begin{block} <2-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage types:}}
 337 \begin{enumerate}[i)]
 338 \item \small  \textcolor{red} {Area coverage: every point inside an area has to be monitored.}
 339 \item  \textcolor{blue} {Target coverage:} only a finite number of discrete points called targets have to be monitored.
 340
 341 \item  \textcolor{blue} {Barrier coverage:} detection of targets as they cross a barrier such as in intrusion detection and border surveillance applications.
 342 \end{enumerate}
 343 \end{block}
 344
 345
 346
 347 %\begin{block} <3-> {\textcolor{white} {Coverage type in this dissertation:}}
 348 %The work presented in this dissertation deals with \textcolor{red} {area coverage}.
 349 %\end{block}
 350
 351 \end{frame}
 352
 353 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 354 %%    SLIDE 11    %%
 355 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 356 \begin{frame}{Existing works}
 357 \vspace{-0.3em}
 358 \begin{block}  {\textcolor{white} {Coverage approaches:}}
 359 %Most existing coverage approaches in literature classified into
 360 \begin{enumerate}[i)]
 361 \item \textcolor{blue} { Full centralized coverage algorithms}
 362     \begin{itemize}
 363     \item  Optimal or near optimal solution
 364     \item  Low computation power for the sensors (except for base station)
 365     \item  Higher energy consumption for communication in large WSN
 366     \item  Not scalable for large WSNs
 367     \end{itemize}
 368 \item \textcolor{blue} {Full distributed coverage algorithms}
 369    \begin{itemize}
 370     \item  Lower quality solution
 371     \item Less energy consumption for communication in large WSN
 372     \item  Reliable and scalable for large WSNs
 373    \end{itemize}
 374    \item  \textcolor{red} {Hybrid approaches}
 375    \begin{itemize}
 376    \item \textcolor{red} {Globally distributed and locally centralized}
 377    \end{itemize}
 378
 379 \end{enumerate}
 380
 381 \end{block}
 382
 383
 384 %\begin{block} {\textcolor{white} {Coverage protocols in this dissertation:}}
 385 %The protocols presented in this dissertation combine between the two above approaches.
 386 %\end{block}
 387
 388
 389 \end{frame}
 390
 391 \begin{frame}{Existing works: DESK algorithm (Vu et al.)}
 392 \vspace{-1.5em}
 393 \begin{figure}[!t]
 394            \includegraphics[height = 4.0cm]{Figures/DESK.eps}
 395     \end{figure}
 396      \vspace{-2.5em}
 397
 398      \begin{itemize}
 399        \item Requires only one-hop neighbor information (fully distributed)
 400        \item Each sensor decides its status (Active or Sleep) based on the perimeter coverage model without optimization
 401
 402      \end{itemize}
 403
 404
 405 %\tiny \bf \textcolor{blue}{DESK is chosen for comparison because it works into rounds fashion similar to our approaches, as well as DESK is a full distributed coverage approach.}
 406
 407
 408 \end{frame}
 409
 410 \begin{frame}{Existing works: GAF algorithm (Xu et al.)}
 411
 412 \vspace{-3.3em}
 413  \begin{columns}[c]
 414
 415 \column{.58\textwidth}
 416
 417      \begin{figure}[!t]
 418            \includegraphics[height = 2.7cm]{Figures/GAF1.eps}
 419     \end{figure}
 420     \vspace{-2.5em}
 421     \begin{figure}[!t]
 422            \includegraphics[height = 3.3cm]{Figures/GAF2.eps}
 423     \end{figure}
 424
 425         \column{.52\textwidth}
 426          \vspace{1.2em}
 427 \small
 428         \begin{itemize}
 429         \item Distributed energy-based scheduling approach
 430         \item Uses geographic location information to divide the area into a fixed square grids
 431         \item Nodes are in one of three sates: discovery, active, or sleep
 432         \item  Only one node staying active in grid
 433         \item  The fixed grid is square with r units on a side
 434          \item  Nodes cooperate within each grid to choose the active node
 435         \end{itemize}
 436
 437
 438
 439 %     \begin{itemize}
 440 %       \item \tiny enat: estimated node active time
 441 %       \item enlt: estimated node lifetime
 442 %       \item Td,Ta, Ts: discovery, active, and sleep timers
 443 %       \item Ta = enlt/2
 444 %       \item Ts = [enat/2, enat]
 445 %     \end{itemize}
 446
 447
 448
 449 \end{columns}
 450
 451 \vspace{1.0em}
 452
 453 %\tiny \bf \textcolor{blue}{GAF is chosen for comparison because it is famous and easy to implement, as well as many authors referred to it in many publications.}
 454 \end{frame}
 455
 456 \section{\small {The main scheme for our protocols}}
 457
 458
 459 \begin{frame}{Assumptions for our protocols}
 460 \vspace{-0.1cm}
 461
 462 \begin{enumerate} [$\divideontimes$]
 463                     \item  Static wireless sensor, homogeneous in terms of:
 464              \begin{itemize}
 465              \item Sensing, communication, and processing capabilities
 466              \end{itemize}
 467                         \item  Heterogeneous initial energy
 468                         \item  High density uniform deployment
 469                          \item Its $R_c\geq 2R_s$  for imply connectivity among active nodes during complete coverage (hypothesis proved by Zhang and Zhou)
 470
 471                          \item  Multi-hop communication
 472                          \item  Known location by:
 473     \begin{itemize}
 474      \item Embedded GPS  or location discovery algorithm
 475     \end{itemize}
 476
 477     \item Using two kinds of packets:
 478         \begin{itemize}
 479            \item INFO packet
 480            \item ActiveSleep packet
 481         \end{itemize}
 482         \item Five status for each node:
 483         \begin{itemize}
 484            \item  \small LISTENING, ACTIVE, SLEEP, COMPUTATION, and COMMUNICATION
 485         \end{itemize}
 486                 \end{enumerate}
 487
 488 \end{frame}
 489
 490
 491
 492 \begin{frame}{Assumptions for our protocols}
 493   \vspace{-0.5cm}
 494 \begin{center}
 495         \includegraphics[height = 7.0cm]{Figures/Pmodels.pdf}
 496 \end{center}
 497
 498 \end{frame}
 499
 500
 501
 502
 503 \begin{frame}{Our general scheme}
 504 \vspace{-0.2cm}
 505 \begin{figure}[ht!]
 506  \includegraphics[width=110mm]{Figures/GeneralModel.jpg}
 507  \end{figure}
 508
 509 \begin{itemize}
 510 \item DiLCO and PeCO  $\blacktriangleright$ use one round sensing ($T=1$)
 511 \item MuDiLCO $\blacktriangleright$ uses multiple rounds sensing ($T=1\cdots T$)
 512 \end{itemize}
 513
 514 \end{frame}
 515
 516
 517 \begin{frame}{Our general scheme}
 518   \vspace{-0.2cm}
 519 \begin{enumerate} [i)]
 520 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{INFORMATION EXCHANGE}} $\blacktriangleright$ Sensors exchange through multi-hop communication, their
 521 \begin{itemize}
 522 \item \textcolor{magenta}{Position coordinates}, \textcolor{violet}{current remaining energy}, \textcolor{cyan}{sensor node ID}, and \textcolor{red}{number of its one-hop live neighbors}
 523
 524 \end{itemize}
 525
 526
 527 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{LEADER ELECTION}} $\blacktriangleright$ The selection criteria are, in order
 528 \begin{itemize}
 529 \item Larger number of neighbors
 530 \item Larger remaining energy, and then in case of equality
 531 \item Larger ID
 532 \end{itemize}
 533
 534
 535
 536 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{DECISION}} $\blacktriangleright$ Leader solves an integer program to
 537 \begin{itemize}
 538 \item  Select which sensors will be activated in the sensing phase
 539 \item Send Active-Sleep packet to each sensor in the subregion
 540 \end{itemize}
 541
 542
 543 \item \textcolor{blue}{\textbf{SENSING}} $\blacktriangleright$ Based on Active-Sleep Packet Information
 544 \begin{itemize}
 545 \item Active sensors will execute their sensing task
 546 \item Sleep sensors will wait a time equal to the period of sensing to wakeup
 547
 548 \end{itemize}
 549 \end{enumerate}
 550
 551 \end{frame}
 552
 553
 554
 555 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 556 %%    SLIDE 12    %%
 557 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 558 \section{\small {Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol (DiLCO)}}
 559
 560
 561 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 562 %%    SLIDE 15    %%
 563 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 564 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Coverage Problem Formulation}
 565 \vspace{0.2cm}
 566 \centering
 567 \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/modell1.pdf}
 568
 569 \end{frame}
 570
 571
 572 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 573 %%    SLIDE 16    %%
 574 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 575 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ DiLCO Protocol Algorithm}
 576 %\begin{femtoBlock} {}
 577 \centering
 578 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo.jpeg}
 579 \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo1.png}
 580 %\end{femtoBlock}
 581
 582 \end{frame}
 583
 584
 585
 586
 587 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 588 %%    SLIDE 18    %%
 589 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 590 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Simulation Framework}
 591 \vspace{-0.8cm}
 592 \small
 593 \begin{table}[ht]
 594 \caption{Relevant parameters for simulation.}
 595 \centering
 596 \begin{tabular}{c|c}
 597 \hline
 598 Parameter & Value  \\ [0.5ex]
 599 \hline
 600 Sensing  Field  & $(50 \times 25)~m^2 $   \\
 601 Nodes Number &  50, 100, 150, 200 and 250~nodes   \\
 602 Initial Energy  & 500-700~joules  \\
 603 Sensing Period & 60 Minutes \\
 604 $E_{th}$ & 36 Joules\\
 605 $R_s$ & 5~m   \\
 606 $R_c$ & 10~m   \\
 607 $w_{\Theta}$ & 1   \\
 608 $w_{U}$ & $|P|^2$ \\
 609 Modeling Language & A Mathematical Programming Language (AMPL) \\
 610 Optimization Solver & GNU  linear Programming Kit (GLPK) \\
 611 Network Simulator & Discrete Event Simulator OMNeT++
 612 \end{tabular}
 613 \label{tablech4}
 614 \end{table}
 615
 616 \end{frame}
 617
 618
 619 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 620 %%    SLIDE 19    %%
 621 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 622 \begin{frame}{\small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Energy Model \& Performance Metrics }
 623 %\vspace{-1.8cm}
 624 \begin{femtoBlock} {Energy Consumption Model}
 625 \vspace{-1.0cm}
 626 \begin{table}[h]
 627 %\centering
 628 \small
 629 %\caption{Power consumption values}
 630 \label{tab:EC}
 631 \begin{tabular}{|l||cccc|}
 632   \hline
 633   {\bf Sensor status} & MCU & Radio & Sensing & {\it Power (mW)} \\
 634   \hline
 635   LISTENING & On & On & On & 20.05 \\
 636   ACTIVE & On & Off & On & 9.72 \\
 637   SLEEP & Off & Off & Off & 0.02 \\
 638   COMPUTATION & On & On & On & 26.83 \\
 639   \hline
 640   \multicolumn{4}{|l}{Energy needed to send or receive a 2-bit content message} & 0.515 \\
 641   \hline
 642 \end{tabular}
 643 \end{table}
 644
 645 \end{femtoBlock}
 646 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 647 \begin{femtoBlock} {Performance Metrics}
 648 \small
 649 \begin{enumerate}[$\mapsto$]
 650
 651 \item {{\bf Coverage Ratio (CR)}}
 652 \item{{\bf Number of Active Sensors Ratio (ASR)}}
 653 \item {{\bf  Energy Consumption}}
 654 \item {{\bf Network Lifetime}}
 655 %\item {{\bf Execution Time}}
 656 %\item {{\bf Stopped Simulation Runs}}
 657
 658 \end{enumerate}
 659 \end{femtoBlock}
 660 \end{frame}
 661
 662
 663
 664 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 665 %%    SLIDE 20    %%
 666 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 667 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
 668
 669 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 670 \begin{figure}[h!]
 671 \centering
 672  \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/R3/CR.eps}
 673 \caption{Coverage ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
 674 \label{Figures/ch4/R3/CR}
 675 \end{figure}
 676
 677
 678
 679 \end{frame}
 680
 681
 682
 683 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 684 %%    SLIDE 20    %%
 685 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 686 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
 687 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 688
 689 \begin{figure}[h!]
 690 \centering
 691 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R3/ASR.eps}
 692 \caption{Active sensors ratio for 150 deployed nodes }
 693 \label{Figures/ch4/R3/ASR}
 694 \end{figure}
 695 \end{frame}
 696
 697
 698 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 699 %%    SLIDE 21    %%
 700 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 701 %\begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
 702 %\vspace{-0.5cm}
 703 %\begin{figure}[h!]
 704 %\centering
 705 %\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R3/SR.eps}
 706 %\caption{Percentage of stopped simulation runs for 150 deployed nodes }
 707 %\label{Figures/ch4/R3/SR}
 708 %\end{figure}
 709 %\end{frame}
 710
 711
 712 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 713 %%    SLIDE 22    %%
 714 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 715 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
 716 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 717 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 718 \begin{columns}[c]
 719         \column{.50\textwidth}
 720 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/EC95.eps}
 721 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 722 \column{.50\textwidth}
 723 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/EC50.eps}
 724 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 725 \end{columns}
 726 \caption{Energy consumption for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 727 \label{Figures/ch4/R3/EC}
 728 \end{figure}
 729
 730
 731 \end{frame}
 732
 733
 734 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 735 %%    SLIDE 23    %%
 736 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 737 \begin{frame}{ \small DiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Comparison}
 738 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 739 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 740 \begin{columns}[c]
 741         \column{.50\textwidth}
 742 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/LT95.eps}
 743 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 744 \column{.50\textwidth}
 745 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R3/LT50.eps}
 746 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 747 \end{columns}
 748 \caption{Network lifetime for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 749   \label{Figures/ch4/R3/LT}
 750 \end{figure}
 751
 752
 753
 754
 755 \end{frame}
 756
 757
 758
 759
 760
 761
 762 \section{\small{Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol (MuDiLCO)}}
 763
 764
 765 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 766 %%    SLIDE 28    %%
 767 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 768 %\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Main Idea}
 769 %\vspace{-0.2cm}
 770 %\begin{figure}[ht!]
 771 % \includegraphics[width=110mm]{Figures/GeneralModel.jpg}
 772 %\caption{MuDiLCO protocol.}
 773 %\label{fig2}
 774 %\end{figure}
 775 %\end{frame}
 776
 777
 778 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 779 %%    SLIDE 29    %%
 780 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 781 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$  Multiround Coverage Problem Formulation}
 782 \vspace{0.2cm}
 783
 784 \centering
 785 \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/modell2.pdf}
 786
 787 \end{frame}
 788
 789 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 790 %%    SLIDE 30    %%
 791 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 792 %\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ MuDiLCO Protocol Algorithm}
 793 %%\vspace{0.2cm}
 794 %\begin{femtoBlock} {}
 795 %\centering
 796 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo2.png}
 797 %\end{femtoBlock}
 798 %\end{frame}
 799
 800
 801 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 802 %%    SLIDE 31    %%
 803 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 804 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 805 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 806 \begin{figure}[h!]
 807 \centering
 808  \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/R1/CR.pdf}
 809 \caption{Average coverage ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
 810 \label{fig3}
 811 \end{figure}
 812 \end{frame}
 813
 814
 815 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 816 %%    SLIDE 32    %%
 817 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 818 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 819 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 820 \begin{figure}[h!]
 821 \centering
 822 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/ASR.pdf}
 823 \caption{Active sensors ratio for 150 deployed nodes}
 824 \label{fig4}
 825 \end{figure}
 826 \end{frame}
 827
 828
 829 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 830 %%    SLIDE 33    %%
 831 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 832 %\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 833 %\vspace{-0.5cm}
 834 %\begin{figure}[t]
 835 %\centering
 836 %\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/SR.pdf}
 837 %\caption{Cumulative percentage of stopped simulation runs for 150 deployed nodes }
 838 %\label{fig6}
 839 %\end{figure}
 840 %\end{frame}
 841
 842 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 843 %%    SLIDE 34    %%
 844 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 845 %\begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 846 %\vspace{-0.5cm}
 847 %\begin{figure}[h!]
 848 %\centering
 849 %\includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/R1/T.pdf}
 850 %\caption{Execution Time (in seconds)}
 851 %\label{fig77}
 852 %\end{figure}
 853 %\end{frame}
 854
 855
 856 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 857 %%    SLIDE 35    %%
 858 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 859 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 860 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 861 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 862 \begin{columns}[c]
 863         \column{.50\textwidth}
 864 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/EC95.eps}
 865 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 866 \column{.50\textwidth}
 867 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/EC50.eps}
 868 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 869 \end{columns}
 870 \caption{Energy consumption for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 871 \label{Figures/ch4t/R3/EC}
 872 \end{figure}
 873 \end{frame}
 874
 875
 876 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 877 %%    SLIDE 36    %%
 878 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 879 \begin{frame}{\small MuDiLCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Results Analysis and Comparison}
 880 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 881 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 882 \begin{columns}[c]
 883         \column{.50\textwidth}
 884 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/LT95.eps}
 885 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 886 \column{.50\textwidth}
 887 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/R1/LT50.eps}
 888 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
 889 \end{columns}
 890 \caption{Network lifetime for (a) $Lifetime_{95}$ and (b) $Lifetime_{50}$}
 891 \label{Figures/ch4/Rh3/EC}
 892 \end{figure}
 893
 894 \end{frame}
 895
 896
 897
 898
 899 \section{\small {Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization (PeCO)}}
 900
 901
 902 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 903 %%    SLIDE 45    %%
 904 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 905 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and Models}
 906
 907 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 908 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 909 \begin{columns}[c]
 910         \column{.50\textwidth}
 911 \includegraphics[scale=0.40]{Figures/ch6/pcm.jpg}
 912 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 913 \column{.50\textwidth}
 914 $$\alpha =  \arccos \left(\dfrac{Dist(u,v)}{2R_s}
 915 \right).$$
 916 \includegraphics[scale=0.40]{Figures/ch6/twosensors.jpg}
 917 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)   \\
 918 \end{columns}
 919 \caption{(a) Perimeter  coverage of sensor node  0 and (b) finding  the arc of
 920     $u$'s perimeter covered by $v$.}
 921   \label{pcm2sensors}
 922 \end{figure}
 923 \end{frame}
 924
 925
 926 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 927 %%    SLIDE 46    %%
 928 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 929 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Assumptions and Models}
 930
 931 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 932 \begin{figure}%[h!]
 933 \begin{columns}[c]
 934         \column{.50\textwidth}
 935 \includegraphics[scale=0.33]{Figures/ch6/expcm2.jpg}
 936 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
 937 \column{.50\textwidth}
 938 \includegraphics[scale=0.38]{Figures/tbl.jpeg}
 939 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)   \\
 940 \end{columns}
 941 \caption{(a) Maximum coverage levels for perimeter of sensor node $0$. and (b) Coverage intervals and contributing sensors for sensor node 0.}
 942   \label{pcm2sensors}
 943 \end{figure}
 944
 945
 946 \end{frame}
 947
 948
 949
 950 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 951 %%    SLIDE 47    %%
 952 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 953 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ PeCO Protocol Algorithm}
 954 \vspace{-0.7cm}
 955 %\includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/algo6.jpeg}
 956
 957 \begin{figure}[h!]
 958 \centering
 959  \includegraphics[height = 7.2cm]{Figures/Algo3.png}
 960 \end{figure}
 961 \end{frame}
 962
 963
 964 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 965 %%    SLIDE 48    %%
 966 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 967 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Perimeter-based Coverage Problem Formulation}
 968 \vspace{-0.7cm}
 969
 970 \begin{figure}[h!]
 971 \centering
 972 \includegraphics[scale=0.49]{Figures/modell3.pdf}
 973 \end{figure}
 974
 975 \end{frame}
 976
 977
 978
 979 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 980 %%    SLIDE     %%
 981 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 982 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
 983 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 984 \begin{figure}[h!]
 985 \centering
 986  \includegraphics[scale=0.5] {Figures/ch6/R/CR.eps}
 987 \caption{Coverage ratio for 200 deployed nodes.}
 988 \label{fig333}
 989 \end{figure}
 990
 991
 992 \end{frame}
 993
 994 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 995 %%    SLIDE     %%
 996 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
 997 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
 998 \vspace{-0.5cm}
 999 \begin{figure}[h!]
1000 \centering
1001 \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/ch6/R/ASR.eps}
1002 \caption{Active sensors ratio for 200 deployed nodes.}
1003 \label{fig444}
1004 \end{figure}
1005
1006 \end{frame}
1007
1008 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1009 %%    SLIDE     %%
1010 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1011 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
1012 \vspace{-0.5cm}
1013 \begin{figure}%[h!]
1014 \begin{columns}[c]
1015         \column{.50\textwidth}
1016 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/EC95.eps}
1017 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
1018 \column{.50\textwidth}
1019 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/EC50.eps}
1020 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
1021 \end{columns}
1022 \caption{Energy consumption per period for (a)~$Lifetime_{95}$ and (b)~$Lifetime_{50}$.}
1023   \label{fig3EC}
1024 \end{figure}
1025
1026
1027 \end{frame}
1028
1029 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1030 %%    SLIDE     %%
1031 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1032 \begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
1033 \vspace{-0.5cm}
1034 \begin{figure}%[h!]
1035 \begin{columns}[c]
1036         \column{.50\textwidth}
1037 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/LT95.eps}
1038 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(a)\\
1039 \column{.50\textwidth}
1040 \includegraphics[scale=0.35]{Figures/ch6/R/LT50.eps}
1041 \footnotesize \\~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~(b)        \\
1042 \end{columns}
1043 \caption{Network Lifetime for (a)~$Lifetime_{95}$ and (b)~$Lifetime_{50}$.}
1044   \label{fig3LT}
1045 \end{figure}
1046
1047 \end{frame}
1048
1049 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1050 %%    SLIDE     %%
1051 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1052 %\begin{frame}{\small PeCO Protocol $\blacktriangleright$ Performance Evaluation and Analysis}
1053 %\vspace{-0.5cm}
1054 %\begin{figure} [h!]
1055 %\centering \includegraphics[scale=0.5]{Figures/ch6/R/LTa.eps}
1056 %\caption{Network lifetime for different coverage ratios.}
1057 %\label{figLTALL}
1058 %\end{figure}
1059 %\end{frame}
1060
1061
1062
1063 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1064 %%    SLIDE     %%
1065 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1066 \section{\small {Conclusion and Perspectives}}
1067
1068
1069 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1070 %%    SLIDE 50    %%
1071 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1072 \begin{frame}{Conclusion}
1073 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
1074
1075 \item  Two-step approaches are proposed to optimize both coverage and lifetime performances, where:
1076 \begin{itemize}
1077 \item Sensing field is divided into smaller subregions using divide-and-conquer method.
1078 \item One of the proposed optimization protocols is applied in each subregion in a distributed parallel way.
1079 \end{itemize}
1080 \item The proposed protocols (DiLCO, MuDiLCO, PeCO) combine two efficient mechanisms:
1081 \begin{itemize}
1082 \item Network leader election, and
1083 \item Sensor activity scheduling based optimization.
1084 \end{itemize}
1085 \item Our protocols are periodic where each period consists of 4
1086 phases:
1087 \begin{itemize}
1088 \item Information exchange,
1089 \item Network leader election,
1090 \item Decision based optimization,
1091 \item Sensing.
1092 \end{itemize}
1093 \end{enumerate}
1094
1095
1096
1097
1098 \end{frame}
1099
1100
1101 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1102 %%    SLIDE 51    %%
1103 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1104 \begin{frame}{Conclusion}
1105 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
1106
1107 \item DiLCO and PeCO provide a schedule for one round per period.
1108 \item MuDiLCO provides a schedule for multiple rounds per period.
1109 \item Comparison results show that DiLCO, MuDiLCO, and PeCO protocols:
1110 \begin{itemize}
1111  \item maintain the coverage for a larger number of rounds.
1112  \item use less active nodes to save energy efficiently during sensing.
1113  \item are more powerful against network disconnections.
1114  \item perform the optimization with suitable execution times.
1115  \item consume less energy.
1116  \item prolong the network lifetime.
1117
1118 \end{itemize}
1119 \end{enumerate}
1120 \end{frame}
1121
1122 \begin{frame}{Conclusion}
1123 \tiny
1124 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Journal Articles}}
1125 \begin{enumerate}[$\lbrack$1$\rbrack$]
1126 \item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Perimeter-based Coverage Optimization to Improve Lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{Engineering Optimization, 2015, (Submitted)}.
1127
1128 \item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Multiround Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{Ad Hoc Networks, 2015, (Submitted)}.
1129
1130 \item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el Couturier. Distributed Lifetime Coverage Optimization Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks. \textit{Journal of Supercomputing , 2015, (Submitted)}.
1131 \end{enumerate}
1132 \end{block}
1133
1134 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Technical Reports}}
1135
1136 \begin{enumerate}[$\lbrack$1$\rbrack$]
1137 \item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el
1138 Distributed lifetime coverage optimization protocol in wireless sensor networks. Technical Report DISC2014-X, University of Franche-Comte - FEMTO-ST Institute, DISC Research Department, Octobre 2014.
1139 \end{enumerate}
1140 \end{block}
1141
1142 \begin{block}{\textcolor{white}{Conference Articles}}
1143 \begin{enumerate}[$\lbrack$1$\rbrack$]
1144 \item Ali Kadhum Idrees, Karine Deschinkel, Michel Salomon, and Rapha\"el
1145 Coverage and lifetime optimization in heterogeneous energy wireless sensor networks. In ICN 2014, The Thirteenth International Conference on Networks, pages 49–54, 2014.
1146 \end{enumerate}
1147 \end{block}
1148
1149 \end{frame}
1150
1151 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1152 %%    SLIDE 52    %%
1153 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1154 \begin{frame}{Perspectives}
1155 \begin{enumerate} [$\blacktriangleright$]
1156 \item Investigate the optimal number of subregions.
1157 \item Design a heterogeneous integrated optimization protocol to integrate coverage, routing, and data aggregation protocols.
1158 \item Extend PeCO protocol so that the schedules are planned for multiple
1159 sensing periods.
1160 \item Consider particle swarm optimization or evolutionary algorithms to obtain quickly near optimal solutions.
1161 \item Improve our mathematical models to take into account heterogeneous sensors from both energy and node characteristics point of views.
1162 %\item The cluster head will be selected in a distributed way and based on local information.
1163 \end{enumerate}
1164
1165
1166 \end{frame}
1167
1168
1169 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1170 %%    SLIDE 53    %%
1171 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1172 %\begin{frame}{Mes perspectives}
1173 %
1174 %\end{frame}
1175
1176 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1177 %%    SLIDE 54    %%
1178 %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1179 \begin{frame}{Fin}
1180 \begin{center}
1181 \huge
1182 \textcolor{BleuFemto}{Thank You for Your Attention!}\\\vspace{2cm}
1183 \textcolor{BleuFemto}{Questions?}\\
1184 \end{center}
1185 \end{frame}
1186 \end{document}
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